-- MacBain, Alexander
-- An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language
-- Gairm Publications, 1982
-- Published by Gairm Publications, 29 Waterloo Street, Glasgow G2 6BZ
-- Tel. 041-221 1971
-- Printed by Clark Constable (1982) Let, Edinburgh
-- ISBN 0 901771 68 6
-- 1st edition - 1896
-- 2nd edition (revised) - 1911
-- Photolitho Reprint of 1911 edition - 1982
--
-- Lines beginning, like this one, with two hyphens are not part of the
-- original text, but contain added documentation, page numbers, etc.
--
-- Typographic representation in ASCII
-- [...]   italics
-- <...>   bold
-- @G[...] Greek (always italics)
-- @+[...] superscript  (Seems to be used only for volume nos in journal refs)
-- /       acute on preceding letter
-- \       grave on preceding letter
-- ^       circumflex on preceding letter
-- @"      umlaut on preceding letter
-- @,      cedilla on preceding letter
-- @.      dot below preceding letter
-- @-      macron(?) (horizontal line) above preceding letter
-- @~      tilde above preceding letter
-- @o      ring above preceding letter
-- @u      breve(?) (tiny `u'-like mark) above preceding letter
-- @n      semi-circle like inverted breve above preceding letter (Greek)
-- @'      comma above preceding letter (Greek)
-- @`      backward comma above prededing letter (Greek)
-- @g      a curly lower case `g', distinct from an ordinary `g'
-- @?      other accent (to be inserted later) on preceding letter
-- @ae     "diphthong" `ae' character
-- @oe     "diphthong" `oe' character
-- @th     `thorn' character
-- @dh     `eth' character
-- ??      a character which cannot be identified, or appears wrong,
--            or something needing sorted out later
-- ++      dagger mark (indicates obsolete word)
--
-- Greek alphabet transliteration
--       alpha   a       nu      n
--       beta    b       xi      x
--       gamma   g       omicron o
--       delta   d       pi      p
--       epsilon e       rho     r
--       zeta    z       sigma   s
--       eta     c       tau     t
--       theta   q       upsilon u
--       iota    i       phi     f
--       kappa   k       chi     h
--       lambda  l       psi     y
--       mu      m       omega   w
-- The letter j also occurs in Greek words quoted in the Dictionary.
--
-- Lines of the text are strictly adhered to, except that words split
-- across successive lines by a hyphen are recombined and inserted
-- on the first line.
-- Punctuation is moved out of quotes where the logic of parsing dictates this,
-- e.g. "sharp bush or tree"; where the book has "sharp bush or tree;".
-- If a word referred to (i.e. an italicised word) has a capital letter 
-- purely because it is at the beginning of the sentence, I have changed
-- the capital letter to lower case.
-- Punctuation is corrected in the relatively small number of instances where
-- it is obviously incorrect according to the conventions used elsewhere in
-- the dictionary.
--
-- Comments added to the original text have put put on separate lines,
-- beginning with three dashes and the initials of the commentator.  e.g.
--         ---KPD: More likely to be from ...
-- Initials used:
--   KPD  Kevin P. Donnelly
--   JP   John Phillips  <john@uk.umist.ccl>
--
-- Suggestions for future modernisations:
--   - Change "aspirate" to "lenite"
--   - Change "small" to "slender"
--   - Change the likes of "see next word" to an explicit cross-reference.
--      This is needed if the dictionary is going to be updated, or 
--      supplementary words merged, or the dictionary stored in a database.
--      (Such instances have been marked with ">>" to facilitate future
--      editing.)
--   - Standardise references, which usually contain a volume number in
--      superscript (@+).
--   - Standardise the following abbreviations:
--       "Cor.", "Corn." for Cornish
--       "Sl.", "Slav." for Slavonic
--       "D.of L.", "D.of Lis." for Dean of Lismore
--
-- Air a chur air a' riomhadair aig Caoimhi/n Pa/draig O/ Donnai/le
-- Earraid House, Biggar Road, Du/n E/ideann, EH10 7DX, Alba
-- Ag to\iseachadh 1990-03-14; criochdaichte 1990-10-10
--
-- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
--page xiii
ABBREVIATIONS

1. LANGUAGE TITLES

Ag.S.   Anglo Saxon
Arm.    Armenian
Br.     Breton
Bulg.   Bulgarian
Ch.Sl.  Church Slavonic
Cor.    Cornish
Corn.   Cornish
Dan.    Danish
Dial.   Dialectic, belonging to a dialect
Du.     Dutch
E.      Early, as E.Eng.= Early English
Eng.    English
Fr.     French
G.      Gaelic
Gaul.   Gaulish
Ger.    German
Got.    Gothic
H.      High, as H.G.= High German
Heb.    Dialects of the Hebridees
Hes.    Hesychius
I.E.    Indo-European
Ir.     Irish
Ital.   Italian
L.      Late, as L.Lat.= Late Latin
Lat.    Latin
Lett.   Lettic
Lit.    Lithuanian
M.      Middle, as M.Ir.= Middle Irish
Mod.    Modern
N.      Norse
N.      New, as N.Slav.= New Slavonic
N.H.    Dialects of the Northern Highlands
O.      Old, as O.Ir.= Old Irish
O.H.G.  Old High German
Per.    Persian
Pruss.  Prussian
Sc.     Scottish
Sl.     Slavonic
Slav.   Slavonic
Slov.   Slovenic
Span.   Spanish
Sw.     Swedish
W.      Welsh
Zd.     Zend or Old Bactrian


2. BOOKS AND AUTHORITIES

A.M`D           Alexander Macdonald's [Gaelic Songs], with vocabulary
Atk.            Atkinson's Dictionary to the [Passions and Homilies
                     from the Leabhar Breac], 1887
Arm.,Arms.      Armstrong's [Gaelic Dictionary], 1825
B.of Deer       Book of Deer, edited by Stokes in [Goidelica], 1872
Bez.Beit.       Bezzenberger's [Beitra@"ge zur Kunde der Idg. Sprachen],
                     a German periodical still proceeding
C.S.            Common Speech, not yet recorded in literature
Celt.Mag        The [Celtic Magazine], 13 vols., stopped in 1888
Con.            Coneys' [Irish-English Dictionary], 1849
--page xiv
Corm.           Cormac's Glossary, published in 1862 and 1868, edited
                     by Dr Whitely Stokes
D.of L.         [The Dean of Lismore's Book], edited in 1862, 1892
Four Mast.      Annals of the Four Masters, published in 1848, 1851
Fol.            Foley's [English-Irish Dictionary], 1855
Hend.           Dr George Henderson, Lecturer in Celtic Languages
                     and Literature in the University of Glasgow
H.S.D.          The Highland Society's [Dictionary of the Gaelic
                     Language], 1828
Inv.Gael.Soc.Tr Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, still
                     proceeding
L.na  H.        [Lebor na h-uidre], or the Book of the Dun Cow, an
                     Irish MS of 1100
Lh.             Lhuyd's [Archaeologia Brittanica], 1707
Lib.Leinster    Book of Leinster, an Irish MS of 1150
M`A.            Macalpine's [Gaelic Dictionary], 1832
M`D.            Alexander Macdonald's [Gaelick and English Vocabulary],
                     1741
M`E.            M`Eachan's [Faclair], 1862
M`F.            M`Farlane's [Focalair] or Gaelic Vocabulary, 1815
M`L.            M`Leod and Dewar's [Dictionary of the Gaelic Language],
                     1831
Nich.           Sheriff Nicholson's Gaelic Proverbs
O'Br.           O'Brien's [Irish-English Dictionary], 1768 and 1832
O'Cl.           O'Clery's Glossary, republished in [Revue Celtique],
                     Vols. IV, V, date 1643
O'R.            O'Reilly's [Irish English Dictionary], 1823
Rev.Celt.       [Revue Celtique], a periodical published at Paris, now in
                     its 17th vol.
R.D.            Rob Donn, the Reay Bard; sometimes given as (Suth.)
Rob.            Rev. Chas M. Robertson, author of pamphlets on
                     certain dialects of the Scottish Highlands
S.C.R.          The [Scottish Celtic Review], 1 vol., edited by Dr
                     Cameron, 1885
S.D.            [Sean Dana], Ossianic Poems by the Rev Donald Smith
Sh.             Shaw's [Gaelic and English Dictionary], 1780
St.             Dr Whitley Stokes; see "Authors quoted"
Stew.           Vocabulary at the end of Stewart's Gaelic Collection
Wh.             John Whyte, Inverness; sometimes entered as (Arg.)
Zeit.           Kuhn's [Zeitschrift f. vergl. Sprachforschung], a German
                     periodical still proceeding

   An asterisk (*) denotes always a hypothetical word; the sign (++) denotes
   that the word is obsolete.  The numeral above the line denotes the number
   of the edition or the number of the volume.
--page 1
AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE
<a>, vocative particle, Ir. [a], O.Ir. [a/],[a]; W., Corn., Br. [a]; Lat. [o];
  Gr. @G[w@]?
<a>, his, her, Ir., [a], O.Ir. [a/], [a/i] (accented), W. [ei], Br. [e], Celtic [esjo],
  [esja^s]; Skr. gen. [asya/], [asya^s].  The gen. pl. is <an>, their, O.Ir.
  [a n-], Celtic [esjon] (Stokes gives [esan]=Skr. gem. gen. pl. [a^sa^m]).
<a>, who, that (rel. pron.). In G. this is merely the verbal particle
  [do] of past time, used also to explain the aspiration of the
  future rel. sentence.  Oblique cases are done by [an], [am] (for [san],
  [sam], O.Ir. [san], [sam]), the neut. of art. used as rel. (cf. Eng.
  [that]).  The rel. locative is sometimes done by the prep. [an],
  [am]: "An coire am bi na caoraich" (1776 Collection, p112).
<a>, out of, ex: see <as>.
<a>, from, in the advergs <a nall>, <a ni\os>, <a nuas>, <a null>; Ir., O.Ir.
  [an-], as [anuas], etc.; Celtic [a(p)ona], a derivative from I.E.
  [apo], whence Lat. [ab], Gr. @G[a@'po/]; Ger. [von], from, is the exact
  equivalent of the Celtic.  The <a> before [si\os] and [suas] is due
  to analogy with [a ni\os], [a nuas].
<a>, in to, as in <a bha\n>, <a bhos>, <a nis>, <a stigh>, <a steach>, is the
  prep. <an>, in, into, q.v.
<a>, as in <a ri\s>, &c., and before verbs, is the prep. <do>, q.v.
<a'>, the, at; see [an], the, and [ag], at.
<ab>, or <ab ab>, fie!  The Ir. [ab ab], M.Ir. [abb] is an interjection of
  defiance, [obo], of wonder; cf. Lat. [bab@ae], Gr. @G[babai/].  Hence
  doubtless M`A.'s [abab], dirt.
<aba>, abbot, Ir. [ab], O.Ir. [abb], W. [abad]; from Lat. [abbas], [abbatis],
  whence also Eng. [abbot].  Hence [abaid], abbey.  M.Ir.
  [apdaine], abbacy, in M.G. "abbey lands", whence placenames
  Appin, older Abbathania (1310), Abthein (1220), "abbey lands".
--page 2
<abadh>, syllable, utterance; E.Ir. [apad], proclamation: [ad-ba-],
  Celtic [ba], speak; Lat. [fatur], [fama], Eng. fame.
<abaich>, ripe, Ir. [abaidh], M.Ir. [abaid], E.Ir. [apaig], [*ad-bagi],
  O.Ir. [apchugud], autumnatio; [*ad-bog-], Celtic root [bug], as in
  [bog], q.v.; [ad-bach], root of Eng. [bake]; Gr. @G[fw/gw].  The W.
  [addfed] is from a root [met].
<abaideal>, colic (M`A.):
<abair>, say, so Ir., O.Ir. [epiur], Celtic [a/d-bero^]; Lat. [re-fero];
  see root in [beir].
<abaisd>, a brat, trifling, impudent person:
<abalt>, expert (M`A.); from Sc. [apert]?  See [aparr].
<abar>, confluence; only in Pictish place names: O.Gaelic (B.of
  Deer) [abbor]; W. [aber], O.W. [aper], Celtic [ad-bero-], root [ber];
  see [beir].  Modern Gaelic pronounces it <obair> (so in 17th
  cent.), which agrees with the O.W. [oper]; this suggests
  [od-bero-], "out flow", as against the "to flow" of [ad-bero-].
  The [od] is for [ud], allied to Eng. [out].  Aporicum: [*ati-boro-n]
  (Holden).
<abarach>, bold; see [abair] above.
<abardair>, dictionary (Shaw); from [abair], q.v.
<abartach>, talkative, bold; from [abair] q.v.
<a\bh>, hand net; from Norse [ha/fr], pock-net.  Also <ta\bh>, q.v.
  Spelt less correctly <a\mh> and <a\bhadh>.
<abh>, bark of dog; an onomatopaetic word.
<abhainn>, river, Ir. [abhann] (gen. [abhann], now [aibhne]), O.Ir. [abann],
  W. [afon], Br. [auon], Gallo-Brit. [Abona]; Lat. [amnis] ([*ab-nis]).
  Root [abh]; Sk. [ambhas], water; Gr. @G[a@'fros] (@G[o@'/mbros], imber)
  (Zim. Neu., 270).
<a\bhacas>, sport, irony; see the following word.>>
<a\bhachd>, humour, sport, Ir. [adhbhachd]:
<abhag>, terrier, Ir. [abhach]; from [abh], q.v.  Cf. E.Ir. [abacc],
  dwarf; W. [afanc].
<abhagas>, rumour, false suspicion:
<a\bhaist>, custom, Manx [oaysh], Ir. [abhest] (O'R.), [abaise] (O'B.),
  [ad-beus]? M.Ir. [a/baisi] (pl.).  See [beus], custom.  Ascoli
  compares the O.Ir. [-abais] of [duabais], teter, and [suabais],
  suavis.  Meyer suggests from N. [avist], abode : unlikely.
<abhall>, an orchard, apple-tree, M.Ir. [aball], apple-tree.  See [ubhal].
<abharr>, silly jest (M`A.):
<abharsair>, Satan, Ir. [aidhbherseo/ir], E.Ir. [adbirseoir]; from Lat.
  [adversarius] (Eng. [adversary]).  Also <aibhistear>.
<abhcaid>, a jest; [a\bhachd].
<abhlan>, wafer, so Ir., O.Ir. [obla], g. [oblann]; from Lat. [oblationem],
  an oblation.
--page 3
<abhra>, eyelid; see [fabhra].
<abhras>, spinning, produce of distaff, Ir., M.Ir. [abhras], O.Ir.
  [abras], gestus, E.Ir. [abras], handiwork, spinning, [abairsech],
  needlewoman.  Corm. (B) [abras], who derives it from L.Lat.
  [abra], ancilla.
<abhsadh>, the slackening of a sail, hoisting sail (N.H.); from
  Norse [ha/lsa], clew up sail, from [ha^ls], neck, allied to Lat.
  [collum].  Eng. [hawser] is also hence.  Also <allsadh>.
<abhsporag>, a cow's stomach, tripe (H.S.D.), <allsporag>, cow's
  throttle (M`A.); borrowed evidently from a Scandinavian
  compound of [ha/ls], neck.  Cf. [abhsadh] above.
<ablach>, a mangled carcase, Ir. [ablach], carcase: [*a/d-bal-ac-], from
  root [bal], [bel], die, I.E. [gel], whence Eng, [quell].  Irish has
  [abailt], death, O.Ir. [epeltu], [atbail], perit, from the same root
  and prefix; the first of them appears in our Gaelic dictionaries
  through Shaw.  From Gaelic comes Scotch [ablach].
<a\bran>, <abran> (M`A. and H.S.D.), an oar-patch on a boat's gunwale;
  see [aparan].
<Abraon>, April, so Ir.; founded on Lat. [Aprilis] (Eng. [April]).
  The form is due to folk-etymology, which relates it to [braon].
<abstol>, apostle, Ir. [absdal], O.Ir. [apstal], W. [apostol]; from Lat.
  [apostolus], whence Eng. [apostle].
<acaid>, a pain, stitch; [*a/d-conti-]; see [urchoid].
<acain>, sigh, complaint, E.Ir. [acca/ine], W. [achwyn]; [a/d+caoin]; see
  [caoin], weep.
<acair>, anchor, Ir. [ancaire], O.Ir. [ingor]; from N. [akkeri]:
  <acairsaid>, anchorage, from N. [akkarsaeti], "anchor-seat".
  From Lat. [ancora], whence Eng. [anchor].
<acair>, acre, Ir. [acra]; from Eng. [acre]; Lat. [ager].
<acarach>, gentle; Ir. [acarach], obliging, convenient, which shades
  off into [acartha], profit; W. [achar], affectionate; [a/d-car-]; see
  [ca\r], friendly.  M`A. has <acarra>, moderate in price, indulgence,
  which belongs to <acartha>.
<acaran>, lumber.
<acartha>, profit, so Ir.; see [ocar], interest.
<acastair>, axle-tree; borrowed word from Sc. [ax-tree] of like meaning
  - Eng. [axle], &c.
<ach>, but, Ir. [achd], O.G. (B.of Deer) [act], O.Ir. [act], [acht], [*ekstos],
  possibly, from [eks]=[ex]; cf. Gr. @G[e@'kto/s], without.  For the
  change of vowel, cf. [as], from [eks].  The Welsh for "but" is
  [eithr], from [ekster]; Lat. [exter-].
<ach>, interjection of objection and impatience; founded on above
  with leaning upon [och], q.v.>>
<achadh>, a field, so Ir., O.G. [achad], O.Ir. [ached] (locative?)
  campu lus (Adamnan), [*acoto-]; Lat. [acies], [acnua], field.
--page 4
<achain>, prayer; dialect for [achuinge], q.v.
<acharradh>, dwarf, sprite.
<achd>, statute, so Ir., M.Ir. [acht]; from Lat. [actum], Eng. [act].
<achd>, manner, condition, Ir., [achd]; same as above>>.  There may be
  a native [aktu-] ([*ag-tu], [*pag-tu]?) underlying some meanings
  of the word, especially in Irish.
<achdarr>, <achdartha>, methodical, expert (H.S.D.):
<achlaid>, chase, pursuit, so Ir., M.Ir. [acclaid], fishing, E.Ir. [atclaid],
  fishes, hunts, pursues: [ad-claidim]; see [claoidh].
<achlais>, arm-pit, Ir. [ascall], M.Ir. [ochsal], W. [cesail].  The
  divergence from regular philologic equivalence here proves
  borrowing - from the Lat. [axilla]; Norse [o@"xl], Ger. [achsel],
  Sc. [oxter].
<achlan>, lamentation (M`L.); for [och-lan]? from [och].
<achmhasan>, a rebuke, Ir. [achmhusa/n], E.Ir. [athchomsa/n]; cf. [aithis]
  for root.
<achuinge>, supplication; also <athchuinge>, so Ir., E.Ir. [athchuingid];
  [ath+cuinge]; O.Ir. [cuintgim], peto, [con-tek-]; Eng. [thig].  See
  [atach].
<acras>, hunger, Ir. [ocrus], E.Ir. [accorus], [occorus]: [*ad-co-restu-],
  possibly the root [pres] of Lat. [premo]: [*careo] (F@+[4]. 422).
<acuinn>, <acfhuinn>, apparatus, accoutrements, Ir. [acfuinn], E.Ir.
  [accmaing], means, apparatus: [ad-cumang], O.Ir. [cumang],
  potentia; see further under [cumhachd].
<ad>, hat, M.Ir. [at], W. [het]; from Eng. [hat], N. [hattr].
<ad->, <adh->, inseparable prefix, in force and origin the same as Lat.
  [ad].  It is to be separated, though with difficulty, from the
  [ad-] arising from [aith-] or [ath-], q.v.
<adag>, shock of corn, Ir. [adag]; cf. Sc. [hat], [hot], [hut], "to put up
  grain in the field, a small stack built in the field"; M.E.
  [hutte], heap.
<adag>, a haddock; from the English.
<adamant>, adamant, so Ir.; from the English.
<adha>, <ae>, liver, Ir. [aeghe], g. [ae], O.Ir. [o/a], [ae], W. [afu], Br. [avu],
  root [av]/  Cf. [adha] for [ae], [cadha] for [cae].
<adhan>, proverb (M`A.); rather <aghan>, root [agh], Lat. [ajo], [adagio],
  adage; Skr. [ah], say.
<adhal>, flesh hook (Sh.), so Ir., O.Ir. [a/el], tridens: [*pavelo-], Lat.
  [pavire]?  But cf. Eng. [awl], M.E. and Ag.S. [awel], awl, flesh-hook.
<adhaltrach>, adulterous, Ir. [adhaltranach], E.Ir. [adaltrach]; from
  Lat. [adulter], whence Eng. [adulterous].
<adharc>, horn, so Ir., O.Ir. [adarc: [ad-arc]; root [arq], defend, as in
  [teasairg], q.v.; Lat. [areceo], &c.
--page 5
<adharcan>, lapwing, "horned bird"; from [adharc]; Dial. <dhaoireagan>.
  Ir. [adairci/n] (P.O'C).
<adhart>, pillow, so Ir., E.Ir. [adart]: [ad-art]; [art], stone?  See
  [airtein].
<adhart>, <aghart>, "progress" (Dict.).  This is a ghost-word, made
  from the adverbial phrase [air adhart], which in M.Ir. is
  [araird], forward, bring forward; in O.Ir. [arairt], prorsum.
  Hence it is [air+a\rd], q.v.
<adhastar>, halter, Manx [eistyr], Ir. [aghastor], M.Ir. [adastar]; cf. W.
  [eddestl], steed.
<adhbhal>, vast, awful, so Ir., O.Ir. [adbul]: [*ad-bol-]; I.E. root
  [bhel], swell, as in Eng. [bloom], etc.  Zimmer compares it with
  Skr. [bala], strength.  Stokes and Osthoff give root [bel], [bol],
  strong, big, Skr. [balam], strength, Gr. @G[be/lteros], better, Lat.
  [de-bilis], weak, Ch.Sl. [boliji@u], greater; whence <bailceach>
  (Osthoff) and <bail>, <buil>.
<adhlac>, burial, Ir. [adhlacadh], O.Ir. [adnacul], sepulcrum: [ad-nank-otlo]
  ([*ad-nagtlo-], Zim.): root verb [nanko^], I bring; Lat.
  [nanciscor]; further I.E. [nenk], [enk], as in [thig], q.v.
<adhna>, an advocate (Macd.): H.S.D. cfs. Heb. [adhon], sustentator.
<ag>, at, with inf. only; see [aig].
<ag>, <agadh>, refusal, doubt; E.Ir. [ac], refusal, O.Ir. [acc], no!
  W. [acom], to deny.  It is onomatopoetic?  See next.>>
<agadh>, hesitancy in speech, Br. [hak],[hakal]; cf. Skr. [ac], speak
  indistinctly.  See foregoing word.>>
<agair>, plead, so Ir., O.Ir. [acre] (n.), from [ad-gar-]; root [gar], cry;
  see [goir].
<agallamh>, conversation, Ir. [agallamh], O.Ir. [acaldam], for [ad-gla/d-],
  O.Ir. [ad-gla/dur], I converse: for root, see [glaodh].
<agh>, a hind, Ir. [agh], O.Ir. [ag], W. [ewig] ([*agi^ko-]), Celtic [agos-];
  Skr. [aja/s], buck; Lit. [oz@?y/s], goat.  Zend. [azi], Arm. [ezn] (St.).
<a\gh>, also <a\dh>, happiness, luck, Manx [aigh], Ir. [a/gh], M.Ir. [ada],
  [buada], late M.Ir. [a/d], luck, [a/dh]=sonas (P.O'C); root [a@-g-],
  bring; see next.>>
<a\ghach>, warlike, so Ir., E.Ir. [a/gach], [a/g], war, [*a@-gu-]; Skr. [a@-ji/s],
  contest; Gr. @G[a@'gw/v], Eng. [antagonist].
<aghaib>, essay (M`A); see [oidheirp].
<aghaidh>, face, so Ir., O.Ir. [aged], [*agita^]; I.E. roog [ag], lead.  It
  is usually referred to the root [oq], Lat. [oculus], etc., but the
  phonetics are unsatisfactory.
<aghann>, pan, so Ir., O.Ir., [aigen], Celtic [agina^]; Skr. [aga], water
  jar; Gr. @G[a@'/ggos], a vessel.
<agus>, and so Ir., O.Ir. [acus], [ocus], B.of Deer [acus], O.W. [ac], Br.
  [hag]; allied is [fagus], near, O.Ir. [ocus], W. [agos], Br. [hogoz]:
--page 6
  [*aggostu-], [ad-gos-]; root [ges], [gos], carry; Lat. [gero], [aggestu-s],
  mound (Zimmer).  Stokes refers it to the root [angh], choke,
  narrow; Celtic [aggu/st-], from pre-Celtic [aghnu/stu-] (Lat.
  [angustus]), with accent on syllable after the root - [gn] with
  the accent on the following vowel being supposed, as in
  Teutonic, to produce [gg].  The derivation from root [onk], [enk],
  as in [thig], is not tenable in view of the Welsh.
<ai>, sheep, swan (Carm.):
<aibheil>, huge (M`E.).  See [adhbhal].
<aibheis>, sea, the deep; Ir. [aibheis], sea, abyss; E.Ir. [aibe/is], sea.
  This Stokes refers to a Celtic [abensi-s], [abhent-ti-s]; root [abh],
  as in [abhainn].  But cf. O.Ir. [abis], from Lat. [abyssus]: W.
  [affwys], bottomless pit.
<aibheis>, boasting; <aibhsich>, esaggerate; Ir. [aibhseach], boasting:
  from the foregoing?>>  Another form of [aibhsich] is <aillsich>.
<aibhist>, an old ruin (Stew.):
<aibhistear>, the Devil; another form of [abharsair], q.v.
<aibhse>, spectre, so Ir.: see [taibhse].
<aibidil>, alphabet, Ir. [aibghitir], O.Ir. [abbgitir], from L.Lat.
  [abgetorium], [abecedarium], the [a], [b], [c], [d], ar alphabet.  A
  dialectic form, <aibirsidh>, comes from the old learning system,
  beginning "A per se", [a] by itself=[a], Eng. [apersie].  Analogised
  to [caibideal] (Meyer).
<aice>, proximity, Ir. [aice]; see [taic].
<aice>, a lobster's burrow, also [faiche].
<a\icheadh>, deny, Ir. [aithcheo], contradicting, M.Ir. [aithceo/d]: [*ati-ceud-](?),
  "go back on"; cf. O.Ir. [atchuaid], exposui, which
  Stokes refers to the root of [chaidh], went, q.v.
<aicheamhail>, reprisal; cf. Ir. [athghabha/il]; [ath+gabhail].
++<aicme>, race, Ir., O.Ir. [aicme], W. [ach], pedigree, [*akk-], from [ak],
  edge; Lat. [acies]?  Stokes cfs. Skr. [anka], lap, but this would
  give G. [a\k-] (a@-) and a W. [anc].  Norse [a/tt], family, Ger. [acht],
  property.
<aidheam>, joyous carol:
<aidich>, confess, Ir. [admhuighim], O.Ir. [addaimim], W. [addef]:
  [ad-dam-]; root [dam]; Lat. [domo], Eng. [tame].
<aifrionn>, mass, so Ir., E.Ir. [oifrend], W. [offeren]; from Lat.
  [offerendum] (Eng. [offer]).
<aig>, at, Ir. [ag], O.Ir. [oc]; for root, see [agus].
<a\igeach>, young or entire horse; also <o\igeach>=[o\g+each], q.v.
  M.Ir. [o/c-ech], young steed (Eriu@+[2] 11).
<aigeann>, the deep, Ir. <a\igeun>, E.Ir. [oician], W. [eigion]: from Lat.
  [oceanus], Eng. [ocean].  There is also a by-form <aigeal>.
<aigeannach>, spirited, E.Ir. [aignech]; see [aigneadh].  Ir. [aigeanta],
  meditative.
--page 7
<aighear>, mirth, Manx [aigher]; [*ati-gar-]; see [ga\irdeachas] for root.
  Yet Ir. [aiereach], merry, aerial, from [aier], air, from Lat. [aer],
  makes the matter doubtful.  Ir. [aerach] (Hyde), merry, airy.
  Evidently the G. is borrowed from the Lat.
<aigilean>, ear-ring, tassel; cf. Sc. [aiglet], tagged point, jewel in
  one's cap; [eglie], needlework, from Fr. [aiguille], needle; Lat.
  [acus].
<aigne>, the swift, anything quick (Carm.):
<aigne>, <aigneadh>, mind, so Ir., O.Ir., [aicned]: [a/d-gn-eto-], root [gna@-],
  know, Gr. @G[gignw/skw], Eng. [know].  Stokes refers it to the root
  of [aicme], as he gives it.  Ascoli makes the root [cen], as in
  [cineal].  The Gaelic [g] is against any root with [c].
<a\il>, will; better <a\ill>, q.v.
<ail>, <aileadh>, <ailt>, a mark, impression, Ir. [oil], mark (O'R), M.
  and E.Ir. [aile], fence, boundary (Meyer).  A [t] stem: [oiledaib],
  [*al-et].
++<ail>, rock, Ir. and O.Ir. [ail], [*alek-], allied to Ger. [fels]; see further
  under [mac-talla].
<ailbheag>, ring; see [failbhe].
<ailbhinn>, flint, precipice; from [ail], rock.
<a\ile>, air, scent, E.Ir. [ae/l], [ahe/l]; W. [avel], C., Br., [awel], wind; Gr.
  @G[a@'e/lla] (St. Lec.), storm; [*avel-], root [ave], [ve], wind; Lat.
  [au-ra], Gr. @G[a@'c/r], Eng. [air].
<aileag>, hiccup, Ir. [fail]; cf. Lat. [ha@-lo], breathe, Eng. in-[hale].
<a\ilean>, a green: [*ag-li-]?  Cf. Lat. [ager].
<a\ilear>, porch:
<ailis>, blemish, reproach, O.Ir. [ail], disgrace, Got. [agls]?
<ailis>, mimicing (Wh.); bad [atharrais], [aith-lis], (M`A.) [aithris].
<a\ill>, desire, so Ir., O.Ir. [a/il], W. [ewyll], Br. [ioul], Celtic [avillo-];
  root [av], desire, Lat. [aveo], Eng. [avidity].  [a/il], pleasant, [*pagli],
  Eng. [fair] (St. Bez.@+[20] 24).
<a\ille>, beauty, E.Ir. [a/lde], for [a/lnde]; see [a/lainn].
<a\illeas>, <a\ilgheas>, will, desire; Ir. [a/ilgheas], E.Ir. [ailges], [a/ilgidim],
  I desire; from [a/il] and [geas], request, q.v.
<ailleagan>, root of the ear, hole of the ear; also [faillean], q.v.
<a\illeagan>, darling, so Ir.; from [a\ille], q.v.
<aillean>, elecampane: cf. Gr. @G[e`leni/on], Lat. [inula].  M.Ir. [eillinn]
  (Rev.Celt.@+[9] 231).  inula quam [alain] rustici vocant (Isidor).
<ailleant>, shy, delicate; M.Ir. [ail] (O'Cl.), shamefaced.
<ailleort>, high-rocked; from [aill], rock; see [mac-talla].
<aillse>, diminutive creature, fairy, Ir. [aillse];
<aillse>, cancer, Ir. [aillis], O.Ir. [ailsin], cancerem:
<aillseag>, caterpillar; from above.>>
<ailm>, the letter A, elm; Ir. [ailm], palm (fir?) tree, letter A;
  borrowed from Lat. [ulmus], Norse [a/lmr], Eng. [elm].
--page 8
<ailt>, stately, high; Ir. [ailt], Lat. [altus], [a\ilt] (H.S.D.).
<aim->, <aimh->, privative prefix; see [am-], [amh-].  See its use in
  <aimhleas> (=[am-leas]), hurt, <aimhrea>, <aimhreidh>, confusion
  (=[am-re/idh]), <aimbeart>, distress, etc. (= [am-bert]).  The
  vowel in the root is "small", and hence affects the [a] of [am].
<aimheal>, grief, Ir. [aithmhe/al], repentance; [aith+me/ala], grief,
  E.Ir. [me/la], sorrow, reproach; [*meblo-], a shorter form of O.Ir.
  [mebul], dedecus; Gr. @G[me/mfomai]
<aimhfheoil>, <ainfheoil>, proud flesh; from [aimh-] and [feo\il], q.v.
<aimlisg>, confusion, mischief:
<aimrid>, barren, so Ir., M.Ir. [immrit], barren, E.Ir. [amrit]; [am-ber-ent-],
  "non-producing"; root [ber] of [beir]?
<aimsichte>, bold (Arms.); [am-meas-ichte], "un-mannerly"?  See
  [meas].
<aimsir>, time, so Ir.; O.Ir. [amser], W. [amser], Br. [amzer], possibly a
  Celtic [ammessera^]; either a compound of [am], time ([ammensi^ra^],
  from [si^r], long?), or [amb-mensura], root [mens], measure,
  Lat. [mensus], Eng. [measure].  Ascoli and Stokes give the
  Celtic as [a/d-messera], from [ad-mensura].
<aimsith>, missing of aim, mischance: [am-mis-ith], Gaelic root [mis]
  of [eirmis], q.v.
<a\in>, heat (Dict.), light (H.M`Lean), O.Ir. [a/ne], fulgor, from [a/n],
  splendidus, latter a Celtic [a@-no-s]; Got. [fo^n], fire (from [pa^n]);
  Pruss. [panno].  Stokes suggests rather [*agno-s], allied to Lat.
  [ignis], Skr. [agni/], fire.
<ain->, privative prefix; see [an-].
<ainbhtheach>, stormy, M.Ir. [ainbthech], [*an-feth-ech], Gaelic rott
  [feth], breeze, from [vet], Eng. [weather], Lat. [ventus], etc.  See
  [anfadh].
<ainbi>, <ainbith>, odd, unusual: [an-bith], "un-world-like".  See [bith].
<aincheas>, doubt, M.Ir. [ainches], E.Ir. [ances], dubium.
<ainchis>, a curse, rage, Ir. [aingeis], E.Ir. [aingcess], [a/nces], curse,
  anguish; [an+geas], q.v., or Lat. [angustia]?
<aineamh>, flaw, so Ir., E.Ir. [anim], W. [anaf], blemish, O.Br.
  [anamon], mend@ae; Gr. @G[o@'/vonai], blame
<a\inean>, a liver, liver of fish (N.H.); see [adha].
<a\ineartaich>, yawning ([aineartaich], M`A.);  see [a\inich] below.
<aineas>, passion, fury; [an-theas], from [teas], heat.
<aingeal>, angel, so Ir., O.Ir. [angel], W. [angel], Br. [ael]; from Lat.
  [angelus], whence also the Eng.
<aingeal>, light, fire, Manx [ainle], Ir. [aingeal] (Lh., O'B.), M.Ir.
  [aingel], sparkling: [*pangelos], Ger. [funke], M.E. [funke]; further
  [ong], fire, hearth; LIt [anglis], coal, Skr. [an@~ga^ra], glowing coal;
  I.E. [ongli], [ongo^l]; allied is I.E. [ognis], fire, Lat. [ignis].  See
--page 9
  Fick@+[4] 14.  Skeat derives Sc. [ingle] from the Gaelic.  Also
  <ainneal>, a common fire.
<aingealachd>, numbness: [ang-eal-ach-], root [ang], choke (Lat.
  [ango])?
<aingealtas>, perversity, malignity; from the following.>>
<aingidh>, wicked, Ir. [aingidhe], malicious, O.Ir. [andgid], [angid],
  nequam, wicked, [andach], sin; [*an-dg-id], root [deg] of [deagh],
  good, q.v.
<a\inich>, panting, also <aonach>; root [a@-n-], long form of [an], breath
  (see [anail]); Skr. [a^nana], mouth ("breather").
<ainid>, vexing.
<ainis>, anise; from the English.  M.Ir. [in ainis], gloss on "[anisum
  cyminum dulce]".
<ainm>, name, Ir. and O.Ir. [ainm], pl. [anmann], B.of Deer [anim], W.
  [enw], Br. [hanv], [*anmen-]; Gr. @G[o@'/noma]; Pruss. [emmens], Ch.Sl.
  [ime@?]; root [ono], allied to [no@-] in Lat. [nomen], Eng. [name].
<ainmhide>, a rash fool; see [o\inid].
<ainmhidh>, beast, brute, Ir. [ainmhidhe], M.Ir. [ainmide], [*anem-itio-s],
  [*anem-], life, soul; Lat. [animal], etc.  Ir. is also [ainmhinte],
  "animans".
<ainmig>, rare; [an-minig], q.v.
<ainneamh>, rare; see [annamh].
<ainneart>, force; [ain-], excess (see [an-]), and [neart].
<ainnighte>, tame, from [ainneadh], patience (Sh.); possibly from
  [an-dam], root [dam], tame.
<ainnir>, virgin, E.Ir. [ander], W. [anner], heifer, M.Br. [annoer] (do.),
  [*andera^]; cf. Gr. @G[anqcro/s], blooming, [a@'qa/rioi], virgins (Hes.),
  @G[*nqar-].
<ainnis>, <ainniseach>, needy: [an+di\th], want?
<ainstil>, fury, over-fizzing: [an+steall].
<air>, on, upon.  This prep. represents three Irish ones:
  (a) <air>=O.Ir. [ar], [air], ante, propter, W. [ar], [er], Br. [er], Gaul [are-],
      Celtic [ari], [arei], Gr. @G[para/], @G[parai/], by, before; Lat. [prae]; Eng.
      [fore], [for].  This prep. aspirates in Irish, and in Gaelic idioms
      it still does so, e.g. [air chionn].
  (b) <air>=O.Ir. [for], "super", O.W. and O.Br. [guor], Br. [voar], [oar],
      Gaul. [ver-]; Gr. @G[u@`pe/r]; Lat. [s-uper]; Eng. [over].  This prep.
      did not aspirate;  it ended originally in [r] in Gaelic; as an
      inseperable prefix ([vero-], [viro-] in Gaul.) it aspirated, as in the
      modern form of old names like [Fergus], now [Fearghuis] or
      [Fear'uis] (gen. case).
  (c) <air>=O.Ir. [iar n-], after, pre-Celtic [epron]; Skr. [apara/m],
      afterwards, [aparena], after; Got. [afar], after, Eng. [af-ter].
      Further come Gr. @G[o@'pi-], behind, [e@'pi/-], to, Lat. [ob-], [op-].  See [iar].
--page 10
      This is the prep. that is used with the inf. to represent a
      perfect or past participle in Gaelic - [Tha mi air bualadh]; "I
      have struck".
<airbhinneach>, honourable; [air+beann]?
<airc>, distress, so Ir., O.Ir. [aircur], pressure; cf. Lat. [parcus],
  sparing.
<a\irc>, the Ark, Ir. [airc]; from Lat. [arca].
<airchios>, pity, clemency (Hend.): see [oircheas].
<aircill>, to watch, listen, Ir. [aircill]; see [faircill].
<aircleach>, a cripple; [*airc-lach], from [airc], q.v.
<a\ird>, point (of the compass), Ir. [a/ird], E.Ir. [aird], Gr. @G[a@'/rdis], a
  point.  Hence Sc. [airt].
<a\ird>, preparation, activity.
<a\ird>, preparation, activity:
<a\irde>, height, Ir. [a/irde], E.Ir. [arde]; see [a/rd].
<a\irdeil>, ingenious:
<aire>, heed, Ir., O.Ir. [aire], Old.Brit. [Areanos], native watchers who
  gave intimation to the Romans (Ammianus), pre-Celtic [parja^],
  [par], seek; Gr. @G[pei^ra], trial; Lat. [ex-perior], Eng. [experiment].
<a\ireach>, keeper of cattle.  There is confusion in Gaelc between
  [a\ireach] and O.Ir. [aire(ch)], lord; the [bo/-aire], cow-lord, was
  the free tenant of ancient Ireland.  For O.Ir. [aire], see
  [airidh].  G. [a\ireach] owes its long vowel to a confusion with
  [a\raich], rear.  See [a\iridh] for root.
<a\ireamh>, number, so Ir., O.Ir. [a/ram], W. [eirif], [*ad-ri^m-], Celtic
  [ri^ma^], number; Ag.S. [ri^m], number, Eng. [rhyme]; Gr.
  @g[a@'riqmo/s], number.
<airean>, ploughman, herdsman; Ir. [oireamh], g. [oiramhan], ploughman,
  the mythic [Eremon], [Airem(on)], [*arjamon-], Skr.
  [Arjaman], further [Aryan](?); root [ar], plough.
++<airfid>, music, harmony; [oirfid].
<airgiod>, silver, so Ir., O.Ir. [arget], W. [ariant], Br. [arc'hant], Gail.
  [Argento-], [Argento-coxus] (a Caledonian prince): Lat. [argentum];
  Gr. @G[a@'/rguros].  Eng. [argent] is from the Lat.
<a\iridh>, better <a\irigh>, hill pasture, sheiling (<airghe>, in Lh. for
  Gaelic); cf. E.Ir. [airge], [a/irge], place where cows are, dairy,
  herd of cattle; E.Ir. [airgech], herdswoman [of Brigit]; Ir.
  [airghe], pl. [a/iri/ghe] (O'B.), a herd of cattle; [airgheach], one
  who has many herds; [*ar-egia]; Lat. [armentum]?  But see
  [a\raich], rear.  Norse or Danish [erg] from Gaelic equals Norse
  [setr] (Ork. Sag.).  This Norse form proves the identity of
  Gaelic with E.Ir. [airge]; [airge]=[ar-agio], [*agio], herd.
<airidh>, worthy, Ir. [airigh] (Ulster), [airigh], nobleman (O'B.), O.Ir.
  [aire(ch)], primas, lard; Skr. [a/rya], good, a lord; [a^rya], Aryan,
  [a^ryaka], honourable man.  [*parei]?
--page 11
<airilleach>, a sleepy person; from ++[aireal], bed, M.Ir. [aired] (O'C.):
<airleag>, leng, Ir. [airligim], O.Ir. [airliciud], lending; from [leig], let,
  which is allied to Eng. [loan], Got. [leihvan], Ger. [leihen].  See
  [leig].
<airleas>, pledge, earnest, arles; from Sc. [arles], older [erles], which,
  through O. French, comes from Lat. [*arrhula], dim. of [arrha],
  pledge.  Eng. [earnest], whence W. [ernes], is probably from the
  same origin.  See [ea\rlas].
<airleig>, a strait:
<airmis>, hit; see [eirmis].
<a\irne>, a sloe, so Ir., M.Ir. [arni], sloes, W. [eirin], plums, Br. [irinenn],
  sloe, Celtic [arjanio-] (Stokes); Skr. [aran@.i], tinder-stick
  "premna spinosa", [aran@.ka], forest.
<a\irneach>, murrain in cattle:
<airneis>, <a\irneis> (M`L. & D.), furniture; Ir. [a/irneis], cattle, goods,
  etc., M.Ir. [airnis], tools, furniture.  The word can hardly
  be separated from the Romance [arnese], accotrements,
  armour, whence Eng. [harness], armour for man or horse.  The
  word is originally of Brittonic origin (Br. [harnez], armour),
  from [*eisarno-], iron; see [iarunn].
<airtein>, a pebble, so Ir., E.Ir. [arteini] (pl.), O.Ir. [art]; possibly
  Gaul. [arto-] ([Arto-briga]), [Artemia], name of a rock.
<airtneal>, <airsneal>, weariness:
<a\is>, milk (Carm.), M.Ir. [as] (O'Dav.).
<a\is>, wisdom (Carm.), [ais] (O'Cl.)  See [cnoc] (Carm.).
<ais>, back, backwards; so Ir., E.Ir. [aiss], [daraaiss], backwards; Gaelic
  <air ais>.  The forms [ais], [rithisd] (ri\s], [thairis], seem compounds
  from the root [sta], [sto], stand; cf. [fois], [bhos], [ros]; <ais> may be
  for [ati-sta-], or [ati-sti-].  Ascoli refers [ais] to an unaccented
  form of [e/is], track, which is used after [tar] and [di] ([di a e/is], post
  eum; see [de/is]) for "after, [post]", but not for "back", as is
  [air ais], with verbs of rest or motion.
<aisead>, delivery (obstetrical), E.Ir. [asait], vb. [ad-saiter], is delivered;
  [*ad-sizd-]; Lat. [si@-do], [assi@-dere], a reduplication of the root
  [sed], of [suidhe], q.v.  From [ad-sem-t], root [sem] as in [taom]
  (Stokes).
<aiseag>, a ferry, Ir. [aiseog] (Fol.):
<aiseal>, axle; it seems borrowed from Eng. [axle], Norse [o@"xull], but
  the W. [echel], Br. [ahel], [*aksila], makes its native origin
  possible, despite the absence of the word in Irish.
<aiseal>, jollity (Sh., Arms.); see [aisteach].
<aisean>, rib, Ir., E.Ir. [asna], W. [eisen], [asen], Cor. [asen]; cf. Lat.
  [assula], splinter, [asser], beam (Stokes).  Formerly it was
  referred to the same origin as Lat. [os], [ossis], bone, Gr. @G[o@'ste/on],
--page 12
  but the root vowel and meaning are both unfavourable to
  this etymology.
<aisearan>, weanling (Argyle); from [ais]?
<aisg>, a request (Sh.), E.Ir. [ascid]; [*ad-skv-], root [seq]., as in [sgeul],
  q.v.
<aisgeir>, a ridge of high mountains, Ir. [eiscir], [aisgeir] (Lh. for
  latter); [*ad-sker-](?), as in Eng. [skerry], G. [sgeir], q.v.  Cf. W.
  [esgair] (Meyer).
<aisig>, restore, so Ir., E.Ir. [assec]; possibly=[*as-ic], "out-bring",
  [ic]=[enl]; see [thig], come.
<aisir>, <aisridh>, path; see [astar].
<aisith>, strife; [as-si\th], [as-], privative, and [si\th], q.v.
<aisling>, a vision, dream, so Ir., O.Ir. [aislinge]; possibly [*ex-li/ng-ia],
  "a jump out of one-self, ec-stasy", the root being [leng] of
  [leum], q.v.  Nigra suggested the root [sil], or [sell] of [seall], see,
  q.v.;  he divided the word as [as-sil-inge], Stokes as [ad-sell-angia]
  (Beitra@"ge, Vol. VIII)
<aisneis>, rehearsing, tattle, E.Ir. same, O.Ir. [a/isndi/s]l [aisne/dim], I
  relate; ([as-ind-fiad-im], O.Ir. [in-fiadim], I relate); [fiad]=[veid],
  know; see [innis]; root [vet], Lat. [veto] (Stokes), but this does
  not account for [i/] of O.Ir. [aisndi/s].
<aisteach>, a diverting fellow, Ir. [aisdeach], witty:
<ait>, glad, Ir., E.Ir. [ait], O.Ir. [ait], euge! adverbium optantis:
<a\ite>, a place, Ir., E.Ir. [a/it].  Possibly Celtic [po@-d-ti], [*panti]? root
  [po@-d], [ped], Lat. [oppidum], Gr. @G[pe/don], ground, Skr. [pada/m], place;
  as in [eadh], q.v.  Stokes has referred [a/it] to the root that
  appears in Ger. [ort, place, Norse [oddr], O.Eng. [ord], point,
  Teutonic [uzd-], I.E. [uzdh-]; but this in Gaelic would give [ud]
  or [od].
<a\iteag>, a shy girl, see [faiteach].
<aiteal>, breeze, ray, small portion.  In the sense of "ray", cf. Gr.
  @G[a@'kti/s], ray; in the sense of "quantulum", it may be divided
  as [ad-tel], O.Br. [attal], an equivalent, root [tel], weight, money;
  see [tuarasdal].  [actualis]?
<aiteam>, a people, a tribe (Arms.):
<aiteamh>, a thaw; [*aith-ta@--m, W. [toddi], melt; Lat. [tabes]; Gr.
  @G[tc/kw], melt; Eng. [thaw].  The Ir. word is [tionadh] (O.Ir.
  [tinaid], evanescit), Manx [tennue], the root of which is [ten], Lat.
  [tener], Eng. [thin].
<aith->, "re-"; see [ath-].
<aitheamh>, fathom, O.W. [atem], filum; [*(p)etema^]; Eng. [fathom];
  I.E. [pet], extend, Lat. [pateo], etc.
<aithinne>, fire-brand, Ir., O.Ir. [aithinne]: [*aith-te/n-io-]?  Root of
  [teine]?  The root [and], kindle, as in O.Ir. [andud], accendere,
--page 13
  [adandad], lighting up, is also possible, [*aith-and-io-] being the
  form in that case.  [amhailte] (Glen-moriston).
<aithis>, a reproach, affront, so Ir., O.Ir. [athiss]; [*ati-vid-tu-]; Got.
  [idveit], Eng. [twit]; root [vid], wit, know.
<aithlis>, a disgrace; cf. [leas] in [leas-mhac].
<aithne>, knowledge, so Ir., O.Ir., [aithgne], W. [adwaen]: [ati-gn-io-] for
  Ir.; I.E. [gen], [gna@-], [gno@-], to know; Lat. [cognosco]; Gr. @G[gignw/skw];
  Eng. [know].
<a\ithne>, command, Ir., O.Ir. [aithne], depositum, command; [imma/nim],
  delego, assign; W. [adne], custody; the root seems to be [a@-n]
  or [an], judging from verbal forms, though these scarcely
  agree with the noun forms.  See [tiomnadh] further.
<aithreach>, repentant, so Ir., O.Ir. [aithrech], Corn. [edreck], repentance,
  Br. [azrec] (do.), [*ati-(p)reko-], [*ati-(p)rekia^]; root, [prek],
  Lat. [precor], Ger. [fragen], ask, etc.  Ascoli makes the root [reg],
  come (see [rach]).
<aithris>, tell so Ir. [*ati-ris], E.Ir. [ris], a story, [*rt-ti], [rat], [re@-t],
  Ger. [rede], speech, Got. [rathjo], speak, Lat. [ratio].  Cf. O.Ir.
  [airissim], from [iss].
<a\itidh>, damp:
<aitionn>, juniper, Ir. [aiteann], O.Ir. [aitenn], W. [aith], [eithin], Cor.
  [eythinen], O.Br. [ethin] (gl. rusco), [*akto-], I.E. root [ak], sharp,
  Lat. [acidus], Eng. [acid], [edge], Gr. [a@'/kros], extreme, etc.  The
  nearest words are Lit. [a/kstinas], sting, Ch.Sl. [ostinu].  Also
  <aiteal>.  [*at-tenn-], "sharp bush or tree"; from root [at], sharp,
  E.Ir. [aith], sharp, [*atti-], [atto-].  For [-tenn], see [caorunn].  Cf.
  Ir. [teine], furze.
<aitreamh>, a building, Ir. <aitreibh>, E.Ir. [aittreb], W. [adref], homewards,
  Gaul. [Atrebates]; [*ad-treb-], the Celtic root [treb] corresponding
  to Lat. [tribus], Eng. [thorpe].
<a\l>, brood, Ir. [a/l], W. [ael], [al]: [*(p)aglo-; cf. Lat. [propa^go], Eng.
  [propogate].  Hence <a\laire>, brood mare.  Ger. [adel], nobility.
<a\lach>, a brood, set, bank of oars (M`E.):
<a\lach>, nails: [*a@-l-lach], [a@-l-], from [(p)agl-], Lat. [pa@-lus], stake; root
  [pag], [pa@-g], fasten, whence Gr. @G[pc/gnumi], Lat. [pango], fix, Eng.
  [page].
<alachag>, <alachuin>, see [ealachainn].
<a\lainn>, beautiful, Ir. [a/luin], O.Ir. [a/laind]; [*ad-lainn]; see [loinn].
  Stokes prefers referring it to [a/il], pleasant, [*pagli-], Eng. [fair],
  root [pag].  But [ra-laind], pleasant, [*ad-pland] (Holden).
<all->, over; see [thall].
<allaban>, wandering:
<allail>, noble, M.Ir. [all], [aill], [*al-no-s], root [al], as in Lat. [altus].
<alladh>, fame (either good or bad), Ir. [alladh], excellency, fame,
  E.Ir. [allud]; see above.>>
--page 14
<allaidh>, fierce, wild, Ir. [allta], O.Ir. [allaid]; possibly from [all-],
  over, the idea being "foreign, barbarous, fierce";, cf. W.
  [allaidd] of like meanings, from W. [all], other.  See next.>>
<allmharach>, a foreigner, foreign, fierce; Ir. [allmharach], foreigner,
  transmarine; E.Ir. [allmarach].  From [all-], beyond, and
  [muir], sea, "transmarine" (K.Meyer).
<allsadh>, a jerk, suspending, leaning to one side; see [abhsadh].
<allsmuain>, a float, great buoy:
<allsporag>, cow's throttle (M`A.); see [abhsporag].
<allt>, a stream, Ir. [alt], height , (topographically) glen-side or cliff,
  O.Ir. [alt], shore, cliff, O.W. [allt], cliff, Cor. [als], Br. [aot], shore;
  all allied to Lat. [altus].  The Gaelic form and meaning are
  are plssibly of Pictish origin.
<all-tapadh>, mishap, ill-luck (Wh.); mischance: from [all-] and
  [tapadh].
<alm>, alum; from the English.
<almsadh>, charity (Hend.), M.Ir. [almsain].
<alp>, also <ealp> (Wh.), ingraft, join closely together: [alp] in tinkers'
  Ir., a job of work, hill; [ealp]=Sc. [imper], graft.
<alt>, joint, Ir., E.Ir. [alt], [*(p)alto-s]; root [pel], whence Eng. [fold],
  Norse, [faldr], Ger. [falz], groove; Gr. [-pla/sios], doubled, for
  [pla/tios].  "air alt"= in order that (Wh.).
<altach>, a grace (at food), Ir. [altughadh], O.Ir. [attlugud], rendering
  thanks, [atluchur bude], I give thanks: [*ad-tluko^r], root, tluq;
  Lit. [tulkas], interpreter; Lat. [loquor] for [tloquor].
<altair>, altar, Ir., O.Ir. [alto/ir], W. [allor], Cor. [altor], Br.  [auter]; from
  Lat. [altare], altar, "high place".
<altrum>, fostering, Ir. [altrom], O.Ir. [altram], W. [alltraw], sponsor;
  root [al], nourish, whence Lat. [alo], Got. [alan], grow, Eng. [old].
<a\m>, time Ir. [am], pl. [amanna], E.Ir. [am], [*ammen-], from [*at-s-men-],
  root [at], Got
<am->, privative prefix; this is the labialised form of [an-], q.v.; and
  being labialised, it is also aspirated into <amh->.  The forms
  before "small" vowels in the subsequent syllable are <aim->,
  <aimh->.
<amach>, vulture, so Ir.:
<amadan>, fool, Ir. [amada/n]: [am+ment-], "non-minded", Celtic root
  [ment] ([dearmad], [farmad], etc.), mind; Lat. [mens], [menti-s], Eng.
  [mind], etc.  The shorter root [men] is found in [meanmna].
<amail>, mischief; E.Ir. [admillim], I destroy: [ad+mill], q.v.
<amail>, hindrance: [ad+mall]; q.v.  But Norse [hamla], hinder.
<amal>, swingle-tree; [*ad-mol]; [mol], a beam, especially "a mill
  shaft", E.Ir. [mol].  Cf. Norse [hamla], oar-loop.
<amar>, channel, mill lead; E.Ir. [ammor], [ammbur], a trough,
  [*amb-or-]; Gaul. [ambes], rivos, rivers, [Ambris], river name;
--page 15
  Lat. [imber]; Gr. @G[o@'/mbos], rain; Skr. [ambu], water.  Zimmer
  considers the Ir. borrowed from Ag. S. [a/mber], amphora, Ger.
  [eimer]; but the Gaelic meaning is distinctly against his
  theory.  A borrowing from Lat. [amphora] is liable to the same
  objection.
<amarlaich>, blustering (M`A.):
<amarlaid>, blustering female; not [amarlaich].
<amart>, need (Hend.).  Hend. now questions it, [aimbeairt].
<amhailte>, large ember of wood (Glen-moriston).
<amas>, hitting, O.Ir. [ammus], an aim: [*ad-mes-]; see [eirmis].
<amasguidh>, <aimsgith>, profane, impure: [*ad-mesc-id-], "mixed";
  see [measg].
<amh>, raw, Ir. [amh], E.Ir. [om], W. [of]; root [om], [o@-m], whence Gr.
  @G[w@'mo/s]; Got. [amsa]; Skr. [amsas].
<amhach>, neck: [*om-a^k-a^]; Lat. [humerus], shoulder (*om-es-os);
  Gr. @G[w@'@nmo/s]; Got. [amsa]; Skr. [amsas].
<amhain>, entanglement by the neck (M`A.); from above.>>
<a mha\in>, only, Ir. [amha/in], E.Ir. [ama/in]; cf. O.Ir. [namma/] (W.
  [namyn], but?) = [nan-n-ma/] "ut non sit major" (?).  The main
  root is [ma/] or [mo/], more, with the negative, but the exact
  explanation is not easy; "no more than"(?).  [amha/in] =[a-(a[[p]]o)+ma\in],
  [*mani]; Gr. @G[ma/nos], spa@"rlich, @G[monos] (St.Z.).
<amhainn>, river; better [abhainn], q.v.
<amhaltach>, vexing; see [aimheil].
<amhan>, a marsh, or [lo\n] (Glen-moriston).
<amharc>, looking, seeing; so Ir., M.Ir. [amarc], [amharc] =[a-(apo)+marc],
  Ger. [merken], perhaps Lith. [me/rkti], wink, blink (St.).
  Roots [marc], [marg].
<amhartan>, luck, Ir. [amhantur], [abhantur], from Fr. [aventure], Eng.
  [adventure].
<amharus>, suspicion, so Ir., O.Ir. [amairess], infidelitas, [am+iress],
  the latter meaning "faith"; O.Ir. [iress]=[air-ess], and [*ess] is
  from [*sista^], standing, root [sta^], stand, reduplicated; cf. Lat.
  [sisto], etc.  The whole word, were it formed at once, would
  look like [*am-(p)are-sista^], or [*am-are-sista^].
<amhas>, <amhusg>, wild man, beast man; Ir. [amhas], a wild man,
  madman; E.Ir. [amos], [amsach], a mercenary soldier, servant.
  Conchobar's [amsaig], or mercenaries, in the E.Ir. saga of
  Deirdre, appear misunderstood as our [amhusgan], monsters;
  there is probably a reminiscence of the Norse "bear-sarks".
  Borrowed from Gaul. Lat. [ambactus] (=[servus], Festus), through
  [*ambaxus]; C@aesar says of the Gaulish princes: "Circum se
  [ambactos] clientesque habent".  The roots are [ambi-] (see [mu])
  and [ag], go lead (see [aghaidh]).  Hence many words, as Eng.
--page 16
  [ambassador], Ger. [amt], official position, etc. Ir.J., 154, 156,
  has [amhas], in G. force.
<a\mhgar>, affliction, Ir. [amhgar]; [am-](not) [+gar]; cf. O.Ir. [ingir],
  tristia, from [ga/ire], risus.  See [ga\ir], laughter, for root.
  E.Ir. [so-gar], [do-gar], @G[*hara] (St.).
<amhladh>, distress, dismay (Hend.).  See [amhluadh].
<amhlair>, fool, boor, silly talker or behaver (Arg.); Ir. [amhlo/ir],
  O.Ir. [amlabar], mute; from [am-] (not) and [labair], speak,
  q.v.  Cf. [suilbhir].
<amhlaisg>, bad beer, taplash:
<amhluadh>, confusion, distress:
<amhra>, wonderful; [*am-porios] (St.), @G[a@'/peiros].
<amhran>, song, Ir. [amhra/n], [abhra/n], M.Ir. [ambra/n], Manx, [arrane];
  see [o\ran].  Cf. Ir. [amhra], eulogy, especially in verse; [amhra],
  famous (Lec. 69).
<amhsan> (<ansan>), Dial <osan>, solan goose; from Lat. [anser]?
<amhuil>, like, as, Ir. [amhluidh], O.Ir. [amail], [amal], O.W. [amal],
  W. [mal], Br. [evel]; from a Celtic [samali-], which appears in
  [samhail], q.v.
<amhuilt>, a trick, deceit (H.S.D., M`E. <a\mhuilt>):  Cf. [aith-me/la].
<a\mhuinn>, oven, Ir. [o\igheann]; borrowed from Eng. [oven].
<amlach>, curled, <amlag>, a curl, M.Ir. [amlach], from the prep.
  [ambi-], as in [mu], q.v.
<amraidh>, <a\mraidh> (M`E.), cupboard, Ir. [amri] (O'B.), W. [almari];
  all borrowed from Eng. (Gaelic from Sc. [aumrie]?) [ambry] and
  M.E. [almarie], from O.Fr. [almarie], from Lat. [armarium],
  place of tools or arms, from [arma].
<an>, <a'>, the, Ir. [an], O.Ir. [in] (mas. and fem.), [a n-] (neut.); a [t-]
  appears before vowels in the nom. masc. ([an t-athair]), and it
  is part of the article stem; a Celtic [sendo-s] (m.), [senda^] (f.),
  [san] (n.).  [Sendo-s] is composed of two pronominal roots,
  dividing into [sen-do-]; [sen], judging by the neuter [san], is a
  fixed neuter nom. or acc. from the Celtic root [se] (I.E. [sjo],
  beside [so-], allied to Ag.S. [se], the, [seo/], now [she].  The [-do-] of
  [sendo-s] has been referred by Thurneysen and Brugmann to
  the pron. root [to-] (Eng. [tha-t], Gr. @G[to/]); it is suggested that [to-]
  may have degenerated into [do-] before it was stuck to the
  fixed form [sen].  [Sen-to-] could not, on any principle otherwise,
  whether of accentuation or what not, produce the historical
  forms.  It is best to revert to the older etymology, and
  refer [do-] to the pronominal root appearing in the Latin fixed
  cases (enclitic) [-dam], [-dem], (qui[-dam], [i-dem], etc.), the Gr. @G[de/],
  @G[-de] (as in @G[o@`/-de], this), Ch.Sl. [da], he.  The difference, then,
  between Gr. @G[o@`/-de] and Gaelic [sen-do-s] is this: the Gr. inflects
--page 17
  the first element (@G[o@`]=[so]) and keeps the @G[de] fixed, whereas
  Gaelic reverses the matter by fixing the [sen] and inflecting the
  [do-]; otherwise the roots are the same ultimatley, and used
  for almost similar purposes.
<an>, in, Ir. [a n-] (eclipsing), O.Ir. [i], [i n-], W. [yn], Br. [en]; Lat. [in];
  Gr. @G[e@'n]; Eng. [in], etc.  Generally it appears in the longer form
  [ann], or even as [ann an]; see [ann].
<an>, interrogative particle, Ir. [an], O.Ir. [in]; Lat. [an]; Got. [an].
<an->, negative prefix, Ir. [an-], O.Ir., [an-], [in-]; W., Cor., Br. [an-];
  Celtic [an], I.E. [n@.-], Lat. [in-], Gr. @G[a@'-], @G[a@'n-], Eng. [un-], Skr. [a-], [an-],
  etc.  It appears before labials and liquids (save [n]) as <am->,
  aspirated to <amh->; with consequent "small" vowels, it
  becomes <ain->, <aim->, <aimh->.  Before [g], it becomes [ion-], as in
  [iongantas].  Before [c], [t], [s], the [an-] becomes [eu-] and the [t] and [c]
  become medials (as in [beud], [breug], [feusag]).  See also next
  word.>>
<ana->, negative prefix, O.Ir. [an-], sometimes aspirating; G.
  <ana-creidimh>, disbelief, O.Ir. [ancretem], but [ainfhior], untrue;
  M.Ir. [ainfhi/r].  This suggests a Celtic [anas-] for the first, and
  [ana-] for the second, extensions of the previous [an-]; cognate
  are Gr. @G[a@'\nis], @G[a@'\neu], without; Ger. [ohne], Got. [inu], without.
<ana->, <an->, <ain->, prefix of excess; Ir. [an-], [ain-], M.Ir. [an-]; Ir.
  aspirates where possible (not [t], [d], [g]), Gaelic does so rarely.
  Allied are Gr. @G[a@'na], up, Got. [ana], Eng. [on].  Hence <ana-barr>,
  excess; <ain-neart>, violence; <ain-teas>, excessive heat, etc.
<anabas>, dregs, refuse, also green, unripe stuff cut; from [an-abaich].
<anabhiorach>, centipede, whitlow:
<anacail>, defend, save; Ir. [anacail], protection, E.Ir. [anacul] (do.).
  This Ascoli refers to the same origin as [adnacul]; see [adhlac].
<anacair>, sickness, affliction, so Ir., [an-shocair]. Ir. Jl. 156.  See
  [acarach].
<anadas>, regret (M`D):
<anagna>, irregularity, unusualness (Hend.), [ana-gna/th].
<anail>, breath, Ir. and O.Ir. [ana/l], W. [anadl], [anal], Cor. [anal], Br.
  [alan], Celtic [anatla^]; [an], breathe, Got. [anan], to breathe,
  Skr. [anila], wind.  See [anam] also.
<anainn>, eaves, top of house wall:
<anam>, soul, so Ir., O.Ir. [anim] (d. anmin), Cor. [enef], M.Br. [eneff],
  Br. [ene], Celtic [animon-] (Stokes); Lat. [animus], [anima]; Gr.
  @G[a@'/nemos], wind.
<anamaint>, lust, perversity (Hend.), [ana+me\in].
<anart>, linen, Ir., E.Ir. [anairt], O.Ir. [annart], [*an-arto-]; root [pan],
  [pa@-n]; Lat. [pannus], cloth; Gr. [peno/s], thread on the bobbin;
  Got. [fana], cloth, Ag.S. [fana], small flag, Eng. [vane], [fane].
--page 18
<a\nart>, pride:
<anasta>, stormy; [*an-fadh_asta]; see [anfadh], storm.
<ancachd>, adversity (Hend.):
<an dra\sta>, now; for [an-tra^th-sa], "the time here", q.v.
++<anfadh>, storm; proper G. is [onfhadh], q.v.
<anfhann>, weak, Ir. [anbhfann], M.Ir. [anbfann], [anband]; [an+fann],
  "excessive faint".  See [fann].
<anlamh>, <annlamh>, misfortune; [an-](not)+[lamh]; see [ullamh] for
  [lamh].
<ann>, there, Ir., O.Ir. [and], [*anda] (Stokes); Cyprian Gr @G[a@'/nda]
  (=@G[a@'/utc], this, she]); Lit. [a\ndai|, newly, [a\ns], [ana\], ille, illa;
  Ch.Sl. [onu@u], that; Skr. [ana], this (he).
<ann>, <ann an>, in, Ir. [ann], E.Ir. [ind], O.Ir. [ind-ium] (in me), Celtic
  [endo] (Stokes); Lat. [endo], [indu], into, in; Gr. @G[c@'/ndon], within,
  @G[c@'/ndoqen]; Eng. [indo].  The roots are [en] (see [an]), in, and [do]
  (see [do]), to.  In <ann an>, the two prepositions [ann] and [an]
  are used.  The form <anns> is used before the article and
  relative; the [-s] properly belongs to the article; [anns an],
  in the, is for [ann san].
++<annaid>, <annoid>, a church, M.Ir. [anno/it], O.Ir. [andoo/it], mother-church.
  Stokes refers it to L.Lat. [antitas], for [antiquitas],
  "ancient church".  In Scottish place-names it appears as
  [Annet], [Clach na h-Annaid], etc.  Cf. [annone], church (O'Dav.),
  from Hebrew.
<annaladh>, era, calendar, Ir. [analach], chronicle; from Lat. [annalia].
<annamh>, rare, M.Ir. [annam], E.Ir. [andam]; [*an-dam-], "non-tame";
  root [dam], home, home, etc.; Eng. [domestic], [tame].  Hence
  <annas>, rarity.
<annlamh>, vexation, etc.; see [anlamh].
<annlan>, condiment, E.Ir. [annland], W. [enllyn]; possibly [an+leann].
<annrach>, <a\nrach>, wanderer, stranger; either from [*ann-reth-ach],
  root [reth], run (see [ruith], [faondradh]), or from [*an-rath-ach],
  "unfortunate", root [rath], luck, q.v.
<annrath>, distress, Ir. [anrath]; [an-rath]; see [rath], luck.  The
  E.Ir. [andro/] appears to be of a different origin.
<annsa>, dearer, better liked, so Ir., M.Ir. [andsa], preferable:
<ao->, privative prefix; for [eu-], this is for [an-] (not), before [c] and [t].
  See [an-]
<aobhach>, joyous; see [aoibhinn].
<aobhar>, cause, Ir. [adhbhar], O.Ir. [adbar], [*ad-bero-n]; root [ber], I.E.
  [bher], whence Lat. [fero], Eng. [bear], etc.
<aobharrach>, a young person or beast of good promise, hobble-dehoy;
  from [aobhar], material.
<aobrann>, ankle, O.Ir. [odbrann], W. [uffarn]: [*od-bronn], [*ud-brunn-],
  "out-bulge"; [ud-]=Eng. [out], and [brunn-], see [bru\], belly.
--page 19
  Stokes ([Academy], June, 1892) makes [od-] to be for [pod], foot,
  Gr @G[pou/s], @G[pod-o/s], Eng. [foot], etc.
<aodach>, clothes, Ir. [eudach], O.Ir. [e/tach], [*ant-ac-os]; root [pan], as
  in [anart], q.v.  Cf. Lit. [pinti], plait, twine, Ch.Sl. [pe@?ti], wind,
  Lat [pannus], etc. Strachan cfs. Alb. [ent], [int], weave, Gr.
  @G[a@'/ttomai], weave.
<aodann>, face, Ir. [e/adan], O.Ir. [e/tan], Celtic [antano-] (Stokes); Lat.
  [ante]; Gr. @G[a@'vti/], against; Eng. [and]; Skr. [a/nti], opposite.
<aodraman>, bladder, Ir. [e/adroma/n]; see [aotrom].
<aog>, death; see [eug].
<aogas>, <aogasg>, face, appearance, M.Ir. [e/cosg] (O'Cl), O.Ir. [e/cosc],
  habitus, expression, [*in-cosc]; see [casg], check.  Cf. O.Ir.
  [in-cho-sig], significat.
<aoghaire>, shepherd, so Ir., M.Ir. [aegaire], O.Ir. [augaire], [*ovi-gar-];
  for [ovi-], sheep, see [o/isg].  The [-gar-] is allied to Gr. @G[a@'gei/rw],
  @G[a@'gora/], meeting place, market.
<aoibh>, civil look, cheerful face, Ir. [aoibh], pleasant, humour, E.Ir.
  [a/eb], O.Ir. [o/iph], beauty, appearance, [*aiba^] (Thurneysen),
  mien, look, Prov. Fr. [aib], good manners.  Ascoli refers it to
  the root of [e/ibheall] (q.v.), a live coal, the underlying idea
  being "shining, sheen".  This would agree as to the original
  force with [taitinn], please, [taitneach], pleasant.
<aoibhinn>, pleasant, joyful, so Ir., E.Ir. [a/ibind], [o/ibind].  See above
  word for root.>>
<aoideag>, hair-lace, fillet, from root of [aodach].
<aoigh>, guest, Ir. [aoidhe], pl. [aoidheadha], O.Ir. [o/egi], pl. [o/egid],
  [*(p)oig-it]; cf. the Teutonic [*faig-i@th-], whence Norse [feigr],
  doomed to die, Ag.S. [fa/ege], doomed, Eng. [fey] (Schra@"der).
  Stokes gives the Celtic as [(p)oik-it], [poik], whence Eng. [foe]
  (cf. Lat. [hostis], [hospes]); but the Gaelic [gh] of [aoigh] is against
  this otherwise satisfactory derivation.  As against Schra@"der's
  etymology, might be put a reference to the form found in
  Gr. @G[oi@'/homai], go, Lit. [eiga\], going, gurther root [ei], go; the idea
  being "journey-taker".  Commonly misspelt <aoidh>.
<aoigh>, pleasant countenance, Ir. [aoibh].
<aoine>, fast, <Di-haoine>, Friday, Ir. [aoine], Friday, O.Ir. [oine], fast,
  Br. [iun]; from Lat. [jejunium], a fast, fast-day, Eng. [jejune].
  Stokes suggests Gr. @G[peina/w], hunger, as cognate, making it
  native: [*poin-io-].  Unlikely.
<aoineadh>, a steep brae with rocks, Manx [eaynee], steep place:
<aoir>, a satire, Ir. [aor], E.Ir. [a/er], O.Ir. [a/ir].  [*aigra^], @G[a@'ishos], Got.
  [aiviski]: [aigh] (St.).  Prellwitz gives Gr. and Got. and root.
  Ascoli refers this word and O.Ir. [tatha/ir], reprehensio, to
  [ta\ir], q.v.
<aoir>, sheet or bolt-rope of a sail:
--page 20
<aoirean>, <airean>, ploughman, herdsman, Ir. [oireamh], g. [oireamhan],
  ploughman, the mythic [Eremon], [Airem(on)], [*arjamon-], Skr.
  [Arjaman], further [Aryan](?); root [ar], plough.
<aoirneagan>.  See [aonagail].
<aois>, age, Ir. [aois], O.Ir. [a/es], [a/is], [o/is], W. [oes], [*aivestu-]; Lat.
  [@oevum], [@oetas], Eng. [age]; Gr. @G[ai@'e/s], @G[ai@'ei/], always; Eng. [aye].  From
  [*aie-tu], Lat. [oitor], [utor], @G[di/-aita] (Th. St. Arch. 276).
<aol>, lime, Ir. [aol], O.Ir. [a/el]: [*aidlo-], from [aidh], light, fire, Gr.
  @G[ai@'qw], gleam (St.).  See [Mackay].
<aolach>, dung, Ir. [aoileach], O.Ir. [ailedu], etercora, W. [add-ail],
  eluvies.  Ascoli compares O.Ir. [a/il], probrum, but this word
  is probably cognate with Got. [agls], [aglus], difficult, shameful,
  and may not be allied to [aolach].
<aolais>, indolence:
<aolmann>, ointment: founded on the Eng. [ointment].  Cf. [iarmailt],
  [armailt].
<aom>, incline, Ir. [aomadh], inclining, attracting:
<aon>, one, Ir. [aon], O.Ir. [o/in], [o/en], W., Cor., Br. [un]; Lat. [unus]
  (=[oinos]); Got. [ains], Eng. [one].
<aonach>, moor, market place, Ir. [aonach], fair, assembly, O.Ir.
  [o/inach], [o/enach], fair, [*oin-acos], from [aon], one, the idea being
  "uniting, re-union".  Some have compared the Lat. [agonium],
  fair, but it would scarcely suit the Gaelic phonetics.
<aonach>, panting; see [a\inich].
<aonadh>, ascent:
<aonagail>, <aonairt>, <aoineagan>, wallowing (H.S.D.); see [uainneart];
  [uan]=foam.
<aonais>, want; see [iu\nais].
<aorabh>, bodily or mental constitution:
<aoradh>, worship, Ir. [adhradh], O.Ir. [adrad]; from Lat. [adoratio],
  Eng. [adoration].
<aotrom>, light, Ir. [e/adtrom], O.Ir. [e/tromm]; [*an+trom], "non-heavy".
  See [trom].
<ap>, ape, Ir. [ap], W. [ab]; from Eng. [ape].
<aparan>, apron, gunwale patch (N.H.): from the Eng.
<aparr>, expert; from Sc. [apert], from O.Fr. [aparte/], military skill,
  from Lat. [aperio], open, Eng. [aperient], [expert], etc.
<aparsaig>, knapsack; from Eng. [haversack].
<ar>, <ar n->, our, so Ir. and O.Ir. [*(s)aron]; this form may
  have arisen from unaccented [n@.s-aron] (Jub.), like Got. [uns-ar]
  ([us] of Eng. and [ar]), Ger. [unser], Eng. [our] (Thurneysen).
  Stokes refers it to a Celtic [(n)ostron], allied to Lat. [nostrum].
  See further at [bhur].
--page 21
<ar>, seems; <ar leam>, methinks, Ir. M.Ir. [dar], E.Ir. [indar], [atar],
  with [la], O.Ir. [inda], [ata], [da]; where [ta], [tar] is the verb [tha]
  ([thathar]), is, with prep. or rel. [in] before it.  [Tha leam-sa]
  (Mrs Grant).  See [na], than.
<a\r>, plough, E.Ir. [ar], W. [ar], ploughed land; Lat. [aro]; Lit. [ariu\]
  Got. [arjan], Eng. [ear], plough.
<a\r>, battle, slaughter, Ir. and O.Ir. [a/r], W. [aer], [*agro-]; root [ag],
  drive; Gr. @G[a@'/gra], chase; see [a\gh].
<a\ra>, kidney, Ir. [a/ra(nn)], O.Ir. [a/ru], g. [a/ran], W. [aren], [*n@.fron-];
  Lat. [nefro@-nes]; Gr. @G[nefro/s], Ger. [nieren].  Stokes refers [a/ra] to
  [ad-re^n], the [ren] being the same as Lat. [ren].
<arabhaig>, strife; cf O.Ir. [irba/g], [arbag], [*air-ba@-g], Norse [ba/gr],
  strife.
<a\rach>, rearing; see [a\iridh], shealing.  It is possible to refer this
  word to [*ad-reg-], [reg] being the root which appears in [e/irich].
<a\rachas>, insurance, so Ir., E.Ir. [a/rach], bail, contract, [*ad-rig-],
  root [rig], bind, which see in [cuibhreach].
<a\radh>, a ladder, Ir. [aradh], E.Ir. [a/rad]:
<araiceil>, valiant, important, Ir. [a/rach], strength, [a/rachdach],
  puissant, [*ad-reg-], root [reg], rule, direct.
<a\raidh>, certain, some, Ir. [a/irighe], M.Ir. [a/iridhe], [*ad-rei-]; cf. W.
  [rhai], [rhyw], some, certain, which Rhys compares to Got. [fraiv], seed.
<ar-amach>, rebellion; for [*eirigh-amach], "out-rising".
<aran>, bread, Ir., M.Ir., [ara/n]; root [ar], join, Gr. @G[arariskw], @G[a@'/rtos].
  See next.>>
<arbhar>, corn, so Ir., E.Ir. [arbar]; O.Ir. [arbe], frumentum; Lat.
  [arvum], field.  Also Gaul. [arinca], "frumenti genus Gallicum"
  (Pliny), Gr. @G[a@'/rakos], vetch, Skr. [arakas], a plant.
<arbhartaich>, dispossess; [*ar-bert-]; [ar] for [ex-ro/]?
<arc> fungus on decayed wood, cork, <arcan>, cork, a cork, stopple,
  Ir. [arcan], cork (Lh.):
<archuisg>, experiment (Sh.):
<arcuinn>, cow's udder:
<a\rd>, high, Ir., E.Ir. [a^rd], Gaul. [Ardvenna]; Lat. [arduus]; Gr. @G[o@'rqo/s]
<ard-dorus>, lintel, Ir. [ardorus], [fardorus]; [a\rd-] here is a piece of
  folk etymology, the real word being [ar], [air], upon.  See [air]
  and [dorus].
<arfuntaich>, disinherit; [*ar-fonn-].  See [arbhartaich].
<argarrach>, a claimant; [*air+gar]; see [goir].
<argumaid>, argument, Ir. [argumeint], O.Ir. [argumint]; from Lat.
  [argumentum].
<a\rlas>, chimney, E.Ir. [forle/s], roof light; [air+leus], q.v.
<arm>, weapon, Ir., O.Ir. [arm], W. [arf]; from Lat. [arma], whence
  Eng. [arms].  Stokes says unlikely from Lat.
--page 22
<armadh>, working wool in oil, the oil for working wool. Cf.
  [aolmann].
<a\rmunn>, a hero, Ir. [armann], sn oggivrt, E.Ir. [armand], from an
  oblique case of Norse [a/rma@dhr] (g. [a/rmanns], harmost, steward.
<a\rloch>, hamlet, dwelling:
<a\ros>, a dwelling, Ir. [a/rus], M.Ir. [aros], W. [araws], [aros]; [*ad-rostu-];
  Eng. [rest] is allied to [rostu-].
<arpag>, a harpy; from Lat. [harpyia], Eng. [harpy].
<arraban>, distress: [*ar-reub-]?
<arrabhalach>, treacherous fellow; see [farbhalach].
<arrachar>, rowing, steering (Arm.): [*ar-reg-], root [reg], direct.
<arrachd>, spectre, Ir., E.Ir. [arracht]; [*ar-rig-]; see [riochd] for root.
  Ir. has also [arrach], contour, spectre.
<arrachogaidh>, the first hound that gets wind of, or comes up to the deer
  (Sh.):
<arraghaideach>, careless (Sh.):
<arraideach>, erratic: from the Eng.? [earraid], hermit?
<arraidh>, <farraidh>, suspicion (M`D).
<arraing>, a stitch, convulsions, so Ir.; [*ar-vreng-]? Eng. [wrench], etc.
<arral>, foolish pride:
<arronta>, bold; see [farranta].
<arrusg>, awkwardness, indecency, <arusg> (M`A.):
<ars>, <arsa>, quoth, Ir. [ar], E.Ir. [ar].  The [s] of the Gaelic really belongs
  to the pronoun [se/] or [si\], said he, said she, "ar se/, ar si\".  Cf.
  M.G. "ar san tres ughdar glic" - said the third wise author
  ([san] being the full art.; now [ars an].  The E.Ir. forms [bar]
  and [for], inquit, point to the root [sver], say, Eng. [swear],
  [answer].  Stokes refers it to the root [ver], [verdh], Eng. [word],
  adducing E.Ir. [fordat], [ordat], [oldat], inquiunt, for the [verdh]
  root.  Thurneysen objects that [ol] or [for] is a preposition, the
  [-dat] being the verb [ta] on analogy with other forms [inda/s],
  [olda/te].  The original is [al], propter, "further" (see "thall"),
  like Lat. [tum] ("tum ille" - then he), later [or] or [for], and
  later still [ar] - all prepositions, denoting "further".
<a\rsaidh>, old, Ir. [a/rsaidh], O.Ir. [arsid]: [*ar-sta-]; [sta], stand.  It was
  not observed that Stokes had the word; but the same conclusion
  is reached.  His stem is [*(p)arosta^t], from [paros],
  before, and [sta^t], Skr. [pura/sta^t], erst.
<arsnaig>, arsenic; from the Eng.
<arspag>, large species of sea-gull, larus major:
<artan> a stone; see [airtein].
<artlaich>, baffle; see [fairtlich].
<a\ruinn>, a forest; [*ag-ro-ni-], root [ag], Gr. @G[a@'/gra], the chase.
--page 23
<as>, <a>, out of, from, Ir. [as], O.Ir. [ass], [a], W. [a], [oc], Br. [a], [ag], Gaul.
  [ex-]; Lat. [ex]; Gr. [e@'x], etc.  <as-> is also used as a privative
  particle.
<asaid>, delivery; see [aisead].
<asair>, also <fasair>, the herb "asara bacca"; borrowed from Latin
  name.
<asair>, harness, shoemaker, Ir. [asaire], shoemaker, [assain], greaves,
  etc., O.Ir. [assa], soccus; Gr. @G[pax], sandal (Hes.), Lat. [baxea];
  root [pa@-g], fit, Gr. @G[pc/gnumi] (Stokes).
<asal>, an ass, so Ir., M.Ir. [assal], W. [asyn], Cor. [asen].  G. and Ir.
  are borrowed from Lat. [assellus], the W. and Corn. from Lat.
  [asinus].
<asbhuain>, stubble; [*as-buain], "out-reaping", q.v.
<ascaoin>, unkind, wrong side of cloth ([caoin is ascaoin]); [as-],
  privative, and [caoin], q.v.
<ascart>, tow, Ir. [asgartach], M.Ir. [escart], W. [carth], Br. [skarz],
  [*ex-skarto-], [*skarto-], dividing, root [sker], separate; Gr. [skw/r],
  dung; Eng. [sharn]; etc.
<asgaidh>, present, boon, E.Ir. [ascad], O.Ir. [ascid] (Meyer); for
  root, see [taisg].
<asgailt>, a retreat, shelter; see [fasgadh], [sga\il]: [*ad-scath-], [ascaid].
<asgall>, bosom, armpit, so Ir., Br. [askle], W. [asgre], bosom.  The
  same as [achlais] (q.v.) be metathesis of the [s].
<asgan>, a grig, merry creature, dwarf (Arm.).  See [aisteach].
<asgnadh>, ascending, so Ir.; [*ad-sqendo^-]; :at. [scando], etc.
<aslach>, request, Ir., O.Ir. [aslach], persuasio, [adslig], persuades; for
  root, see [slighe], way.
<aslonnach>, prone to tell (Arm.), E.Ir. [asluindim], I request; [*ad-sloinn],
  q.v.
<asp>, an asp, W. [asp], from the Eng.
<a\sran>, a forlorn object, Ir. [asra/nnach], [astrannach], a stranger: from
  [astar]?
<astail>, a dwelling; see [fasdail].
<astail>, a contemptible fellow (M`A.):
<astar>, a journey, Ir. [asdar], [astar], E.Ir. [astur]; [*ad-sod-ro-n], root
  [sod], [sed], go; Gr. @G[o@`do/s], way, Ch.Sl. [choditi], go; Eng. [ex-odus].
  Stokes (Bez. Beit.@+[21] 1134) now gives its Celtic form as
  [*adsi^tro-], root [sai] of [saothar], toil.
<a\suing>, <a\suinn>, <a\suig>, apparatus, weapon; see [asair](?).
<at>, swell, Ir. [at], O.Ir. [att], [*(p)at-to-], root [pat], extend, as in
  [aitheamh], q.v.  Stokes gives Celtic as [azdo-] (Got. [asts], twig,
  etc.); but this would be Gaelic [ad].
++<atach>, request, B.of Deer [atta/c], E.Ir. [atach], O.Ir. [ateoch], I
  pray, [*ad-tek-]; Eng. [thig].
--page 24
<atach>, cast-off clothes (Uist, etc.)=[ath-aodach].
<ataig>, <atuinn>, a palisade, stake:
<atamach>, fondling, caressing (M`A):
<ath>, next, again: see [ath-].
<ath>, flinch; from [ath-], back. Hence <athach>, modest.
<ath->, <aith>, re-, so Ir., O.Ir. [ath-], [aith-], [ad-], [*ati], W. [ad-], Br. [at-],
  [az-]; Gaul. [ate]: Lat. [at], but, [at-] ([atavus]); Lit. [at-], [ata-], back,
  Slav. [otu@u]; Skr. [ati], over.  Stokes divides Celtic [ati-] into two,
  meaning respectively "over" and "re-"; but this seems
  unnecessary.
<a\th>, a ford, Ir., O.Ir. [a/th], [*ja^tu-]; Skr.[ya^], to go; Lit. [jo/ti], ride
  (Stokes).  <Beul-a\th>:
<a\th>, a kiln, Ir. [a/ith], W. [odyn].  Stokes refers this to a pre-Celtic
  [apati-], [apatino-], parallel to Eng. [oven], Got. [auhns], Gr. @G[i@'pno/s].
  Bezzenberger suggests the Zend. [a^tar], fire, as related.
<athach>, a giant, Ir. [fathach], [athach]; root [pat], extend?
++<athach>, a breeze, Ir., O.Ir. [athach]; Gr. @G[a@'tmo/s], vapour, Eng.
  [atmosphere]; Ger. [atem], breath; etc.
<athainne>, embers, so Ir.; [*ath-teine](?)  See [aithinne].
<athailt>, a scar; see [ath-ail]; see [ail], mark.
<athair>, father, so Ir., O.Ir. [athir]; Lat. [pater]; Gr. @G[patc/r]; Skr.
  [pita/r]; Eng. [father].
<athair-neimh>, serpent, Br. [aer], [azr]; for [nathair-neimh], q.v.
<athair-thalmhainn>, yarrow, milfoil, Ir. and M.Ir. [athair talman];
  "pater-telluris!"  Also [earr-thalmhainn], which suggests
  borrowing from Eng. [yarrow].
<athais>, leisure; [ath-fois] = delay, q.v.
<athar>, evil effect, consequence (M`A., Whyte), [*at-ro-n] from [ath],
  "re-".  See [comharradh].  Sc. [aur] = [athailt].
<athar>, sky, air, Ir. [aie/ur], air, sky, O.Ir. [ae/r], [aier], W. [awyr]; from
  Lat. [aer], whence Eng. [air].  See St. for [ae/r], [*aver]?  Cf.
  [padhal], [ataidhir], [adhal].
<atharla>, heifer; possibly [ath-ar-laogh], "ex-calf".  Cf. E.Ir.
  [aithirni], calf.
<atharnach>, second crop, ground cropped and ready for ploughing
  (N.H.) [ath-eo\rn-ach]? [*ath-ar-nach], root [ar], plough.
<atharrach>, alteration, Ir. [atharrach], O.Ir. [aitherrach], Br. [adarre],
  afresh, [arre], [*ati-ar-reg-], rrot [reg] of [e\irich].  Stokes analyses
  it into [ati-ex-rego^], that is [ath-e/irich].
<atharrais>, mocking, imitating (M`K.); (Dial. [ailis]): [ath-aithris],
  "re-say", Ir. [aithris], tell, imitation.  See [aithris].
--page 25
<ba!>, part of lullaby; onomatopoetic.  Cf. Eng. [baby], Ger. [bube],
  etc.
<ba\>, <ba\th>, foolish, Fernaig MS. [bah]: "deadly", (talky?), root [ba@--],
  kill (speak?); see [ba\s].  Cf. Lat. [fatuus].
<babag>, tassle; see [pab].
<babhd>, a surmise (M`A.), a quirk; from Lat. [faut].
<babhsganta>, <baosganta>, cowardly; see [bodhbh]; [babhsgadh], fright,
  shock (Hend.).
<ba\bhun>, bulwark, enclosure for cattle, Ir. [ba/bhu/n], whence Eng.
  [bawn], M.Ir. [bo/dhu/n] (Annals of Loch Ce/, 1199); from [bo/] and
  [du\n], q.v.
<bac>, hindrance, Ir. [bac], M.Ir. [bacaim] (vb.).  See next word.>>
<bac>, a crook, Ir. [bac], O.Ir. [bacc], W. [bach], Br. [bac'h], Celtic [bakko-s];
  [*bag-ko-], Norse [bak], Eng. [back].  Hence <bacach>, lame, E.Ir.
  [bacach], W. [bachog], crooked.
<bac-mo\ine>, tuf-pit or bank (N.H.); from Norse [bakki], a bank,
  Eng. [bank].  Hence also place-name [Back].
<bacastair>, baker, <bacaladh>, oven, Ir. [bacail], baker; all from the
  Eng. [bake], [baxter].
<bacan>, stake, hinge, Ir. and E.Ir. [baca/n].  From [bac].
<bach>, drunkenness, Ir. [bach]: from Lat. [Bacchus].
<bachall>, shepherd's crook, crozier, Ir. [bachul], O.Ir. [bachall], W.
  [bagl], crutch; from Lat. [baculum], staff; Gr. @G[baktcria/], Eng.
  [bacteria].  [Bachull gille], slovenly fellow (M`D.).
<bachar>, acorn, "Molucca bean", Ir. [bachar]; forrowed from or
  allied to Lat. [baccar], Gr. @G[ba/kkaris], nard.
<bachlag>, a shoot, a curl, Ir. [bachlo/g]; from [bachall] (Thurneysen).
<bachoid>, the boss of a shield, Ir. [bocoide], bosses of shields; from
  L.Lat. [buccatus], Lat. [bucca], cheek.  See [bucaid].
<bad>, a cluster, thicket; cf. Br. [bot], [bod], bunch of grapes, thicket;
  common in Breton and Scotch place names; probably a
  Pictish word.  Cf. Eng. [bud], earlier [bodde].  Cf. Lat. [fascis]
  ([*fa@dh-scis]), [*fa@dh-sk-], Norse, Eng. [bast]?
<badhal>, a wandering, <ba\dharan>; possibly from the root [ba], go,
  as in [bothar], q.v.  H.S.D. suggests [ba\+dol].
<ba\dhan>, a churchyard (Sutherland), i.e. "enclosure", same as
  [ba\bhun].
<ba\dhar> (H.S.D.), <badhar> (Carm.), placenta of cow:
<bag>, a bag; from the Eng.
<bagaid>, a cluster, troop, W. [bagad], Br. [bogod]; from Lat. [bacca]
  (Thurneysen, Ernault).
--page 26
<bagaire>, a glutton; from [bag] in the sence of "belly".
<bagair>, threaten, so Ir., E.Ir. [bacur], a threat.  The W. [bygwl], a
  threat, etc., is scarcely allied, for it comes from [bwg], a spectre,
  bogie, whence possibly the English words [bogie], [boggle], etc.
  G. [bagair] may be allied with the root underlying [bac]; possibly
  [bag-gar-], "cry-back".
<bagaisde>, baggage, lumber (of a person) (Wh.), from [baggage].
<ba\gh>, a bay, Ir. [ba/dh]; from Eng. [bay], Romance [baja].
<baghan>, a stomach ([baoghan], with [ao] short).  Dial. <maghan>
  (Sutherland); cf. Eng. [maw], Ger. [magen], Norse [magi].
<baibeil>, lying, given to fables; from Eng. [babble].
<baideal>, tower, battlement, ensign, <badealach>, bannered; from
  M.Eng. [battle], [battlement], which is of the same origin as
  [battlement].
<ba\idh>, love, Ir. [ba/idhe], M.Ir. [ba/ide], [ba/de], [*ba^di-s] (Stokes).  Cf.
  Gr. @G[fw/tion], friendly (Hes.), for [fw/qion]; root [bha@-], whence
  Gr. @G[fw/s], man.
<baidreag>, a ragged garment; see [paidreag].
<ba\idse>, musician's fee; from the Eng. [batch]?
<baigeir>, a beggar; from Eng.
<baigileis>, looe lumber or baggage (Argyle); from [baggage].
<bail>, thrift, Ir. [bail], success, careful collection, M.Ir. [bail], goodness,
  E.Ir. [bulid]: @G[fulla]; I.E. root [bhel], swell, increase.
  See [buil], [bile].  Hence <baileach>.  Cf. [adhbhal], @G[be/lteros].
<bailbheag>, a corn poppy; also <beilbheag>, <mealbhag>, <meilbheag>.
<bailc>, a ridge, beam, W. [balc], from Eng. [balk].
<bailc>, seasonable rain, showers:
<bailceach>, strong, a strong man, E.Ir. [balc], strong, W. [balch],
  (Stokes).  Likely a Celtic [bal-ko-], root [bal], as in [bail].  So
  Ost.; Skr. [balam], strength ([adhbhal]), Gr. @G[be/lteros]; Wh. St.
  [boliji@u], greater; Lat. [debilis].
<baile>, town, township, Ir., E.Ir. [baile], [*balio-s], a pre-Celtic
  [bhv-alio-], root [bhu-], be; Gr, [fwleo/s], a lair; Norse [bo/l], a
  "bally", further Eng. [build], [booth].
<baileach>, excessive; see [bail].  Also <buileach>.
<ba\ilisdeir>, babbler, founded on Eng. Scandinavian [balderdash].
<ba\illidh>, a magistrate, balie; from Sc. [bailzie] (Eng. [bailiff]), Fr.
  [bailli].
<baineasag>, a ferret, Ir. [baineaso/g]; [ba/n+neas], "white weasel", q.v.
<ba\inidh>, madness, fury, Ir. [ba/inidhe]; Ir. [mainigh] (O'Br.), from
  Lat. [mania]; see [ba\].
<bainisg>, a little old woman, female satirist (Carm.) = [ban=e/isg];
  from [ban], [bean], q.v.
<bainne>, milk, Ir., M.Ir. [bainne]; also <boinne>, milk (Sutherland),
  a drop, Ir., M.Ir. [bainne], milk. O.Ir. [banne], drop
--page 27
  Cor., Br. [banne], gutta; root [bha]; O.Slav. [banja], bath; Eng.
  [bath], etc.
<ba\ir>, a game, goal, Ir. [ba/ire], hurling match, goal, M.Ir. [ba/ire]:
  [*bag-ro-], root [ba@-g-], strive; see [arabhaig].  <ba\ireach>, a ball.
<baircinn>, side timbers of a house (Sh.):
<baireachd>, quarrelling (Carm.); cf. [ba\irseag].
++<bairghin>, bread, cake, Ir. [bairghean], E.Ir. [bargen], W., Cor., and
  Br. [bara], panis, [*bargo-]; Lat. [ferctum], oblation cake; Ag.S.
  [byrgan], to taste, Norse [bergja], taste.
<ba\irich>, lowing; root of [bo/], cow.  Cf. [bu\irich].
<ba\irig>, bestow; from Eng. [ware], as also [bathar].
<ba\irleigeadh>, <ba\irneigeadh>, warning, summonsl; from the Eng.
  [warning].
<ba\irlinn>, rooling wave, billow; [ba\ir-linn], from ++<ba\ir>, wave, borrowed
  from Norse [ba/ra], wave, billow.  For [linne], see that
  word.
<ba\irneach>, a limpet, Ir. [ba/irneach] (Fol.), W. [brenig], Cor. [brennic]:
  from M.Eng. [bernekke], now [barnacle], from Med.Lat. [bernaca].
  Stokes takes [ba\irnech] from [barenn], rock, as Gr. [lepa/s], limpet,
  is allied to [le/pas], rock.
<ba\irneachd>, judgment (Sh.), Ir., W., Br. [barn], root [ber] in [bra\th],
  q.v.
<ba\irseag>, a scold (Sh.), Ir. [bairseach], M.Ir. [bairsecha], foolish
  talk, [bara], wrath, W. [ba^r], wrath.  Stokes refers [bara] to the
  same origin as Lat. [ferio], I strike, Norse [berja], smite, etc.
<baisceall>, a wild person (Sh.); M.Ir. [basgell] (i. [geltan], [boiscell];
  root in [ba\], foolish? [+ciall].
<baiseach>, a heavy shower, Ir. [ba/isdeach], rain, [bais], water; cf. O.Ir.
  [baithis], baptism, which may be borrowed from Lat. [baptisma]
  (Windish).  The root here is [bad], of [ba\th], drown.  Ir.
  [baiseach], raining (Clare), from [baisteadh], Lat. [baptisma] (Zim.).
<baist>, baptise, Ir. [baisd], O.Ir. [baitsim], from Lat. [baptizo], which
  is from Gr. @G[bapti/zw], dip.
<baiteal>, a battle; from Eng. [battle].
<balach>, clown, lad, Ir. [balach], clown, churl; cf. Skr. [ba@-lakas], a
  little boy, from [ba@-la], young.  But cf. W. [bala], budding, root
  [bhel].  Rathlin Ir. [bachlach].
<balaiste>, ballast; from the Eng.
<balbh>, dumb, so Ir., E.Ir. [balb]; borrowed from Lat. [balbus].
<balc>, ridge, etc.; see [bailc].  Also "calf of leg" (Wh.).
<balc>, misdeed:
<balcach>, splay-footed (H.S.D.).  Cf. Gr. @G[folko/s], bandy-legged(?).
<balg>, belly, bag, Ir. [bolg], O.Ir. [bolc], W. [bol], [boly], belly, Cor. [bol],
  Gaulish [bulga] (Festus), sacculus; Got. [balgs], wine-skin,
  Norse [belgr], skin, bellows, Eng. [belly].
--page 28
<balgair>, a fox:
<balgum>, mouthful, M.G. [bolgama] (pl.), Ir. [blogam]; from [balg].  Cf.
  O.Ir. [bolc uisce], a bubble.
<ball>, a member, Ir., O.Ir. [ball]; Gr. @G[fallo/s]; Eng. [phallus]; root
  [bhel], swell.
<ball>, a spot, Ir., M.Ir. [ball], white-spotted on forehead (of a horse),
  Br. [bal] (do.).  The Gaelic suggests a stem [bal-no-], Celtic root
  [bal], white, Gr. @G[falo/s], shining, [fa/laros] (phala@-ros), white-spotted
  (of animals); I.E. [bhe@-l]: [bhale], shine; whence Eng.
  [bale]-fire.  Stokes says the Irish [ball] seems allied to the
  Romance [balla], a ball, Eng. [bale] and [ball](?).  Hence <ballach>,
  spotted.  W. [bal], spotted on forehead.
<ball>, a ball; from Eng.
<balla>, wall, Ir. [balla] (Four Masters), [fala] (Munster); from
  M.Eng. [bailly], an outer castle wall, now in Old Bailey, from
  Med.Lat. [ballium].
<ballaire>, a cormorant; from [ball], spot.
<ballan>, a vessel, tub, Ir. [balla/n], E.Ir. [ballan].  Stokes cfs. Norse
  [bolli], bowl, Eng. [bowl], and says that the Gaelic is probably
  borrowed.
<ballart>, boasting, clamour; probably from Norse [ballra], strepere,
  [baldrast], make a clatter (Eng. [balderdash]), Ger. [poltern].
<balt>, a welt: see [bolt].
<ba\n>, white, Ir., O.Ir. [ba/n]; I.E. root [bha@-], shine; Gr. @G[fano/s] (@G[a]
  long), bright; Skr. [bha^nu\], light; further away is Eng. [bale]
  ([bale]-fire).
<ban->, <bana->, she-, female-; see [bean].
<banabachadh>, worse for wear (M`D):
<banachag>, dairymaid:
<banachdach>, vaccination:
<banair>, sheep fold; see rather [mainnir].
<banais>, a wedding, wedding feast, Ir. [bainfheis], wedding feast,
  M.Ir. [banais], g. [baindse]; from [ban+fe/isd]?
<banarach>, dairymaidl from [ban-] and [a\ireach].
++<banbh>, a pig, Ir. [banbh], E.Ir. [banb], W. [banw], Br. [banv], [bano],
  [*banvo-s].  The word appears as [Banba], a name for Ireland,
  and, in Scotland, as Banff.  M`L. and D. gives the further
  meaning of "land unploughed for a year".
<banc>, a bank; from the Eng.
<ba\nchuir>, squeamishness at sea (H.S.D., which derives it from
  [ba\n] and [cuir]).
<bangadh>, a binding, promise (Sh., H.S.D.), Ir. [bangadh].  (H.S.D.
  suggests Lat. [pango], whence it may have come.
<bangaid>, a banquet, christening feastl from Eng. [banquet].
--page 29
<bann>, a belt, band; from Eng. [band].  It also means a "hinge".
  Dialectic <spann>.
<bannag>, a Christmas cake; from the Sc. [bannock].  See [bonnach].
<bannag>, corn-fan; from Lat. [vannus], Eng. [fan].
<bannal>, a troop, gang, Ir. [banna]; from Eng. [band].  Cf. E.Ir.
  [ban-da/l], assembly of ladies.  Also <pannail>.
<bansgal> (Dial. [banasgal]), a female, a hussy, Ir. [bansgal], E.Ir.
  [bansca/l], O.Ir. [banscala], servae; root of [sgalag].
<bantrach>, a widow, E.Ir. [bantrebthach], landlady: [ban+trebthach],
  farmer, from [treb] in [treabhadh], [aitreabh].
<baobh>, a wicked woman, witch, Ir. [badhbh], hoodie crow, a fairy, a
  scold, E.Ir. [badb], crow, demon, [Badba], the Ir. war-goddess,
  W. [bod], kite, Gaul. [Bodv-], [Bodvo-gnatus], W. [Bodnod]; Norse
  [bo@"@dh], g. [bo@dhvar], war, Ag.S. [beadu], g. [beadwe], [*badwa-] (Rhys.).
  In Stokes' Dict. the Skr. [ba/dhate], oppress, Lit. [ba/das], famine,
  are alone given.  Also <baogh>.
<baodhaiste>, ill usage from the weather:
<baoghal>, danger, so Ir., O.Ir. [baigul], [baegul]; cf. Lit. [bai-me@?], fear,
  [bai-gus], shy, Skr. [bhayate], fear.
<baoghan>, a calf, anything jolly; from [baoth].
<baogram>, a flighty emotion (Dialectic); founded on <baogadh>, a dialectic
  form of [biog], q.v.
<baoileag>, blaeberry; cf. Eng. [bil]berry, Dan. [bo@"lle]b@aer.
<baoireadh>, foolish talk; founded on [baothaire], fool, from [baoth], q.v.
++<baois>, lust, so Ir., E.Ir. [baes], [*baisso-] (Stokes); compared by
  Bezzenberger to Gr. @G[faidro/s], shining, and by Strachan to the
  root [gheidh], desire, Lit. [geidu], desire, Ch.Sl. [z@?ida], expetere,
  Goth. [gaidw], a want.  Possibly allied to Lat. [foedus], foul.
<baois>, madness, so Ir., E.Ir. [ba/is]; from [baoth] (Zim. Z@+[32] 229)
  = [ba/ithas].  Cf. [sgi\th], [sgi\os].
<baoisg>, shine forth: see [boillsg].
<baoiteag>, a small wite maggot; see [boiteag].
<baol>, nearness of doing anything (M`A.); [baoghal]?  Cf. its use
  in Fern. MS.
<baoth>, foolish, so Ir., O.Ir. [ba/ith], [baeth]; root [bai], fear, as in
  [baoghal]; Cor. [bad], Br. [bad], stupidity, are not allied, nor is
  Goth. [bauths], dumb, as some suggest.  Hence <baothair>, fool.
<bara>, a barrow, Ir. [bara], E.Ir. [bara]; from M.Eng. [barowe], Eng.
  [barrow].
<barail>, opinion, Ir. [baramhuil], M.Ir. [baramail]: [bar+samhail];
  for [bar-], see [ba\irneachd], [bra\th].
<baraill>, a barrel, Ir. [ba/irille], E.Ir. [barille], W. [baril]; from M.E.
  [barel], from O.Fr. [baril].
<baraisd>, <barraisd>, borage; Ir. [barraist]; from the Eng. [borage].
<baran>, a baron; Ir. [baru/n], W. [barwn]; from the Eng.
--page 30
<barant>, surety, warrant, Ir., M.Ir. [bara/nta], W. [gwarant]; from
  M.Eng. [warant], now [warrant].  So St.
<barbair>, a barber, Ir. [bearrbo/ir] (Fol.), W. [barfwr]; from the Eng.
<barbarra>, barbarous, Ir. [barbartha]; from Lat. [barbarus], Eng.
  [barbarous].
<bar-bhrigein>, silver-weed (Arm.); also <brisgean> (from [brisg]):
<barbrag>, tangle tops, barberry; from Eng. [barberry].  In Lewis,
  the former is called <bragaire>.
<ba\rc>, a bark, boat, Ir. [ba/rc], E.Ir. [barc], W. [barg], Br. [barc].  These
  words are all ultimately from the Late Latin [barca], whence
  throught Fr. comes Eng. [bark].
<ba\rc>, rush (as water), Ir. [ba/rcaim], break out; cf. M.Ir. [barc],
  multitude; Lat. [farcio], cram, [frequens], numerous.
<ba\rd>, a poet, Ir. [ba/rd], E.Ir. [bard], W. [bardd], Br. [barz], Gaul.
  [bardos], [*bardo-s]; Gr. @G[fra/zw] (@G[frad-]), speak (Eng. [phrase].
<ba\rd>, dyke, inclosure, meadow, Ir. [ba/rd], a guard, garrison; from
  Eng. [ward], enclosed pasture land (Liddell 35).
<bargan>, a bargain, W. [bargen]; from the Eng. [bargain].
<ba\rlag>, a rag, tatter-demalion; cf. Ir. [barli/n], sheet, for [braith-li/n],
  q.v.
<ba\rluadh>, a term in pipe music; from Eng. [bar] + G. [luath].
<ba\rnaig>, a summons; from the Eng. [warning].
<barpa>, barrow, cairn (H.S.D., a Skye word).  Cape Wrath is
  [Am Parph] in Gaelic ([An Carbh], Lewis); from Norse [Hvarf],
  a turning, rounding, Eng. [wharf].
<ba\rr>, top, Ir. [ba/rr], O.Ir. [barr], W., Cor. [bar], Br. [barr], [*barso-];
  Norse [barr], pine needles, Ag.S. [byrst], Eng. [bristle], [burr]; Lat.
  [fastiguim] (for [farstigium], top; Skr. [bhr@.shti], a point.  Hence
  <barrachd>, overplus.  <ba\rrlach>, refuse, flotsam (Wh.).
<barra>, a spike, bar, Ir. [ba/rra], W. [bar], nail, etc.; all from the Eng.
  [bar].
<barra-gu\g>,, potato bloom, bud.  See [gucag].  Also [barr-guc].
<ba\rraisg>, boasting, brag, <ba\rsaich>, vain, prating; see [ba\irseag].
<barramhaise>, a cornice (A.M`D.); [barr+maise].  Also <barr-maisich>
  (verb), ornament (M`A.).
<barrlait>, a check (Carm.):
<bas>, palm of the hand, Ir., O.Ir. [bas], [bass], [boss], Br. [boz], [*bosta^];
  Gr. @G[a@'gosto/s].
<ba\s>, death, Ir., O.Ir. [ba/s]; Celtic root [ba@-], [ba], hit, slay, whence
  Gaul. Lat. [batuere] (Eng. [battls], etc.); Ag.S. [beadu], war.
<basaidh>, a basin; from Sc. [bassie], Eng. [basin].
<bascaid>, a basket, Ir. [basgaod], W. [basged]; from the Eng. [basket].
<basdal>, noise, gaiety; from Norse [bastle], turmoil.
<basdard>, a bastard, so Ir. and M.Ir., W. [basdardd]; all from the
  Eng. [bastard].
--page 31
<basgaire>, mourning, Ir. [bascarrach], lamentation, clapping with
  the hands, M.Ir. [basgaire]; [bas+gaire], "palm-noise"; for
  [baire], see [goir].  Also <basraich>.
<basganta>, melodious:
<basg-luath>, vermilion; from the obsolete adg. [basg], red, E.Ir.
  [basc], and [luath], ashes, q.v.  Stokes cfs. [basc] to Lat. [bacca]
  (for [bat-ca]), berry.
<bat>, <bata>, a stick, Ir. [bata]; from M.Eng. [batte], stick, now [bat],
  which comes from O.Fr. [batte], from Gaul. Lat. [battuere], as
  under [ba\s], q.v.  The Br. [baz] seems borrowed from the Fr.
  thought it may be native.
<ba\ta>, a boat, Ir. [ba/d], M.Ir. [ba/t], W. [ba^d]; all from Ag.S. [ba^t], Eng.
  [boat], Norse, [ba/tr] (Stokes).  K. Meyer takes Ir. and G. from
  the Norse.
<batail>, a fight; see [baiteal].
<ba\th>, drown, Ir. [ba/thaim], O.Ir. [ba/dud] (inf.), W. [boddi], Br. [beuzi];
  I.E. [@ga@-dh], sink, Gr. @G[baqu/s], deep, @G[-bdu/w], sink, Skr. [ga@-has], the
  deep.  Gl. [fodio] (Ern.).
<ba\th>, vain, foolish (Hend.); see <ba\>.  Skye.
<ba\thaich>, a byre, Ir. [bothigh], W. [beudy]; [bo/+tigh], "cow-house".
<bathais>, forehead, Ir. [baithis], pate, E.Ir. [baithes], crown of the
  forehead; [*bat-esti-], from [bat], I.E. [bha@-], shine, Gr. @G[fa/sis],
  appearance, [phase].  See [ba\n] further.  Lat. [facies], face,
  appearance, may be allied, though the latest authorities
  connect it with [facio], make.
<bathar>, wares; from the Eng. [wares].
++<beabhar>, beaver, Ir. [beabhar] (Lh.), Cor. [befer], Br. [bieuzr], Gaul.
  [Bibrax]; Lat. [fiber]; Eng. [beaver], A.S. [be/ofor].  Gaelic and
  Ir. are doubtful.
<beach>, a bee, so Ir., O.Ir. [bech], W. [begegyr], drone, [*biko-s]; a root
  [bi-] appears in Eng. [bee], Ag. S. [beo/] (=[*bija]), Ger. [biene]
  (=[*bi-nja]), Lit. [bitis].  Stokes makes the Celtic stem [beko-s],
  but does not compare it with any other language.
<beachd>, opinion, notice, Ir. [beacht], certain, E.Ir. [becht], [bechtaim], I
  certify; [*bhig-to-]; Lat. [figo] (St. Z.C.P. 71).
<beadaidh>, impudent, fastidious, Ir. [be/adaidh], [beadaidh], sweet-mouthed,
  scoffing; E.Ir. [bet], talking, shameless girl (Corm.):
  [*beddo-], [*bez-do-], root [bet], [@get], as in [beul].
<beadradh>, fondling, caressing, <beadarrach>, pampered:
<beag>, little, Ir. [beag], O.Ir. [becc], W. [bach], Cor. [bechan], Br. [bic'han],
  [bian], [*bezgo-]; Lat. [vescus] (=[gvesgus])?  Some have connected
  it with Gr. @G[mikro/s], Dor.Gr. [mikko/s], and Dr Cameron suggested
  Lat. [vix], scarcely.
<beairt>, engine, loom: see [beart].
<beairtean>, shrouds, rigging; see [beart].
--page 32
<bealach>, a pass, Ir. [bealach], pass, road, E.Ir. [belach], cf. Skr.
  [bi/la], gap, mouth; [bilako-n] (C.RR. 174).  Cf. W. [bwlch], pass,
  etc?  See [bile].
<bealaidh>, broom, Ir. [beally/i] (Lh. [Comp. Voc.]); cf. Br. [balan],
  M.Br. [balazn], O.Fr. [balain]; also Fr. [balai], older [balain], a
  broom.  This might be referred to the common root [bhel],
  bloom (prolific as a root, like the corresponding root of [broom],
  as in W. [balannu], to bud), but the W. for "broom" is [banadl],
  Cor. [banathel], which M. Ernault has compared with Lat.
  [genista], broom (root [gen], beget?).  Jub. gives Br. as [banadlon]
  (R.C.@+[18] 106).  The Br. might be a metathesis of W. [banadl]
  (cf. Br. [alan] v. [anail]).  It is possible that Gaelic is borrowed
  from the Pictish; the word does not appear in the Ir.
  Dictionaries, save in Lh.'s Celt. part, which perhaps proves
  nothing.
<bealbhan-ruadh>, a species of hawk (Sh., O'R.); for [bealbhan], cf.
  ++<bealbhach>, a bit, from [beul], mouth?
<bealtuinn>, May-day, Ir. [be/alteine], E.Ir. [beltene], [belltaine], [*belo-te(p)nia^]
  (Stokes), "bright-fire", where [belo-] is allied to Eng.
  [bale] ("bale-fire"), Ag.S. [bael], Lit. [baltas], white.  The Gaul.
  god-names [Belenos] and [Belisama] are also hence, and Shakespeare's
  [Cym-beline].  Two needfires were lighted on Beltane
  among the Gael, between which they drove their cattle for
  purification and luck; hence the proverb: "Eadar da\ theine
  Bhealltuinn" - Between two Beltane fires.
<bean>, wife, so Ir. [ben], W. [bun], [benyw], Cor. [benen], sponsa,
  Celtic [bena@^], g. [bna^s], pl.n. [bna^s]; Gr. [gunc/], B@oeot. Gr. [bana/];
  Got. [gino^], Eng. [queen], Sc. [queyn]; Skr. [gna^].
<bean>, touch, Ir. [beanaim], beat, touch, appertain to, O.Ir. [benim],
  pulso, ferio, Br. [bena], to cut, M.Br. [benaff], hit; [*bina], root
  [bin], [bi] (O.Ir. [ro bi], percussit, [bithe], perculsus), from I.E. [bhi],
  [bhei], hit; Ch.Sl. [bija], [biti], strike; O.H.G. [bi^hal], axe; Gr.
  @G[fitro/s], log.  Further is root [bheid], split, Eng. [bite].  Usually
  [bean] has been referred to I.E. [@ghen], [@ghon], hit, slay; Gr. @G[fen-],
  slay, @G[epefnon], slew, @G[fo/nos], slaughter, @G[qei/nw], strike; Skr. [han],
  hit; but [@gh] = G. [b] is doubtful.
<beann>, top, horn, peak, Ir. [beann], O.Ir. [benn], pinna, W. [ban],
  height, peak, M.Br. [ban], also [benny], horn, pipe (music),
  Gaul. [canto-bennicus] mons, "white peak" mount; proto-Gaelic
  [benna^]; root [@gen-], [@gn-], as in Eng. [knoll], Sc. [knowe].  In Scotch
  Gaelic, the oblique form <beinn> has usurped the place of
  [beann], save in the gen.pl.
<beannachd>, blessing, so Ir., O.Ir. [bendacht], W. [bendith]l from Lat.
  [bendictio], whence Eng. [benediction].
--page 33
<beannag>, a skirt, corner, coif, Ir. [beanno/g]; from [beann].
<beantag>, a corn-fan; see <bannag>.
<bearach>, dog-fish (M`A.); O.Ir. [berach], verutus, from [bior]; cf.
  Eng. "picked or horned dogfish"; "bone-dog".
<bearachd>, judgement (Sh., O'R.); root [bera], [bra^], as in [bra\th], q.v.
<bearbhain>, vervain; from Eng. [vervain], Lat. [verbena].
<bearn>, a breach, cleft, Ir. [bearna], E.Ir. [berna]; I.E. [bher], cut,
  bore;  Lat. [forare], bore; Gr. @G[fa/ros], a plough, @G[farw], split;
  Arm. [beran], mouth; Ch.Sl. [bar], clip; Eng. [bore].  Also [bern],
  fen in E.Ir.
<bea\rr>, shear, Ir. [be/arraim], O.Ir. [berraim], O.W. [byrr], short, Cor.
  [ber], Br. [berr], short, [*berso-]; Gr. @G[fa/rsos], any piece cut off;
  root [bhera], as in [bearn].
<bearraideach>, flighty, nimble; from [bea\rr]?
<beart>, a deed, Ir. [bea/rt], load, action, E.Ir. [bert], bundle, birth; Gr.
  @G[fo/rtos], burden; root, [bher], in [beir], q.v.  Also <beairt>, engine,
  loom.  It is used in many compounds in the sense of "gear",
  as in <cais-bheart>, foot-gear, shoes; <ceann-bheart>, head-gear,
  helmet, etc.
<beartach>, rich; from [beart]; W. [berth], rich, [berthedd], riches.
<beatha>, life, so Ir.  O.Ir. [bethu], g. [bethad], Celtic stem [bita^t-],
  divided into [bi-ta^t]; see [bith] (i.e. [bi-tu-]) for root.  It is usual
  for philologists to represent the stem of [beatha] as [bivota^t], that
  is [bi-vo-ta^t-], the [bi-vo-] part being the same as the stem [bivo]
  of [beo\].  While the root [bi] is common to both [beatha] and [beo\],
  the former does not contain [-vo-]; it is the O.Ir. nom. [beothu]
  ([*bi-tu^s]) that has set philologists wrong.  Hence G. and Ir.
  <beathach>, animal.  Ir. [beathadhach], dial. of [beathach].
<beic>, a curtesy; from Sc. [beck], curtesy, a dialectic use of Eng.
  [beck], [beckon].  Hence <beiceis>, bobbing, etc. (M`A.).
<beil>, grind; a very common form of [meil], q.v.
<beil>, is; see [bheil].
<beilbheag>, corn-poppy; see [mealbhag].  Also <bailbheag>.
<be/ileach>, a muzzle, Ir. [beulmhach], a bridle, bit, [-mhach] for [bach]
  termination from [bongim], beat; from [beul].
<be/illeach>, blubber-lipped, <be/ileach> (H.S.D.); from [beul].  The first
  form suggests a stem [be/l-nac-].  Cf. <be/ilean>, a prating mouth.
  Also <me/illeach>.
<beilleag>, outer coating of birch, rind; also <me/illeag>, q.v.
<beince>, <being> (H.S.D.), a bench; from Sc. [bink]; Eng. [bench].
  Cf. Ir. [beinse], W. [mainc], Br. [menk].
<beinn>, hill, ben; oblique form of [beann] (f.n.), used as a fem.nom.,
  for [beann] sounds masculine beside [ceann], etc.  See [beann].
--page 34
<beinneal>, binding of a sheaf of corn, bundle; from Sc. [bindle], a
  cord of straw or other for binding, Eng. [bundle]; from [bind].
<beir>, catch, bring forth, Ir. [beirim], O.Ir. [berim], W. [cymmeryd], to
  take, accept, Br. [kemeret] (=[com-ber-]); I.E. [bher], whence
  Lat. [fero], Gr. [fe/rw], Eng. [bear], Skr. [bharami].
<beirm>, <bairm>, (Hend.), barm, yeast; from Sc. [barm] (pronounced
  [berm], Eng. [barm]; Lat. [fermentum].
<beisear>, plate-rack on dresser (Rob.).
<be/ist>, a beast, Ir. [bi/ast], [pe/ist], O.Ir. [be/ist], W.  [bwystfil]; from Lat.
  [bestia] (Eng. [beast]).  Also <biast>.
<beith>, birch, so Ir., O.Ir. [bethe], W. [bedw], Br. [bezuenn], Celtic [betva^],
  Lat. [betula], Fr. [boule].
<beithir>, a serpent, any wild beast, monster, a huge skate,
  Ir. [beithir], wild beast, bear, E.Ir. [beithir], G. [bethrach].  In
  the sense of "bear", the word is, doubtless, borrowed; but
  there seems a genuine Celtic word [betrix] behind the other
  meanings, and the [beithir] or [beithir be/imneach] is famed in
  myth.  Cf. Lat. [be@-stia], for [bet-tia]?  Norse [bera], bear (fem.),
  [beirfhall], bearskin, Eng. [bear] (Zim. K.B.@+[1] 286).
<beitir>, neat, clean (M`F.):
<beo\>, living, Ir., O.Ir. [beo/], W. [byw], Br. [beu], [*bivo-s]; Lat. [vi^vus],
  living, [vi^ta]; Gr. @G[bi/otos], a living; Eng. [quick]; Skr. [ji^va/],
  living; I.E. [@gei-], [@gi-], live.  See also [beatha], [bith].
<beo/ir>, beer, Ir. [beo/r]; from Ag.S. [beo/r], Norse [bjo/rr] (Eng. [beer]).
<beo\lach>, ashes with hot embers (M`A.); from [beo\] + [luathach],
  "live-ashes".  Another <beo\lach>, lively youth, hero, stands
  for [beo\-lach]; for [-lach], see [o\glach].
<beuban>, anything, mangled:
<beuc>, roar, Ir. [be/ic], O.Ir. [be/ccim], W. [beichio], [baich], [*beikkio^]; Cor.
  [begy], Br. [begiat], squeal, [baeguel], bleat, [*baikio^] (Stokes).  The
  difficulty of the vowels as between G. and W. ([e/] should give
  [wy]) suggests comparison with [creuchd], W. [craith], [*crempt-]
  (Strachan).  Thus [beuc], [baich] suggests [benk-ko-], further
  [gn@.k-ko-], root [@gem], Lat. [gemo], etc.  The same result can be
  derived from the root [geng-] of [geum], q.v.
<beud>, mischief, hurt, Ir. [be/ad], E.Ir. [be/t], [*bento-n]; allied to Eng.
  [bane].
<beul>, mouth, so Ir., O.Ir. [be/l], [*bet-lo-], I.E. [@get-], whence Eng.
  [quoth], Got. [qithan].  The idea is the "speaker".  Some
  connect W. [gwefl] (=[vo-bel]), but this is probably [*vo-byl], [byl],
  edge (Ernault).
<beulaobh>, front, E.Ir. [ar-be/laib], O.Ir. [be/lib]; dat.pl. of [beul]; also
  mixed with this is the O.Ir. acc.pl. [be/ulu].
--page 35
<beum>, a stroke, cut, taunt, Ir. and O.Ir. [be/im], nom.pl. [be/men],
  blow, from the root [beng], [bong], which appears in [buain]; cf. [ceum]
  from [ceng-men], [leum] from [leng-men].  This agrees with Cor.
  [bom], blow.  Some suggest [beid-men] or [beids-men], root [bheid],
  Eng. [bite], which suits G. best as to meaning.  The favourite
  derivation has been [*ben-s-men], root [ben] of [bean].
<beur>, <beurra>, Mbeurtha>, sharp, pointed, clear; gibe, jeer (Hend.);
  cf. Ir. [be/arrtha], clipped, from [bea\rr]; from [berr-tio-s], with [i]
  regressive into [berr], giving [beirr].
<beurla>, English, language, Ir. [beurla], speech, language, especially
  English; O.Ir. [be/lre]; [be/l]+[re], [be/l], mouth, and the abstract
  termination [-re] (as in [luibhre], [buidhre], etc.).
<beus>, conduct, habit, so Ir., O.Ir. [be/s], Br. [boaz], [*beissu-], [beid-tu-],
  root [beid], I.E. [bheidh], Gr. @G[peiqw], persuade, Lat. [fides], English
  [faith].  Others derive it from [bhend], bind, giving [bhend-tu-] as
  the oldest stem.  Windisch suggests connection with Got.
  [bansts], barn, Skr. [bha^sa], cowstall.  The Breton [oa] seems against these
  derivations.
<bha>, <bha\>, was, Ir. [do bha/mar], we were ([bha/-]), [do bhi/], was, M.Ir.
  [ro bo/i], was, O.Ir., [bo/i], [ba/i], [bu/i], a perfect tense, [*bove(t)], for
  [bebove]; Skr. [babhu@-va];  Gr. @G[pe/fu-ke]; I.E. [bheu], to be, as
  in Lat. [fui], was (an aorist form), Eng. [be].
<bha\n>, <a bha\n>, down; by eclipsis for [a(n) bh-fa\n], "into declivity",
  from [fa\n], a declivity, Ir., O.Ir., [fa/n], proclive, W. [gwaen], a
  plain, planities montana, [*vag-no-], root, [vag], bow, etc., Lat.
  [vagor], wander, Ger. [wackeln], wobble.  Ir. has also [fa/n], a
  wandering, which comes near the Lat. sense.  In Sutherlandshire,
  the adj. <fa\n>, prone, is still used.
<bheil>, is, Ir. [fuil], [bh-fuil], O.Ir. [fail], [fel], [fil], root [vel] ([val]), wish,
  prevail, Lat. [volo], [valeo], Eng. [will].
<bho>, <o>, from Ir. [o/], [ua], O.Ir., [o/], [u/a], [*ava]; Lat. [au]-fero, "away"-take;
  Ch.Sl. [u-]; Skr. [ava], from.
<bhos>, <a bhos>, on this side; from the eclipsed form [a(n) bh-fos],
  "in station", in rest, Ir. [abhus], O.Ir. [i foss], here, O.Ir. [foss],
  remaining, staying, rest.  See [fois], rest, for root.
<bhur>, <bhur n->, your, Ir. [bhar n-], O.Ir. [bar n-], [far n-], [*svaron]
  (Stokes), [*s-ves-ro-n].  For [sves-], see [sibh].  Cf. for form Got.
  [izvara], Lat. [nostrum] (nos[-tero-], where [-tero-] is a fuller comparitive
  form than Celtic [-(e)ro-], [-ro-] of [sves-ro-n], [svaron]).
<bi>, <bi\>, be Ir. [bi/], be thou, O.Ir. [bi/u], sum, [bi/] be thou, O.W. [bit],
  sit, [bwyf], sim, M.Br. [bezaff].  Proto-Celtic [bhv-ijo^], for O.Ir.
  [bi/u], I am; Lat [fio]; Eng. [be]; I.E. root [bheu], be.  See [bha].
  Stokes differs from other authorities in referring [bi/u], [bi/] to
  Celtic [beio^], root [bei], [bi], live, as in [bith], [beatha], Lat. [vivo], etc.
--page 36
<bi>, <bigh>, doorpost, threshold (Hend.), E.Ir. [di bi/] = two posts.
  M`A. has [bi\gh], post, pillar.
<biadh>, food, so Ir., O.Ir., O.Ir. [biad], [*bivoto-n], whence W. [bywyd], vita,
  Cor. [buit], cibus, Br. [boed], food.  [bivoto-n] is a derivative from
  [bivo-] of [beo\], living, q.v.
<bian>, a hide, Ir., E.Ir. [bi/an], [*beino-]; root [bhei-], as in Eng. [bite],
  Lat. [findo].  For force, cf. Gr. @G[de/rma], skin, from [der], split,
  Eng. [tear].  Cf., for root, [bean], hit.
<biasgach>, niggardly; from [biast].  In some parts [biast] is applied
  to a niggardly person.  H.S.D. refers it to [biadh]+[sgathach],
  catching at morsels.
<biast>, a beast, worthless person; see [be/ist].  The word <biast>,
  abuse, is a metaphoric use of [biast].
<biatach>, a raven (Sh.); cf. [biatach], [biadhtach], a provider, farmer,
  from [biadh].
<biatas>, betony, beet, Ir. [biatuis], W. [betys]; from Lat. [be@-tis], [be@-ta],
  Eng. [beet].  Also <biotais>.
<biathainne>, earth-worm, hook-bait, <biathaidh> (Dialectic); from
  [biadh].  Cf. Lat. [esca], bait, for [ed-sca], [ed]=[eat].  The word
  <biathadh> in many places means "to entice".
<biatsadh>, provisions for a journey, [viaticum]; formed from [biadh],
  with, possibly, a leaning on [viaticum].
<bicas>, viscount (Arm.).  Founded on the Eng., and badly spelt by
  Armstrong: either <biceas> or <biocas>.
<bicein>, a single grain (Arg.).  From [bioc], [pioc]? (Wh.)
<biceir>, a wooden dish; from Sc. [bicker], Eng. [beaker].  Also <bigeir>,
  <bigein>.
<bi\d>, a very small portion, a nip, a chirp.  In the sense of "small
  portion", the word is from the Sc. [bite], [bit], Eng. [bite], [bit].  In
  the sense of "chirp, a small sound", O'R. has an Ir. word
  [bi/d], "song of birds".  See <bi\og>.  Hence <bi\dein>, diminutive
  person or thing.  Cf. W. [bidan], of like force.
<bideag>, a bit, bittie; from Sc. [bittock], dim. of Eng. [bit].
<bideag>, a fence (Stew.), <bid> (Sh.), Ir. [bi/d], [bi/dea/n] (O'R.), W. [bid],
  quickset hedge, [bidan], a twig; [*bid-do-], root [bheid], split?
<bidhis>, a vice, screw, so Ir.; from Eng. [vice].
<bidse>, a bitch; from the English.
<bi\gh>, <bigh>, pith of wood, gum.  See <bi\th>/
<bil>, <bile>, edge, lip, Ir. [bil], mouth, E.Ir., [bil], [bile], W. [byl], [*bili-],
  [bilio-].  Root [bhi], [bhei], split; cf. Skr. [bi/la], a hole, mouth of a
  vessel, etc.; [vil], edge : W. also [myl].
<bileag>, <bile>, a leaf, blade, Ir. [billeo/g], [bileo/g], [*bilia^], I.E. root [bhela],
  [bhale], [bhle@-], [bhlo@-], as in [bla\th]; Lat. [folium]; Gr. @G[fu/llon], a
  leaf; further, Eng. [blade].
--page 37
<bilearach>, <bileanach>, sea-grass, sweet-grass; from [bile].
<bileid>, a billet; from the Eng.
<bilistear>, a mean, sorry fellow, a glutton, Ir., E.Ir. [bille], mean,
  paltry.  In the Heb. it means, "rancid butter" (H.S.D.).
<binid>, also <minid> (Arg.), cheese, rennet, bag that holds the rennet,
  stomach, Ir. [binid], O.Ir. [binit], rennet; [*binenti-], "biter",
  root of [bean]?  Cf. [muinne], stomach.
<binn>, melodious, so Ir., O.Ir. [bind], [*bendi], [*bydi-]; O.Br. [bann]
  (St.); Skr. [bhandate], joyful, [bhand], receive loud praise,
  [bhanda/na], shouting (Stokes, who adds Lat. [fides], lyre).  The
  idea may, however, be "high", root of [beann], peak, [binneach],
  high-headed.  See next also.>>
<binn>, sentence, verdict; [*bendi-], [*benni-]; cf. E.Ir. [atboind],
  proclaims, [*bonno^], I ban.  Cf. Skr. [bhan], speak, Eng. [ban].
  It is clear that Gaelic has an ablaut in [e:o] connected with
  the root [bha], speak.
<binndich>, curdle; from [binid], q.v.
<binnein>, pinnacle; from [beann], q.v.
<bi\oball>, <pi\oball>, Bible, Ir. [biobla], W. [bebil]; from Lat. [biblia],
  Eng. [bible].
<biod>, pointed top; root in [biodag], [bidean].
<biodag>, a daggar, Ir. [bideo/g] (O'R.), [miodo/g], W. [bidog], O.Br. [bitat],
  resicaret, [*biddo-], [bid-do-], Celtic root [bid], [beid], I.E. [bhid],
  [bheid], Lat. [findo], Eng. [bite], Skr. [bhid], split.  Hence Eng.
  [bodkin], possibly.
<biog>, <bi\og>, a start, Ir. [bi/odhg], E.Ir. [bedg], O.Ir. [du-bidcet],
  jaculantur, [*bizgo-], root [bis], [@gis], root [@gi-] of [beo\].  Consider
  <bi\ogail>, lively, [quick].
<bi\og>, <biog>, chirp; onomatopetic; cf. Lat. [pipe], chirp, Eng. [pipe];
  also Eng. [cheep].  Also <bi\d>, q.v.
<bi\ogarra>, churlish; "cheepish", from [bi\og], cheep.
<biolagach>, melodious (M`F.); from ++<biol>, violin; from Eng. [viol],
  Fr. [viole], violin.
<biolaire>, water-cresses, Ir. [biolar], E.Ir. [biror], W. [berwr], Cor., Br.
  [beler], [*beruro-], Lat. [berula] (Marcellus), Fr. [berle], So. [berro].
  Possibly allied to the root of Celtic [bervo^], seethe, O.Ir. [tipra],
  well, G. [tobar], Eng. [burn].  Cf. Ger. [brunnen kresse], water-cress,
  i.e. "well" cress.  The dictionaries and old glossaries
  (Cormac, etc.) give [bir], [bior], as water or well.
<biolar>, dainty, spruce (Sh.); for [bior-ar], from [bior], "sharp"?
<biolasgach>, prattling, so Ir. (Lh. O'B.); from [bil], lip.
<bionn>, symmetrical (Carm.): Sc [bien].
<bior>, stake, spit, Ir. [bior], O.Ir. [bir], W. [be^r], Cor., Br. [ber], Celtic
  [beru-]; Lat. [veru]; Gr. @G[baru/es], trees (Hes.); Lit. [gi\re@?], forest.
  Hence <biorach>, sharp.
--page 38
<biorach>, a heifer, colt, Ir. [biorach], cow-calf:
<bioras>, water-lily; same origin as [biolar], q.v.
<biorg>, gush, twich, tingle; from the roots of [biolar] ([bior-]) and
  [bior].
<biorraid>, a helmet, cap, Ir. [birreud], cap; from Eng. [biretta], from
  Late Lat. [birretum].
<biorsadh>, a keen impatience: "groading"; from [bior].
<biorsamaid>, a balance; from Sc. [bismar], Norse [bismari].
<bior-snaois>, bowsprit of a sailing boat (N. Lochaber), forepart of
  vessel:
<biota>, a churn, vessel; from Norse [bytta], a pail, tub, Ag.S. [bytt],
  Latin [buttis], Eng. [butt].
<biotailt>, victuals, E.Ir. [bita/ill], W. [bitel], M.Br. [bitaill]; from O.Fr.
  [vitaille], from Lat. [victualia].  Eng. [victuals] is from the French.
<birlinn>, a galley, bark, M.Ir. [beirling]; formed from the Norse
  [byr@dhingr], a ship of burthen, from [byr@dhr], burden, vb. [bera],
  Eng. [bear].  The Sc. [bierling], [birlinn] is from the Gaelic.  Cf.
  [feo\irlig]=[fjo/r@dhungr].
<birtich>, stir up; from [bior], goad.
<biseach>, luck; see [piseach].
<bith>, the world, existence, Ir., O.Ir. [bith], W. [byd], Br. [bed], Gaul.
  [bitu-], [*bitu-s]; root [bi], [bei], live, I.E. [@gei], [@gi], whence Lat.
  [vivo], Eng. [be], etc.  Hence [beatha], [beo\], [biadh], q.v.
<bith>, being (inf. of [bi\], be), Ir., E.Ir. [beith], O.Ir. [buith].  The O.Ir.
  is from the root [bhu] (Eng. [be], Lat. [fui]) = [*buti-s], Gr. @G[fu/sis].
  The forms [bith] and [beith], if derived from [bhu], have been
  influenced by [bith], world, existence; but it is possible that
  they are of the same root [@gi] as [bith].  Stokes, in his treatise
  on the [Neo-Celtic Verb Substantive], takes [bith] and [beith] from
  the root [ga], go, Gr. [ba/sis] (Eng. [base]), a root to which he
  still refers the O.Ir. aorist [ba/], fui (see [bu]).
<bi\th>, resin, gum, birdlime, Ir. [bigh], O.Ir. [bi/], pix, adj. [bi/de], [*geis-],
  a longer form of [gis-], the root of [giuthas], fir (Schra@"der).
  Otherwise we must regard it as borrowed from Lat. [pix], [picis],
  whence W. [pyg], Eng. [pitch], against which [b] and [i/] ([i] long)
  militate.
<bi\th>, quiet (Arm.):
<bith->, prefix denoting "ever", Ir., O.Ir. [bith-], W. [byth-]; from
  [bith], world.
<biu\c>, difficult utterance:
<biu\thaidh>, foe, Ir. [bi/odhbha], E.Ir., O.Ir. [bidbe], [bidbid] (gen.),
  culprit, enemy.
<biu\thas>, fame, <biu\thaidh>, hero; see [fiu\], [fiu\bhaidh].
--page 39
<blabaran>, stammerer, Ir. [blabara/n], from the Eng. [blabber], speak
  inarticulately.  It is of onomatopetic origin.  Cf. Eng.
  [babble].
<bladair>, a wide mouth, a flatterer, Ir. [bladaire], flatterer; from
  the Eng. [blatterer], bletherer, blusterer, [blatter], prate; from
  Lat. [blaterare], prate.  Also <blad> a wide mouth (M`F.).
<bladh>, fame, Ir. [bla/dh], E.Ir. [blad]; root [blad-], [blat-], speak, as in
  Lat. [blatero], babble, Norse [bla@dhr], nonsense, Sc. [blether].  See
  [bladair].  Cf. [glaodh], shout.  Hence <bladhair>, expressive,
  a boaster.
<bladhair>, strong, from <bladh>, pith, W. [blawdd], active; [*bla^d-];
  root [bla@-], swell, bloom, as in [bla\th], q.v.
<bladhm>, a boast, etc.; see [blaomadh].
<blad-shronach>, <blad-spa\gach>, flat-nosed, flat-footed; [blad-] is from
  Eng. [flat].
<blaisbheum>, blasphemy; from Lat. [blasphemia], Eng. [blasphemy].
<blanndaidh>, rotten, stale; from Norse [blanda], whey "blend".
<blanndar>, flattery, dissimulation, so Ir.; from Lat. [blandiri],
  Sc. [blander], Eng. [blandish].
++<blaodh>, a shout, noise, Ir. [blaodh], M.Ir. [blaeded], W. [bloedd].
  Hence <blaodhag>, noisy girl, <boaghan>, calf's cry, etc.
<blaomadh>, loud talking, Ir. [blaodhmanach], noisy person; from
  [*blaid-s-men]; see [blaodh].
++<blaosg>, a shell, Ir. [blaosc], M.Ir. [blaesc], testa, W. [blisg]; see
  [plaosg].
<bla\r>, a field, battle, peat-moss; from [bla\r], spotted, the idea being
  a "spot".  See next word.>>
<bla\r>, having a white face, or white spot on the face (of an animal);
  [bla@-ro-s], root [bla@-], from I.E. [bhale], shine, [bha@-]; Gr. @G[faloro/s]
  (second @G[a] long), having a white patch (on the head, as on a
  dog's head).  Cf. Dutch [blaar], a white spot on the forehead
  (Whence Fr. [blaireau], badger), M.Dutch [blaer], bald.  See
  for roots [bealltuinn], [ba\n].  Welsh has [blawr], grey, iron-grey,
  which seems allied.  This word enters largely into Pictish
  topography.  It is not so used in Argyle (M`K.) nor in Ireland.
<blas>, taste, Ir. [blas], O.Ir. [mlas], W. [bla^s], Br. [blas], [*mlasto-]; Czech
  [mlasti], lick, be sweet-toothed, Russ. [molsati@u], suck (Bezzenberger).
  Ultimately the root seems to be [mel], as in [meli-],
  honey, G. [mil], and even [meil], grind.  Hence Fr. [blase/]?
<blas-bheumnaich>, blaspheme (Hend.).  See <blaisbheum>.
<bla\th>, bloom, blossom, Ir., E.Ir. [bla\th], W. [blawd], [blodau], Cor.
  [blodon], M.Br. [bleuzenn], [*bla^to-n]; I.E. root [blela]: [bhlo],
  blossom forth; Lat. [flo@-s], flower; Eng. [bloom], etc.
--page 40
<bla\th>, warm, kind, Ir., E.Ir. [bla/ith], soft, smooth, [mla/ith], [*mla^ti];
  root [mela], [mla^], to grind.  The original idea is "ground soft".
  Cf. W. [blawd], meal.
<bla\thach>, buttermilk, Ir., M.Ir. [bla/thach]; [bla@--tac-], root [mel], [mla^],
  as in [bla\th].  The idea is "pounded, soured".  Cf. [braich],
  from [mrac-], "soured", and Eng. [malt], "soured", from [melt].
  Hence Sc. [bladach].
<bleachdair>, a soothing, flattering fellow, Ir. [bleachdaire], flatterer,
  cow-milker; a metaphoric use of the last word>>, "cow-milker",
  from [bliochd], milk, q.v.
<bleagh>, milk (vb.), Ir. [blighim]; see [bleoghainn].
<bleaghan>, a dibble for digging up shell-fish, a worthless tool;
<bleid>, impertinence, solicitation, Ir. [bleid], cajolery, impertinence.
  This seems another word formed on the word [bladair], [blad],
  just like Eng. [blatant], [blate] (talk, prate).
<bleideir>, coward; from Norse [bley@dhi], cowardice, and Sc. [blate](?).
<bleith>, grind, Ir. [bleithim], E.Ir. [bleith], inf. to O.Ir. [melim], I
  grind, W. [malu], Br. [malaff]; root [mel], grind, Lat. [molo], Eng.
  [meal], etc.
<bleoghainn>, milking, E.Ir. [blegon], inf. to [bligim], [mligim]; Lat.
  [mulgeo]; Gr. @G[a@'-me/lgw]; Eng. [milk]; Lit. [me/lz@?u].
<bliadhna>, year, Ir. [bliadhain], O.Ir. [bliadain], W. [blydd], [blwyddyn],
  Br. [bloaz], [blizen], [*bleidni-], [*bleido-]; I.E. [@ghleidh], whence
  Eng. [glide]: "labuntur anni" (Stokes).  It is doubtful if
  I.E. [@gh] becomes Celtic [b].
<blialum>, jargon; from the Sc. [blellum].
<blian>, the flank, groin, Ir. [ble/in], E.Ir. [ble/n], O.Ir. [melen], for [mleen],
  [*mlakno-]; Gr. @G[malako/s], soft (Strachan, Stokes).  The meaning,
  if not the phonetics, is not quite satisfactory.
<blian>, lean, insipid, <blianach>, lean flesh; cf. W. [blin], tired, O.Br.
  [blinion], inertes.  These may be referred to [*@gleghno-], Lit.
  [glez@?nus], tender, weak, Gr. @G[blchro/s], languid.  See, however,
  the derivation suggested for [blian], above.  For the Brittonic
  words, Stokes has suggested the stem [ble^no-]; Skr. [gla/na],
  tired.
<bligh>, milk; see [bleagh].
<bliochan>, yellow marsh, asphodel, Ir. [bliochan]; from [*blioch] =
  [*melgos-], milk.  For phonetics, cf. [teach], from [tegos-].
<bliochd>, milk, Ir. [bleachd], E.Ir. [blicht], W. [blith], [*ml@.ctu-], root
  [melg], milk.  See [bleoghainn].
<bli\onadh>, basking (Islands): "softening"?  See [blian].
<bliosan>, artichoke (Sh., O'B., O'R.), Ir. [bliosa/n]: [*blig-s-a@-n-], "milk-curdler"?
  Its florets were used for curdling.
--page 41
<blob>, blubber-lipped (Sh.); from Eng. [blub], puffed, protruding,
  [blubber], etc.
<blocan>, a little block, <blog>, block (Dialectic), Ir. [bloc], [bloca/n]; from
  Eng. [block].
<bloigh>, fragment, half, Ir. [blogh], [blo/gh], fragment, E.Ir. [blog], pre-Celtic
  [bhlog]; Eng. [block], further away Eng. [balk], Gr.
  @G[fa/lagx].  Stokes refers it to the root of Eng. [pluck].  (St.
  now Eng. [blough], Ger. [pflug]).
<bloinigein>, any plant with crisped leaves, Ir. [bloinigain] (O'R.);
  G. and Ir. <bloinigean ga\rraidh> is "spinage".  Cameron
  refers the word to [blonag], fat.
<blomas>, ostentation (Sh.). Ir. [blomas]; see [bladhm].  Ir. [blamaire],
  means "boaster".
<blonag>, fat, Ir. [blono/g], [blainic], [blunag], M.Ir. [blonac], W. [bloneg], Br.
  [blonek], [*blon-], [*blen-], root [bhle], [bhel], swell; a very prolific
  root.  Rhys says W. is borrowed. [[R.C.@+[17] 102]]
++<blosg>, sound a horn, Ir. [blosgaidhim], resound, sound a horn,
  M.Ir. [blosc], voice; W. [bloedd], a shout, from [*blog@dho-], for
  [blo@dhgo-]; cf. [me\ag], W. [maidd]. [[Zeit@+[34] 502.]]  Cf. Gr. @G[floi@nsbos],
  din (= @G[flos-gos]), Lit. [bla/zgu], roar.
<bo/>, a cow, Ir., O.Ir. [bo/], W. [buw], O.Br. [bou-], [*bov-s]; I.E. [@go^us],
  whence Lat. [bos], Gr. @G[bou@ns], Eng. [cow], Skr. [go].
<boban>, <bobug>, a term of affection for a boy; cf. M.Ir. [boban], calf,
  [bo/ban], from [bo/].  Eng. [babe], earlier, [baban], of uncertain origin,
  may be compared.
<boc>, a buck, Ir. [boc], he-goat, O.Ir. [bocc], W. [bwch], Cor. [boch], Br.
  [bouc'h], [*bukko-s]; Skr. [bukka], goat.  These may be analysed
  into [bug-ko-], root [bug], Zend. [bu^za], buck, Arm. [buc], lamb, Eng.
  [buck], Ger. [bock].
<bo\c>, swell, Ir. [bo/caim]; cf. W. [boch], cheek, from Lat. [bucca], puffed
  cheek (Eng. [debouch], [rebuke]).
<bo\can>, hobgoblin, Ir. [boca/n], E.Ir. [bocca/nach].  With these are
  connected W. [bwg] ([bwci], Cor. [bucca], borrowed from M.E.?),
  Eng. [bug], [bugbear], [bogie]; the relationship is not clear (Murray).
  For Gadelic a stem [bukko-], from [bug-ko-], would do, allied
  possibly to Norse [pu/ki], a Puck, Ag.S. [puca], larbula. [boc-sithe],
  apparition, ghost (Perth: Wh.).
<bochail>, proud, nimble; cf. the interjection ++<boch>, Ir. [boch],
  heyday! "O festum diem".
<bochuin>, swelling, the sea (Carm.), [boch-thonn] (H.S.D.):
--page 42
<bochd>, poor, so Ir., O.Ir. [bocht]; [*bog-to-], a participle from the vb.
  (Irish) [bongaim], break, reap, Celtic [bongo^], break; Skr. [bhanj],
  break, Lit. [banga], breaker (wave).  See [buain].
<bocsa>, a box, so Ir., pronounced in Ir. [bosca] also, W. [bocys]; from
  Eng. [box].  Hence <bocsaid>, a thump, Eng. [box].
<bodach>, an old man, a carle, Ir. [bodach], a rustic, carle; [*bodd-aco-],
  "pe@-nitus", from <bod>, mentula, M.G. [bod] (D.of Lismore
  passim), M.Ir. [bod], [bot], [*boddo-], [*bozdo-]; Gr. @G[po/sqc], mentula.
  Stokes suggests the alternative form [butto-s], Gr. @G[bu/ttos],
  vulva, but the G. [d] is against this.  He also suggests that
  [bodach] is formed on the O.Fr. [botte], a clod.
<bodha>, a rock over which waves break; from Norse [bo@dhi], a
  breaker, over sunken rocks especially.
<bo\dhag>, a sea-lark.
<bodhaig>, body, corpus; from the Sc. [bouk], body, trunk, Norse
  [bu/kr], trunk, Ger. [bauch], belly.  The G. word has been compared
  by Fick with Eng. [body], Ag.S. [bodig], and Murray says it is
  thence derived, but the [d] would scarcely disappear and leave
  the soft [g] ending now so hard.
<bo\dhan>, ham, breech, breast: [*boud-@-no], [*boud], [bhud-]; cf. Eng.
  [butt], [buttock].
<bodhar>, deaf, so Ir., O.Ir. [bodar], W. [byddar], Cor. [bodhar], Br.
  [bouzar]; Skr. [badhira/].
<bodhbh>, <bobh>, a fright (Perthshire), E.Ir. [bodba], dangerous,
  [*bodv-io-s]; from [bodvo-] in [baobh], q.v.
<bodht>, swampy ground:
<bog>, soft, Ir. [bog], O.Ir. [bocc], Br. [bouk], O.Br. [buc], putris; [*boggo-],
  [*bug-go-]; I.E. [bhu@g], bend, Skr. [bhugna], bent, Got. [biugan],
  Eng. [bow], from Ag.S. [boga].
<bogha>, a bow, so Ir., M.Ir. [boga]; from Ag.S. [boga], Eng. [bow].
  For root, see under [bog].
<bo\gus>, a timber moth, bug; from Eng. [bug], Sc. [bo@-g].
<boicineach>, small-pox; root in [bucaid], q.v.
<boicionn>, a goat skin, skin; [*boc-cionn], "buck-skin"; the word
  ++<cionn> is in O.Ir. [cenni], scamae, W. [cen], skin, Cor. [cennen],
  Br. [kenn-], pellis; Eng. [skinn], Norse [skinn].  [-cionn], skin,
  Norse [hinna], film (Leiden) I.F.@+[5]A 127.
<bo/id>, vow, Ir. [mo/id], M.Ir. [mo/it], [*monti-], root [mon], [men], think.
  A borrowing from, or leaning on Lat. [vo@-tum] seems possible
  in view of the Gaelic form.  M.Ir. [in uo/it]; from Lat [vo^tum],
  as is also [mo/id] (Stokes).
<bo\idheach>, pretty; for [buaidheach], "having virtues", from [buaidh],
  q.v.
<bo\idheam>, flattery (H.S.D.):
<bo\ighear>, puffin, ducker; also [budhaigir], q.v.
--page 43
<boil>, <boile>, madness, Ir. [buile], E.Ir. [baile]:
<bo\ilich>, tall talk, boasting; cf. Eng. [bawl], cry like cows ([bo/]).
<boillsg>, gleam; [*bolg-s-cio-]; Lat. [fulgeo], shine, Eng. [effulgent], Lit.
  [blizgu\], glance, shine, Eng. [blink], I.E. [bhleg], [*fulgeo].
<boineid>, a bonnet, Ir. [boineud]; from Eng. [bonnet].
<boinne>, a drop, Ir. [bain] (d.pl [bainnibh]), O.Ir. [banne], Cor., Br.
  [banne]; Celt. [bannja^] (Stokes.  See [bainne].  Hence <boinneanta>,
  healthy, well-built.
<boirche>, a buffalo (Sh., Lh.), so Ir.; perhaps allied to Lat. [ferus],
  Eng. [bear].
<boireal>, a small auger (M`F.); founded on Eng. [bore].
<boirche>, rising ground, bank (M`D.); same root as Ger. [berg],
  mountain, Eng. ice-[berg].
<boirionn>, female, feminine, Ir. [bainionn], [boinionn]; [*bani-], from
  the word [bean], [ban], q.v.  Hence <biorionnach>, a female, which
  is masc. in gender, having been originally neuter.  Cf.
  [doirionn] for [doinionn] (Arg.).
<bois>, the palm; see [bas].
<boiseag>, slap in the face, palmful, Ir., M.Ir. [boiseo/g], buffet.
<boisg>, gleam; [boillsg].
<boiteadh>, boiled food for horses (H.S.D.), Eng. [bait]:
<boiteag>, a maggot; see [botus].
<boitean>, a bundle of hay or straw; for [boiteal], from Sc. [buttle],
  Eng. [bottle], bundle of hay, from O.Fr. [botte].
<boitidh>, the call to pig, <boit>, a taste for (Dialectic):
<bo\l>, a bowl; from the English.
<boladh>, smell, so Ir., O.Ir. [bolad], [*bulato-]; Lit. [bu'ls], dusty air
  (Bezzenberger).  Stokes has compared Lit. [bulis], buttock,
  Skr. [buli], vulva.
<bolanta>, excellent; root [bol], as in [adhbhal], q.v.
<bolla>, a boll; from Sc., Eng. [boll].  Hence also <bolla>, a buoy.
<bolt>, a welt, Ir. [balta], welt, border; from the Lat. [balteus], girdle,
  Eng. [belt].  Cf. Eng. [welt], W. [gwald].
<boma>, a bomb; from the English.
<bonn>, foundation, so Ir., O.Ir. [bond]; Lat. [fundus]; Skr. [budhna/];
  Eng. [bottom].
<bonn>, a coin, so Ir.; possibly from Lat. [pondo].
<bonnach>, cake, bannock, Ir. [boinneo/g], oaten cake.  This word, like
  the Sc., [bannock], appears to be founded on Lat. [pa@-nicum],
  [pa@-nis], bread.
<bonnanach>, a strapping fellow (Mrs M`Ph.), [bonnanaich], active
  young men (Skye):
<borb>, fierce, so Ir., O.Ir. [borp]; allied to, or, more probably,
  borrowed from, Lat. [barbarus].
--page 44
<borbhan>, a purling sound; [*borvo-], a stem identical with [bervo-],
  seethe, Fr. [Bourbon], Lat. [fervo], etc.  Hence <borbhanach>,
  base, deep.
<bo\rc>, sprout, swell; see [ba\rc].
<bo\rc-lunn>, swell-wave (Hend.):
<bo\rd>, a table, Ir., M.Ir., [bord], W. [bwrdd]; from Ag.S., Norse
  [bord].
<bo\rlanachd>, <mo\rlanachd>, compulsory labour for the proprietor;
  from Eng. [bordland], as under [bo\rlum].  Hence M`Morland.
  The [cairiste], done for proprietor (M`K. and Carm.).
<bo\rlum>, a strip of arable land (Hebridees); a frequent place namel
  from M.Eng. [bordland], mensal land, especially the royal
  castle lands in the Highlands.
<bo\rlum>, a sudden flux or vomiting, a flux; for [bo\rc-lum]; see [bo\rc].
++<borr>, knob, pride, greatness, great, Ir., E.Ir. [borr], [*borso-],
  [bhorso-]; Lat. [fastus] (for [farstus]), pride; O.H.G. [parrunga],
  superbia; allied to [ba\rr], q.v.  Hence <borrach>, a haughty
  man, a protruding bank, a mountain grass.
<bo\sd>, a boast, Ir. [bo/st] (O'R.(, W., Cor. [bost]; all from Eng. [boast],
  itself of unknown origin.
<bo\sdan>, a little box, Br. [bouist]; the G. is from early Sc. [boyst],
  M.Eng. [boiste], from O.Fr. [boiste], Med.Lat. [buxida] ([bossida]),
  which is the Gr. @G[pu/xida].  Hence also Eng. [box], G. [bosca].
<bosgaire>, applause (Sh.); [bas]+[gaire], q.v. "palm-noise".
<bot>, a mound, river bank; cf. [bught], [botach], a reedy bog.
<bo\t>, a boot; from M.E. [bote], Eng. [boot].  Also <bo\tuinn>, from Sc.
  [booting], Fr. [bottine], half-boot.
<botaidh>, a wooden vessel (size, half anker); formed from M.E.
  [butte], Eng. [butt], Fr. [botte].
<both>, perturbation, a plash; see [bodhbh].
<both>, <bothan>, a hut, bothie, Ir., M.Ir. [botha/n], [both], W. [bod],
  residence, Cor. [bod], [bos], [*buto-]; Lit. [bu\tas], house; Eng. [booth],
  Norse [bu/@dh], Ger. [bude]; root [bhu], be.  Hence Eng. [bothie].
<bothar>, a lane, street (A.M`D.), Ir. [bothar] (Con.), [bo/thar], E.Ir.
  [bo/thar], [*ba^tro-], [*ba^tro-], root [ba@-], go; Gr. @G[e@'/bcn], went, @G[bai/nu],
  go; Skr. [ga^], go; Eng. [path].
<botrumaid>, a slattern, (M`F.); see [butrais].
<botul>, bottle, Ir. [buideul], W. [potel]; from Eng. [bottle].
<botunn> (Lewis), deep water pool (in moors); Norse, [botn].
<botus>, a belly-worm; from M.E. [bottes], pl. of [bot], [bott], of like
  meaning; Sc. [batts].  Origin unknown (Murray).
<bra\>, <bra\th>, a quern, Ir. [bro/], g. [bro/n], E.Ir. [bro/], g. [broon], mill-stone,
  [*brevon-], [*bravon-]; Skr. [gra^van-]; Lit. [gi\rnos]; Eng. [quern].
<brabhd-chasach>, bow-legged.
--page 45
<brabhdadh>, bravado, idle talk, <brabhtalachd>, haughtiness
  (A.M`D.); from Eng. [bravado]?
<bra\c>, curve as of waves before breaking, a bellow, branch or deer-horn
  (Carm.), reindeer (Carm.):
<bracach>, grayish, <braclach>, brake: see words in [broc-ach], [-lach].
<brachag>, pustule; from <brach>, rot (vb.); see [braich], malt.
  Also <brachan>, putrefaction.
<bra\chd>, putrescence, fat, rich.
<bradach>, thievish, <braid>, theft, Ir. [bradach], thievish, roguish,
  E.Ir. [broit], g. [braite]: [*mraddo-], allied to [brath], betray?
  Scarcely braom [br@.-ont-], root [bher], carry, Lat. [fur], etc.
<bradan>, salmon, Ir. [brada/n], E.Ir. [bratan].  Cf. Lit. [brada\], water,
  Ch.Sl [broz@?da@?], wade through.
<bradan>, a ridgy tumour on the surface of the body (H.S.D.);
  metaphorically from above word?>>
<bradhadair>, a blazing fire, kindling of a fire (Hebrides).  Possibly
  [braghadair], from [bragh], q.v.  Cf. <braghadaich>, crackling.
<brag> (Lewis), a sudden creeking noise, Norse [brak].
<bragaireachd>, vain boasting, Ir. [braga/ireachd], from [bragaire],
  boaster; from the Eng. [brag].
<bragh>, an explosion, peal, O.Ir. [braigim], pedo; Lat. [fragor], crash,
  [fragare], Eng. [fragrant].  See [bram].
<bra\ghad>, neck, throat, Ir. [bra/ighid], O.Ir. [bra/ge], g. [bra/gat], W.
  [breuant], O.Br. [brehant], [*bra^gn@.t-]; Eng. [craw], Ger. [kragen],
  collar, M.H.G. [krage], neck; Gr. @G[bro/ghos], windpipe, Eng.
  [bronchitis].  Bezzenberger (Stokes' Dict.), refers it ot the root
  of Norse [barki], weazand, Gr. @G[fa/rugx], Eng. [pharynx].  [bra\ghad]
  is really the gen. of [bra\ighe].
<bragsaidh>, braxy; from Sc., Eng. [braxy].
<braich>, malt, so Ir., E.Ir. [mraich], W., Cor. [brag], Br. [bragezi],
  germinate, Gaul. [brace] (Plin.), genus farris: [*mraki]; Lit.
  [me\rkti], macerate, [ma/rka], flax-hole for steeping; Lat. [marcere],
  fade, [marcidus], decayed, rotten.  From W. [bragod], comes
  Eng. [bragget].
<braid>, theft; see [bradach].
<bra\id>, horse-collar; see [bra\ighdeach].
<bra\ighde>, captives, pledges, Ir. [bra/ighe], pl. [bra/ighde], E.Ir. [braga],
  g. [bragat], hostage, prisoner, [braig], a chain; Gr. @G[gro/hos],
  noose; Eng. [crank], Ger. [kringel]; I.E. [@gregh], possibly allied
  to I.E. [@gre@-gh], neck, as in [bra/ghad].  Hence <braighdeanas>,
  captivity, also dialectic <braigh>, hostage, pledge.
<bra\ighdeach>, horse-collar, M.Ir. [braigdech], older [bra/igtech]; from
  [bra\ghad].  Also <bra\id>.
--page 46
<bra\ighe>, upper part (of places): this is the nom. case of [bra\ghad],
  which also appears in place names, as [Bra'id-Albainn], Braidalbane.
<braile>, a heavy rain (Sh.):
<braile>, <braighlish>, a rattling noise (Perth).  Sc. [bruilze], Fr.
  [brouille].  See <braodhlach>.
<brailis>, wort of ale, Ir. [braithlis], M.Ir. [braichlis], from [braich].
<braim>, <bram>, crepitus ventris, Ir. [broim], O.Ir. [braigim], pedo, W.,
  Cor., Br. [bram], [*bragsmen], root [brag], I.E. [bhrag]; Lat.
  [fragor], crash, [fragrare], etc.  Hence <bramaire>, a noisy fellow.
<braisleach>, full-formed, bulky man, M.Ir. [bras], great, W., Cor.,
  Br. [bras], grossus, [*brasso-]; Lat. [grossus], Fr. [gros], bulky.
<bra\ist>, a brooch; from the Eng.
<braithli\n>, linen sheet, so Ir.: [*brath+li\n]; but [brath]?  M`E.
  suggests [pla\i-linn].
<braman>, misadventure, the Devil; also dialectic <broman>.  M.Ir.
  [broma/n] means a "boor", [broma/nach], impertinent.  The root
  seems to be [breg], [brog], [brag] of [breun], [braim].
<bramasag>, a clott-burr, the prickly head of a thistle (H.S.D.):
++<bran>, a raven, Ir., O.Ir. [bran], W. [bra^n], crow, Br. [bran], crow;
  [*brana^], for [gvrana^], with which cf. O.Slav. [gavranu@u], raven,
  but not [vrana] (do.), as is usually done.  The further root is
  [@gra], [@gera], cry, whence Eng. [crane], Gr. @G[ge/ranos], crane, W. and
  Cor. [garan].  Used much in personal and river names.
<bran>, bran, Ir., W. [bran], Br. [brenn]; G., Ir., and W. are from Eng.
  [bran], from O.Fr. [bren], [bran], whence Br.
<brang> a slip of wood in the head-stall of a horse's halter, resting
  on the jaw; horse's collar; <brangas>, a pillory; from the Sc.
  [branks], a head pillory (for tongue and mouth), a bridle with
  two wooden side pieces, [brank], to bridle; allied to Ger.
  [pranger], pillory, Du. [prang], fetter.
<branndaidh>, brandy; from Eng. [brandy], that is "brand or burnt
  wine".
<branndair>, a gridiron; from Sc. [brander], from [brand], [burn], etc.
<braodag>, a huff (Hend.), also (Perth):
<braodhlach>, brawling, <braoileadh>, loud noise, Ir. [brao/illeadh],
  rattling; a borrowed word, seemingly from Sc., Eng. [brawl],
  confused with Sc. [brulye], Eng. [broil].
<braoileag>, a whortleberry, Ir. [broileo/g], [breileo/g].  Sc. [brawlins],
  [brylocks], comes from the Gaelic.
<braoisg>, a grin, Ir. [braos]:
<braolaid>, raving, dreaming; from [breathal]?
<braon>, a drop, rain, so Ir., O.Ir. [broen]; cf. Eng. [brine].  The
  attempt to connect it with Gr. @G[bre/hw], or with Lat. [rigare],
--page 47
  Eng. [rain], is unsatisfactory.  Stokes derives it from root
  [ver] (see [fearthuinn]), [*vroen], but unlikely.
<braonan>, <praonan>, an earth-nut, bunium flexuosum.  Perhaps
  from [braon], a drop - "a bead, nut".
<bras>, <brais>, active, rash, Ir. [bras], E.Ir. [bras], W. [brys], haste:
  [*br@.sto-], I.E. [@gredh-], as in [greas], q.v.?  See also [brisg], active.
<brasailt> a panegyric (M`A.); E.Ir. [bras-sce/lach], panegyrical;
  from O.Ir. [bras], great, W. and Br. [bras]; cf. Lat. [grossus],
  Eng. [gross].  See [braisleach].
<brat>, a mantle, Ir. [brat], O.Ir. [bratt], W. [brethyn], woolen cloth, Br.
  [broz], petticoat, [*bratto-], [*brat-to-].  For root [brat], [brant], see
  [bre/id].  Ag.S. [bratt], pallium, is borrowed from the Celtic.
  Hence <bratach>, flag.
<bratag>, the furry or grass caterpillar, Ir. [brato/g], "the mantled
  one", from [brat].  Cf. [caterpillar] = "downy cat", by derivation.
<brath>, information, betrayal, Ir. [brath], E.Ir. [brath], treason, and
  [mrath] also, W. [brad], treachery, Cor. [bras], Br. [barat], O.Br.
  [brat], [*mrato-]; Gr. @G[a@`marta/nw](@G[-mart-]), sin, miss, @G[e@'/mbroton] (past
  tense).  Cf. [mearachd].  M.Ir. [mairned], treachery.
<bra\th>, judgement, <gu bra\th>, for ever (pron. [gu bra\ch]) "till Judgment",
  so Ir., O.Ir. [bra/th], judgment, W. [brawd], M.Br. [breut],
  Gaul. [bratu-], [*bra^tu-]; [*bra^], [*bera], judge, decide, from I.E.
  [bher], in the sense of "say", as in [abair].  The Ir. [barn], judge,
  and W. [barn], judgment, are hence, and may be compared
  to Gr. @G[frc/n], @G[frc/nes], soul, [phrenology].  Hence also <breath>, or
  <breith> (*br@.t-], q.v.  The sense "conflagration" given in the
  Dict. is due to "Druidic" theorisings, and is imaginary.
<bra\thair>, brother, Ir. [bra/thair], O.Ir. [bra/thir], W. [brawd], pl. [brodyr],
  Cor. [broder], pl. [bredereth], Br. [breur], [breuzr], pl. [breudeur],
  [*bra^te^r]; Lat. [fra^ter]; Eng. [brother]; Skr. [bhra@-/ta]; etc.
<breab>, a kick, Ir. [preab], M.Ir. [prebach], kicking; perhaps from the
  root form of the following word.>>
<breaban>, a patch of leather, Ir. [preaba/n], parcel, piece, patch;
  from, or allied to, O.Fr. [bribe], a piece of bread, alms, Sp.
  [briba], alms; also O.Fr. [bribeur], mendicant, [briberesse], female
  vagabondage and harloting; cf. Ir. [preabo/g], a wenching jade
  (O'B.).  Eng. [bribe] is from the French.
<breac>, speckled, so Ir., E.Ir. [brecc], W. [brych], Br. [brec'h], smallpox,
  [*mr@.kko-s], [*mr@.g-ko-], root [mr@.@g]; Lit. [ma/rgas], speckled, pied;
  Gr. @G[a@'maru/ssw], twinkle.  There is an O.Ir. [mrecht], W. [brith],
  of like meaning and origin, viz. [mr@,k-to], from [mr@.g-to-].  Hence
  <breac>, smallpox, W. [brech], and <breac>, trout, W. [brithyll].
<breacan>, plaid, Ir. [breaca/n], W. [brecan], rug; from [breac].  Rhys
  regards W. as borrowed from Irish.
<breac-shianain>, freckles:
--page 48
<breacag>, a pancake, W. [brechdan], slice of bread and butter,
  [br@.g-ko-], [br@.g], as in [bairghin], bread? (Rev.Celt. @+[17]102).  See
  [breachdan].
<breachd>, seizing =[beireachd].
<breachdan>, custard (Lh.), M.Ir. [brechta/n], a roll, W. [brithog]; from
  [mr@.g-to-], Ir. [brecht], W. [brith], motley, mixed.  See under [breac].
<bre\agh>, fine, Ir. [br