-- MacBain, Alexander
-- An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language
-- Gairm Publications, 1982
-- Published by Gairm Publications, 29 Waterloo Street, Glasgow G2 6BZ
-- Tel. 041-221 1971
-- Printed by Clark Constable (1982) Let, Edinburgh
-- ISBN 0 901771 68 6
-- 1st edition - 1896
-- 2nd edition (revised) - 1911
-- Photolitho Reprint of 1911 edition - 1982
--
-- Lines beginning, like this one, with two hyphens are not part of the
-- original text, but contain added documentation, page numbers, etc.
--
-- Typographic representation in ASCII
-- [...]   italics
-- <...>   bold
-- @G[...] Greek (always italics)
-- @+[...] superscript  (Seems to be used only for volume nos in journal refs)
-- /       acute on preceding letter
-- \       grave on preceding letter
-- ^       circumflex on preceding letter
-- @"      umlaut on preceding letter
-- @,      cedilla on preceding letter
-- @.      dot below preceding letter
-- @-      macron(?) (horizontal line) above preceding letter
-- @~      tilde above preceding letter
-- @o      ring above preceding letter
-- @u      breve(?) (tiny `u'-like mark) above preceding letter
-- @n      semi-circle like inverted breve above preceding letter (Greek)
-- @'      comma above preceding letter (Greek)
-- @`      backward comma above prededing letter (Greek)
-- @g      a curly lower case `g', distinct from an ordinary `g'
-- @?      other accent (to be inserted later) on preceding letter
-- @ae     "diphthong" `ae' character
-- @oe     "diphthong" `oe' character
-- @th     `thorn' character
-- @dh     `eth' character
-- ??      a character which cannot be identified, or appears wrong,
--            or something needing sorted out later
-- ++      dagger mark (indicates obsolete word)
--
-- Greek alphabet transliteration
--       alpha   a       nu      n
--       beta    b       xi      x
--       gamma   g       omicron o
--       delta   d       pi      p
--       epsilon e       rho     r
--       zeta    z       sigma   s
--       eta     c       tau     t
--       theta   q       upsilon u
--       iota    i       phi     f
--       kappa   k       chi     h
--       lambda  l       psi     y
--       mu      m       omega   w
-- The letter j also occurs in Greek words quoted in the Dictionary.
--
-- Lines of the text are strictly adhered to, except that words split
-- across successive lines by a hyphen are recombined and inserted
-- on the first line.
-- Punctuation is moved out of quotes where the logic of parsing dictates this,
-- e.g. "sharp bush or tree"; where the book has "sharp bush or tree;".
-- If a word referred to (i.e. an italicised word) has a capital letter 
-- purely because it is at the beginning of the sentence, I have changed
-- the capital letter to lower case.
-- Punctuation is corrected in the relatively small number of instances where
-- it is obviously incorrect according to the conventions used elsewhere in
-- the dictionary.
--
-- Comments added to the original text have put put on separate lines,
-- beginning with three dashes and the initials of the commentator.  e.g.
--         ---KPD: More likely to be from ...
-- Initials used:
--   KPD  Kevin P. Donnelly
--   JP   John Phillips  <john@uk.umist.ccl>
--
-- Suggestions for future modernisations:
--   - Change "aspirate" to "lenite"
--   - Change "small" to "slender"
--   - Change the likes of "see next word" to an explicit cross-reference.
--      This is needed if the dictionary is going to be updated, or 
--      supplementary words merged, or the dictionary stored in a database.
--      (Such instances have been marked with ">>" to facilitate future
--      editing.)
--   - Standardise references, which usually contain a volume number in
--      superscript (@+).
--   - Standardise the following abbreviations:
--       "Cor.", "Corn." for Cornish
--       "Sl.", "Slav." for Slavonic
--       "D.of L.", "D.of Lis." for Dean of Lismore
--
-- Air a chur air a' riomhadair aig Caoimhi/n Pa/draig O/ Donnai/le
-- Earraid House, Biggar Road, Du/n E/ideann, EH10 7DX, Alba
-- Ag to\iseachadh 1990-03-14; criochdaichte 1990-10-10
--
-- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
--page xiii
ABBREVIATIONS

1. LANGUAGE TITLES

Ag.S.   Anglo Saxon
Arm.    Armenian
Br.     Breton
Bulg.   Bulgarian
Ch.Sl.  Church Slavonic
Cor.    Cornish
Corn.   Cornish
Dan.    Danish
Dial.   Dialectic, belonging to a dialect
Du.     Dutch
E.      Early, as E.Eng.= Early English
Eng.    English
Fr.     French
G.      Gaelic
Gaul.   Gaulish
Ger.    German
Got.    Gothic
H.      High, as H.G.= High German
Heb.    Dialects of the Hebridees
Hes.    Hesychius
I.E.    Indo-European
Ir.     Irish
Ital.   Italian
L.      Late, as L.Lat.= Late Latin
Lat.    Latin
Lett.   Lettic
Lit.    Lithuanian
M.      Middle, as M.Ir.= Middle Irish
Mod.    Modern
N.      Norse
N.      New, as N.Slav.= New Slavonic
N.H.    Dialects of the Northern Highlands
O.      Old, as O.Ir.= Old Irish
O.H.G.  Old High German
Per.    Persian
Pruss.  Prussian
Sc.     Scottish
Sl.     Slavonic
Slav.   Slavonic
Slov.   Slovenic
Span.   Spanish
Sw.     Swedish
W.      Welsh
Zd.     Zend or Old Bactrian


2. BOOKS AND AUTHORITIES

A.M`D           Alexander Macdonald's [Gaelic Songs], with vocabulary
Atk.            Atkinson's Dictionary to the [Passions and Homilies
                     from the Leabhar Breac], 1887
Arm.,Arms.      Armstrong's [Gaelic Dictionary], 1825
B.of Deer       Book of Deer, edited by Stokes in [Goidelica], 1872
Bez.Beit.       Bezzenberger's [Beitra@"ge zur Kunde der Idg. Sprachen],
                     a German periodical still proceeding
C.S.            Common Speech, not yet recorded in literature
Celt.Mag        The [Celtic Magazine], 13 vols., stopped in 1888
Con.            Coneys' [Irish-English Dictionary], 1849
--page xiv
Corm.           Cormac's Glossary, published in 1862 and 1868, edited
                     by Dr Whitely Stokes
D.of L.         [The Dean of Lismore's Book], edited in 1862, 1892
Four Mast.      Annals of the Four Masters, published in 1848, 1851
Fol.            Foley's [English-Irish Dictionary], 1855
Hend.           Dr George Henderson, Lecturer in Celtic Languages
                     and Literature in the University of Glasgow
H.S.D.          The Highland Society's [Dictionary of the Gaelic
                     Language], 1828
Inv.Gael.Soc.Tr Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, still
                     proceeding
L.na  H.        [Lebor na h-uidre], or the Book of the Dun Cow, an
                     Irish MS of 1100
Lh.             Lhuyd's [Archaeologia Brittanica], 1707
Lib.Leinster    Book of Leinster, an Irish MS of 1150
M`A.            Macalpine's [Gaelic Dictionary], 1832
M`D.            Alexander Macdonald's [Gaelick and English Vocabulary],
                     1741
M`E.            M`Eachan's [Faclair], 1862
M`F.            M`Farlane's [Focalair] or Gaelic Vocabulary, 1815
M`L.            M`Leod and Dewar's [Dictionary of the Gaelic Language],
                     1831
Nich.           Sheriff Nicholson's Gaelic Proverbs
O'Br.           O'Brien's [Irish-English Dictionary], 1768 and 1832
O'Cl.           O'Clery's Glossary, republished in [Revue Celtique],
                     Vols. IV, V, date 1643
O'R.            O'Reilly's [Irish English Dictionary], 1823
Rev.Celt.       [Revue Celtique], a periodical published at Paris, now in
                     its 17th vol.
R.D.            Rob Donn, the Reay Bard; sometimes given as (Suth.)
Rob.            Rev. Chas M. Robertson, author of pamphlets on
                     certain dialects of the Scottish Highlands
S.C.R.          The [Scottish Celtic Review], 1 vol., edited by Dr
                     Cameron, 1885
S.D.            [Sean Dana], Ossianic Poems by the Rev Donald Smith
Sh.             Shaw's [Gaelic and English Dictionary], 1780
St.             Dr Whitley Stokes; see "Authors quoted"
Stew.           Vocabulary at the end of Stewart's Gaelic Collection
Wh.             John Whyte, Inverness; sometimes entered as (Arg.)
Zeit.           Kuhn's [Zeitschrift f. vergl. Sprachforschung], a German
                     periodical still proceeding

   An asterisk (*) denotes always a hypothetical word; the sign (++) denotes
   that the word is obsolete.  The numeral above the line denotes the number
   of the edition or the number of the volume.
--page 1
AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE GAELIC LANGUAGE
<a>, vocative particle, Ir. [a], O.Ir. [a/],[a]; W., Corn., Br. [a]; Lat. [o];
  Gr. @G[w@]?
<a>, his, her, Ir., [a], O.Ir. [a/], [a/i] (accented), W. [ei], Br. [e], Celtic [esjo],
  [esja^s]; Skr. gen. [asya/], [asya^s].  The gen. pl. is <an>, their, O.Ir.
  [a n-], Celtic [esjon] (Stokes gives [esan]=Skr. gem. gen. pl. [a^sa^m]).
<a>, who, that (rel. pron.). In G. this is merely the verbal particle
  [do] of past time, used also to explain the aspiration of the
  future rel. sentence.  Oblique cases are done by [an], [am] (for [san],
  [sam], O.Ir. [san], [sam]), the neut. of art. used as rel. (cf. Eng.
  [that]).  The rel. locative is sometimes done by the prep. [an],
  [am]: "An coire am bi na caoraich" (1776 Collection, p112).
<a>, out of, ex: see <as>.
<a>, from, in the advergs <a nall>, <a ni\os>, <a nuas>, <a null>; Ir., O.Ir.
  [an-], as [anuas], etc.; Celtic [a(p)ona], a derivative from I.E.
  [apo], whence Lat. [ab], Gr. @G[a@'po/]; Ger. [von], from, is the exact
  equivalent of the Celtic.  The <a> before [si\os] and [suas] is due
  to analogy with [a ni\os], [a nuas].
<a>, in to, as in <a bha\n>, <a bhos>, <a nis>, <a stigh>, <a steach>, is the
  prep. <an>, in, into, q.v.
<a>, as in <a ri\s>, &c., and before verbs, is the prep. <do>, q.v.
<a'>, the, at; see [an], the, and [ag], at.
<ab>, or <ab ab>, fie!  The Ir. [ab ab], M.Ir. [abb] is an interjection of
  defiance, [obo], of wonder; cf. Lat. [bab@ae], Gr. @G[babai/].  Hence
  doubtless M`A.'s [abab], dirt.
<aba>, abbot, Ir. [ab], O.Ir. [abb], W. [abad]; from Lat. [abbas], [abbatis],
  whence also Eng. [abbot].  Hence [abaid], abbey.  M.Ir.
  [apdaine], abbacy, in M.G. "abbey lands", whence placenames
  Appin, older Abbathania (1310), Abthein (1220), "abbey lands".
--page 2
<abadh>, syllable, utterance; E.Ir. [apad], proclamation: [ad-ba-],
  Celtic [ba], speak; Lat. [fatur], [fama], Eng. fame.
<abaich>, ripe, Ir. [abaidh], M.Ir. [abaid], E.Ir. [apaig], [*ad-bagi],
  O.Ir. [apchugud], autumnatio; [*ad-bog-], Celtic root [bug], as in
  [bog], q.v.; [ad-bach], root of Eng. [bake]; Gr. @G[fw/gw].  The W.
  [addfed] is from a root [met].
<abaideal>, colic (M`A.):
<abair>, say, so Ir., O.Ir. [epiur], Celtic [a/d-bero^]; Lat. [re-fero];
  see root in [beir].
<abaisd>, a brat, trifling, impudent person:
<abalt>, expert (M`A.); from Sc. [apert]?  See [aparr].
<abar>, confluence; only in Pictish place names: O.Gaelic (B.of
  Deer) [abbor]; W. [aber], O.W. [aper], Celtic [ad-bero-], root [ber];
  see [beir].  Modern Gaelic pronounces it <obair> (so in 17th
  cent.), which agrees with the O.W. [oper]; this suggests
  [od-bero-], "out flow", as against the "to flow" of [ad-bero-].
  The [od] is for [ud], allied to Eng. [out].  Aporicum: [*ati-boro-n]
  (Holden).
<abarach>, bold; see [abair] above.
<abardair>, dictionary (Shaw); from [abair], q.v.
<abartach>, talkative, bold; from [abair] q.v.
<a\bh>, hand net; from Norse [ha/fr], pock-net.  Also <ta\bh>, q.v.
  Spelt less correctly <a\mh> and <a\bhadh>.
<abh>, bark of dog; an onomatopaetic word.
<abhainn>, river, Ir. [abhann] (gen. [abhann], now [aibhne]), O.Ir. [abann],
  W. [afon], Br. [auon], Gallo-Brit. [Abona]; Lat. [amnis] ([*ab-nis]).
  Root [abh]; Sk. [ambhas], water; Gr. @G[a@'fros] (@G[o@'/mbros], imber)
  (Zim. Neu., 270).
<a\bhacas>, sport, irony; see the following word.>>
<a\bhachd>, humour, sport, Ir. [adhbhachd]:
<abhag>, terrier, Ir. [abhach]; from [abh], q.v.  Cf. E.Ir. [abacc],
  dwarf; W. [afanc].
<abhagas>, rumour, false suspicion:
<a\bhaist>, custom, Manx [oaysh], Ir. [abhest] (O'R.), [abaise] (O'B.),
  [ad-beus]? M.Ir. [a/baisi] (pl.).  See [beus], custom.  Ascoli
  compares the O.Ir. [-abais] of [duabais], teter, and [suabais],
  suavis.  Meyer suggests from N. [avist], abode : unlikely.
<abhall>, an orchard, apple-tree, M.Ir. [aball], apple-tree.  See [ubhal].
<abharr>, silly jest (M`A.):
<abharsair>, Satan, Ir. [aidhbherseo/ir], E.Ir. [adbirseoir]; from Lat.
  [adversarius] (Eng. [adversary]).  Also <aibhistear>.
<abhcaid>, a jest; [a\bhachd].
<abhlan>, wafer, so Ir., O.Ir. [obla], g. [oblann]; from Lat. [oblationem],
  an oblation.
--page 3
<abhra>, eyelid; see [fabhra].
<abhras>, spinning, produce of distaff, Ir., M.Ir. [abhras], O.Ir.
  [abras], gestus, E.Ir. [abras], handiwork, spinning, [abairsech],
  needlewoman.  Corm. (B) [abras], who derives it from L.Lat.
  [abra], ancilla.
<abhsadh>, the slackening of a sail, hoisting sail (N.H.); from
  Norse [ha/lsa], clew up sail, from [ha^ls], neck, allied to Lat.
  [collum].  Eng. [hawser] is also hence.  Also <allsadh>.
<abhsporag>, a cow's stomach, tripe (H.S.D.), <allsporag>, cow's
  throttle (M`A.); borrowed evidently from a Scandinavian
  compound of [ha/ls], neck.  Cf. [abhsadh] above.
<ablach>, a mangled carcase, Ir. [ablach], carcase: [*a/d-bal-ac-], from
  root [bal], [bel], die, I.E. [gel], whence Eng, [quell].  Irish has
  [abailt], death, O.Ir. [epeltu], [atbail], perit, from the same root
  and prefix; the first of them appears in our Gaelic dictionaries
  through Shaw.  From Gaelic comes Scotch [ablach].
<a\bran>, <abran> (M`A. and H.S.D.), an oar-patch on a boat's gunwale;
  see [aparan].
<Abraon>, April, so Ir.; founded on Lat. [Aprilis] (Eng. [April]).
  The form is due to folk-etymology, which relates it to [braon].
<abstol>, apostle, Ir. [absdal], O.Ir. [apstal], W. [apostol]; from Lat.
  [apostolus], whence Eng. [apostle].
<acaid>, a pain, stitch; [*a/d-conti-]; see [urchoid].
<acain>, sigh, complaint, E.Ir. [acca/ine], W. [achwyn]; [a/d+caoin]; see
  [caoin], weep.
<acair>, anchor, Ir. [ancaire], O.Ir. [ingor]; from N. [akkeri]:
  <acairsaid>, anchorage, from N. [akkarsaeti], "anchor-seat".
  From Lat. [ancora], whence Eng. [anchor].
<acair>, acre, Ir. [acra]; from Eng. [acre]; Lat. [ager].
<acarach>, gentle; Ir. [acarach], obliging, convenient, which shades
  off into [acartha], profit; W. [achar], affectionate; [a/d-car-]; see
  [ca\r], friendly.  M`A. has <acarra>, moderate in price, indulgence,
  which belongs to <acartha>.
<acaran>, lumber.
<acartha>, profit, so Ir.; see [ocar], interest.
<acastair>, axle-tree; borrowed word from Sc. [ax-tree] of like meaning
  - Eng. [axle], &c.
<ach>, but, Ir. [achd], O.G. (B.of Deer) [act], O.Ir. [act], [acht], [*ekstos],
  possibly, from [eks]=[ex]; cf. Gr. @G[e@'kto/s], without.  For the
  change of vowel, cf. [as], from [eks].  The Welsh for "but" is
  [eithr], from [ekster]; Lat. [exter-].
<ach>, interjection of objection and impatience; founded on above
  with leaning upon [och], q.v.>>
<achadh>, a field, so Ir., O.G. [achad], O.Ir. [ached] (locative?)
  campu lus (Adamnan), [*acoto-]; Lat. [acies], [acnua], field.
--page 4
<achain>, prayer; dialect for [achuinge], q.v.
<acharradh>, dwarf, sprite.
<achd>, statute, so Ir., M.Ir. [acht]; from Lat. [actum], Eng. [act].
<achd>, manner, condition, Ir., [achd]; same as above>>.  There may be
  a native [aktu-] ([*ag-tu], [*pag-tu]?) underlying some meanings
  of the word, especially in Irish.
<achdarr>, <achdartha>, methodical, expert (H.S.D.):
<achlaid>, chase, pursuit, so Ir., M.Ir. [acclaid], fishing, E.Ir. [atclaid],
  fishes, hunts, pursues: [ad-claidim]; see [claoidh].
<achlais>, arm-pit, Ir. [ascall], M.Ir. [ochsal], W. [cesail].  The
  divergence from regular philologic equivalence here proves
  borrowing - from the Lat. [axilla]; Norse [o@"xl], Ger. [achsel],
  Sc. [oxter].
<achlan>, lamentation (M`L.); for [och-lan]? from [och].
<achmhasan>, a rebuke, Ir. [achmhusa/n], E.Ir. [athchomsa/n]; cf. [aithis]
  for root.
<achuinge>, supplication; also <athchuinge>, so Ir., E.Ir. [athchuingid];
  [ath+cuinge]; O.Ir. [cuintgim], peto, [con-tek-]; Eng. [thig].  See
  [atach].
<acras>, hunger, Ir. [ocrus], E.Ir. [accorus], [occorus]: [*ad-co-restu-],
  possibly the root [pres] of Lat. [premo]: [*careo] (F@+[4]. 422).
<acuinn>, <acfhuinn>, apparatus, accoutrements, Ir. [acfuinn], E.Ir.
  [accmaing], means, apparatus: [ad-cumang], O.Ir. [cumang],
  potentia; see further under [cumhachd].
<ad>, hat, M.Ir. [at], W. [het]; from Eng. [hat], N. [hattr].
<ad->, <adh->, inseparable prefix, in force and origin the same as Lat.
  [ad].  It is to be separated, though with difficulty, from the
  [ad-] arising from [aith-] or [ath-], q.v.
<adag>, shock of corn, Ir. [adag]; cf. Sc. [hat], [hot], [hut], "to put up
  grain in the field, a small stack built in the field"; M.E.
  [hutte], heap.
<adag>, a haddock; from the English.
<adamant>, adamant, so Ir.; from the English.
<adha>, <ae>, liver, Ir. [aeghe], g. [ae], O.Ir. [o/a], [ae], W. [afu], Br. [avu],
  root [av]/  Cf. [adha] for [ae], [cadha] for [cae].
<adhan>, proverb (M`A.); rather <aghan>, root [agh], Lat. [ajo], [adagio],
  adage; Skr. [ah], say.
<adhal>, flesh hook (Sh.), so Ir., O.Ir. [a/el], tridens: [*pavelo-], Lat.
  [pavire]?  But cf. Eng. [awl], M.E. and Ag.S. [awel], awl, flesh-hook.
<adhaltrach>, adulterous, Ir. [adhaltranach], E.Ir. [adaltrach]; from
  Lat. [adulter], whence Eng. [adulterous].
<adharc>, horn, so Ir., O.Ir. [adarc: [ad-arc]; root [arq], defend, as in
  [teasairg], q.v.; Lat. [areceo], &c.
--page 5
<adharcan>, lapwing, "horned bird"; from [adharc]; Dial. <dhaoireagan>.
  Ir. [adairci/n] (P.O'C).
<adhart>, pillow, so Ir., E.Ir. [adart]: [ad-art]; [art], stone?  See
  [airtein].
<adhart>, <aghart>, "progress" (Dict.).  This is a ghost-word, made
  from the adverbial phrase [air adhart], which in M.Ir. is
  [araird], forward, bring forward; in O.Ir. [arairt], prorsum.
  Hence it is [air+a\rd], q.v.
<adhastar>, halter, Manx [eistyr], Ir. [aghastor], M.Ir. [adastar]; cf. W.
  [eddestl], steed.
<adhbhal>, vast, awful, so Ir., O.Ir. [adbul]: [*ad-bol-]; I.E. root
  [bhel], swell, as in Eng. [bloom], etc.  Zimmer compares it with
  Skr. [bala], strength.  Stokes and Osthoff give root [bel], [bol],
  strong, big, Skr. [balam], strength, Gr. @G[be/lteros], better, Lat.
  [de-bilis], weak, Ch.Sl. [boliji@u], greater; whence <bailceach>
  (Osthoff) and <bail>, <buil>.
<adhlac>, burial, Ir. [adhlacadh], O.Ir. [adnacul], sepulcrum: [ad-nank-otlo]
  ([*ad-nagtlo-], Zim.): root verb [nanko^], I bring; Lat.
  [nanciscor]; further I.E. [nenk], [enk], as in [thig], q.v.
<adhna>, an advocate (Macd.): H.S.D. cfs. Heb. [adhon], sustentator.
<ag>, at, with inf. only; see [aig].
<ag>, <agadh>, refusal, doubt; E.Ir. [ac], refusal, O.Ir. [acc], no!
  W. [acom], to deny.  It is onomatopoetic?  See next.>>
<agadh>, hesitancy in speech, Br. [hak],[hakal]; cf. Skr. [ac], speak
  indistinctly.  See foregoing word.>>
<agair>, plead, so Ir., O.Ir. [acre] (n.), from [ad-gar-]; root [gar], cry;
  see [goir].
<agallamh>, conversation, Ir. [agallamh], O.Ir. [acaldam], for [ad-gla/d-],
  O.Ir. [ad-gla/dur], I converse: for root, see [glaodh].
<agh>, a hind, Ir. [agh], O.Ir. [ag], W. [ewig] ([*agi^ko-]), Celtic [agos-];
  Skr. [aja/s], buck; Lit. [oz@?y/s], goat.  Zend. [azi], Arm. [ezn] (St.).
<a\gh>, also <a\dh>, happiness, luck, Manx [aigh], Ir. [a/gh], M.Ir. [ada],
  [buada], late M.Ir. [a/d], luck, [a/dh]=sonas (P.O'C); root [a@-g-],
  bring; see next.>>
<a\ghach>, warlike, so Ir., E.Ir. [a/gach], [a/g], war, [*a@-gu-]; Skr. [a@-ji/s],
  contest; Gr. @G[a@'gw/v], Eng. [antagonist].
<aghaib>, essay (M`A); see [oidheirp].
<aghaidh>, face, so Ir., O.Ir. [aged], [*agita^]; I.E. roog [ag], lead.  It
  is usually referred to the root [oq], Lat. [oculus], etc., but the
  phonetics are unsatisfactory.
<aghann>, pan, so Ir., O.Ir., [aigen], Celtic [agina^]; Skr. [aga], water
  jar; Gr. @G[a@'/ggos], a vessel.
<agus>, and so Ir., O.Ir. [acus], [ocus], B.of Deer [acus], O.W. [ac], Br.
  [hag]; allied is [fagus], near, O.Ir. [ocus], W. [agos], Br. [hogoz]:
--page 6
  [*aggostu-], [ad-gos-]; root [ges], [gos], carry; Lat. [gero], [aggestu-s],
  mound (Zimmer).  Stokes refers it to the root [angh], choke,
  narrow; Celtic [aggu/st-], from pre-Celtic [aghnu/stu-] (Lat.
  [angustus]), with accent on syllable after the root - [gn] with
  the accent on the following vowel being supposed, as in
  Teutonic, to produce [gg].  The derivation from root [onk], [enk],
  as in [thig], is not tenable in view of the Welsh.
<ai>, sheep, swan (Carm.):
<aibheil>, huge (M`E.).  See [adhbhal].
<aibheis>, sea, the deep; Ir. [aibheis], sea, abyss; E.Ir. [aibe/is], sea.
  This Stokes refers to a Celtic [abensi-s], [abhent-ti-s]; root [abh],
  as in [abhainn].  But cf. O.Ir. [abis], from Lat. [abyssus]: W.
  [affwys], bottomless pit.
<aibheis>, boasting; <aibhsich>, esaggerate; Ir. [aibhseach], boasting:
  from the foregoing?>>  Another form of [aibhsich] is <aillsich>.
<aibhist>, an old ruin (Stew.):
<aibhistear>, the Devil; another form of [abharsair], q.v.
<aibhse>, spectre, so Ir.: see [taibhse].
<aibidil>, alphabet, Ir. [aibghitir], O.Ir. [abbgitir], from L.Lat.
  [abgetorium], [abecedarium], the [a], [b], [c], [d], ar alphabet.  A
  dialectic form, <aibirsidh>, comes from the old learning system,
  beginning "A per se", [a] by itself=[a], Eng. [apersie].  Analogised
  to [caibideal] (Meyer).
<aice>, proximity, Ir. [aice]; see [taic].
<aice>, a lobster's burrow, also [faiche].
<a\icheadh>, deny, Ir. [aithcheo], contradicting, M.Ir. [aithceo/d]: [*ati-ceud-](?),
  "go back on"; cf. O.Ir. [atchuaid], exposui, which
  Stokes refers to the root of [chaidh], went, q.v.
<aicheamhail>, reprisal; cf. Ir. [athghabha/il]; [ath+gabhail].
++<aicme>, race, Ir., O.Ir. [aicme], W. [ach], pedigree, [*akk-], from [ak],
  edge; Lat. [acies]?  Stokes cfs. Skr. [anka], lap, but this would
  give G. [a\k-] (a@-) and a W. [anc].  Norse [a/tt], family, Ger. [acht],
  property.
<aidheam>, joyous carol:
<aidich>, confess, Ir. [admhuighim], O.Ir. [addaimim], W. [addef]:
  [ad-dam-]; root [dam]; Lat. [domo], Eng. [tame].
<aifrionn>, mass, so Ir., E.Ir. [oifrend], W. [offeren]; from Lat.
  [offerendum] (Eng. [offer]).
<aig>, at, Ir. [ag], O.Ir. [oc]; for root, see [agus].
<a\igeach>, young or entire horse; also <o\igeach>=[o\g+each], q.v.
  M.Ir. [o/c-ech], young steed (Eriu@+[2] 11).
<aigeann>, the deep, Ir. <a\igeun>, E.Ir. [oician], W. [eigion]: from Lat.
  [oceanus], Eng. [ocean].  There is also a by-form <aigeal>.
<aigeannach>, spirited, E.Ir. [aignech]; see [aigneadh].  Ir. [aigeanta],
  meditative.
--page 7
<aighear>, mirth, Manx [aigher]; [*ati-gar-]; see [ga\irdeachas] for root.
  Yet Ir. [aiereach], merry, aerial, from [aier], air, from Lat. [aer],
  makes the matter doubtful.  Ir. [aerach] (Hyde), merry, airy.
  Evidently the G. is borrowed from the Lat.
<aigilean>, ear-ring, tassel; cf. Sc. [aiglet], tagged point, jewel in
  one's cap; [eglie], needlework, from Fr. [aiguille], needle; Lat.
  [acus].
<aigne>, the swift, anything quick (Carm.):
<aigne>, <aigneadh>, mind, so Ir., O.Ir., [aicned]: [a/d-gn-eto-], root [gna@-],
  know, Gr. @G[gignw/skw], Eng. [know].  Stokes refers it to the root
  of [aicme], as he gives it.  Ascoli makes the root [cen], as in
  [cineal].  The Gaelic [g] is against any root with [c].
<a\il>, will; better <a\ill>, q.v.
<ail>, <aileadh>, <ailt>, a mark, impression, Ir. [oil], mark (O'R), M.
  and E.Ir. [aile], fence, boundary (Meyer).  A [t] stem: [oiledaib],
  [*al-et].
++<ail>, rock, Ir. and O.Ir. [ail], [*alek-], allied to Ger. [fels]; see further
  under [mac-talla].
<ailbheag>, ring; see [failbhe].
<ailbhinn>, flint, precipice; from [ail], rock.
<a\ile>, air, scent, E.Ir. [ae/l], [ahe/l]; W. [avel], C., Br., [awel], wind; Gr.
  @G[a@'e/lla] (St. Lec.), storm; [*avel-], root [ave], [ve], wind; Lat.
  [au-ra], Gr. @G[a@'c/r], Eng. [air].
<aileag>, hiccup, Ir. [fail]; cf. Lat. [ha@-lo], breathe, Eng. in-[hale].
<a\ilean>, a green: [*ag-li-]?  Cf. Lat. [ager].
<a\ilear>, porch:
<ailis>, blemish, reproach, O.Ir. [ail], disgrace, Got. [agls]?
<ailis>, mimicing (Wh.); bad [atharrais], [aith-lis], (M`A.) [aithris].
<a\ill>, desire, so Ir., O.Ir. [a/il], W. [ewyll], Br. [ioul], Celtic [avillo-];
  root [av], desire, Lat. [aveo], Eng. [avidity].  [a/il], pleasant, [*pagli],
  Eng. [fair] (St. Bez.@+[20] 24).
<a\ille>, beauty, E.Ir. [a/lde], for [a/lnde]; see [a/lainn].
<a\illeas>, <a\ilgheas>, will, desire; Ir. [a/ilgheas], E.Ir. [ailges], [a/ilgidim],
  I desire; from [a/il] and [geas], request, q.v.
<ailleagan>, root of the ear, hole of the ear; also [faillean], q.v.
<a\illeagan>, darling, so Ir.; from [a\ille], q.v.
<aillean>, elecampane: cf. Gr. @G[e`leni/on], Lat. [inula].  M.Ir. [eillinn]
  (Rev.Celt.@+[9] 231).  inula quam [alain] rustici vocant (Isidor).
<ailleant>, shy, delicate; M.Ir. [ail] (O'Cl.), shamefaced.
<ailleort>, high-rocked; from [aill], rock; see [mac-talla].
<aillse>, diminutive creature, fairy, Ir. [aillse];
<aillse>, cancer, Ir. [aillis], O.Ir. [ailsin], cancerem:
<aillseag>, caterpillar; from above.>>
<ailm>, the letter A, elm; Ir. [ailm], palm (fir?) tree, letter A;
  borrowed from Lat. [ulmus], Norse [a/lmr], Eng. [elm].
--page 8
<ailt>, stately, high; Ir. [ailt], Lat. [altus], [a\ilt] (H.S.D.).
<aim->, <aimh->, privative prefix; see [am-], [amh-].  See its use in
  <aimhleas> (=[am-leas]), hurt, <aimhrea>, <aimhreidh>, confusion
  (=[am-re/idh]), <aimbeart>, distress, etc. (= [am-bert]).  The
  vowel in the root is "small", and hence affects the [a] of [am].
<aimheal>, grief, Ir. [aithmhe/al], repentance; [aith+me/ala], grief,
  E.Ir. [me/la], sorrow, reproach; [*meblo-], a shorter form of O.Ir.
  [mebul], dedecus; Gr. @G[me/mfomai]
<aimhfheoil>, <ainfheoil>, proud flesh; from [aimh-] and [feo\il], q.v.
<aimlisg>, confusion, mischief:
<aimrid>, barren, so Ir., M.Ir. [immrit], barren, E.Ir. [amrit]; [am-ber-ent-],
  "non-producing"; root [ber] of [beir]?
<aimsichte>, bold (Arms.); [am-meas-ichte], "un-mannerly"?  See
  [meas].
<aimsir>, time, so Ir.; O.Ir. [amser], W. [amser], Br. [amzer], possibly a
  Celtic [ammessera^]; either a compound of [am], time ([ammensi^ra^],
  from [si^r], long?), or [amb-mensura], root [mens], measure,
  Lat. [mensus], Eng. [measure].  Ascoli and Stokes give the
  Celtic as [a/d-messera], from [ad-mensura].
<aimsith>, missing of aim, mischance: [am-mis-ith], Gaelic root [mis]
  of [eirmis], q.v.
<a\in>, heat (Dict.), light (H.M`Lean), O.Ir. [a/ne], fulgor, from [a/n],
  splendidus, latter a Celtic [a@-no-s]; Got. [fo^n], fire (from [pa^n]);
  Pruss. [panno].  Stokes suggests rather [*agno-s], allied to Lat.
  [ignis], Skr. [agni/], fire.
<ain->, privative prefix; see [an-].
<ainbhtheach>, stormy, M.Ir. [ainbthech], [*an-feth-ech], Gaelic rott
  [feth], breeze, from [vet], Eng. [weather], Lat. [ventus], etc.  See
  [anfadh].
<ainbi>, <ainbith>, odd, unusual: [an-bith], "un-world-like".  See [bith].
<aincheas>, doubt, M.Ir. [ainches], E.Ir. [ances], dubium.
<ainchis>, a curse, rage, Ir. [aingeis], E.Ir. [aingcess], [a/nces], curse,
  anguish; [an+geas], q.v., or Lat. [angustia]?
<aineamh>, flaw, so Ir., E.Ir. [anim], W. [anaf], blemish, O.Br.
  [anamon], mend@ae; Gr. @G[o@'/vonai], blame
<a\inean>, a liver, liver of fish (N.H.); see [adha].
<a\ineartaich>, yawning ([aineartaich], M`A.);  see [a\inich] below.
<aineas>, passion, fury; [an-theas], from [teas], heat.
<aingeal>, angel, so Ir., O.Ir. [angel], W. [angel], Br. [ael]; from Lat.
  [angelus], whence also the Eng.
<aingeal>, light, fire, Manx [ainle], Ir. [aingeal] (Lh., O'B.), M.Ir.
  [aingel], sparkling: [*pangelos], Ger. [funke], M.E. [funke]; further
  [ong], fire, hearth; LIt [anglis], coal, Skr. [an@~ga^ra], glowing coal;
  I.E. [ongli], [ongo^l]; allied is I.E. [ognis], fire, Lat. [ignis].  See
--page 9
  Fick@+[4] 14.  Skeat derives Sc. [ingle] from the Gaelic.  Also
  <ainneal>, a common fire.
<aingealachd>, numbness: [ang-eal-ach-], root [ang], choke (Lat.
  [ango])?
<aingealtas>, perversity, malignity; from the following.>>
<aingidh>, wicked, Ir. [aingidhe], malicious, O.Ir. [andgid], [angid],
  nequam, wicked, [andach], sin; [*an-dg-id], root [deg] of [deagh],
  good, q.v.
<a\inich>, panting, also <aonach>; root [a@-n-], long form of [an], breath
  (see [anail]); Skr. [a^nana], mouth ("breather").
<ainid>, vexing.
<ainis>, anise; from the English.  M.Ir. [in ainis], gloss on "[anisum
  cyminum dulce]".
<ainm>, name, Ir. and O.Ir. [ainm], pl. [anmann], B.of Deer [anim], W.
  [enw], Br. [hanv], [*anmen-]; Gr. @G[o@'/noma]; Pruss. [emmens], Ch.Sl.
  [ime@?]; root [ono], allied to [no@-] in Lat. [nomen], Eng. [name].
<ainmhide>, a rash fool; see [o\inid].
<ainmhidh>, beast, brute, Ir. [ainmhidhe], M.Ir. [ainmide], [*anem-itio-s],
  [*anem-], life, soul; Lat. [animal], etc.  Ir. is also [ainmhinte],
  "animans".
<ainmig>, rare; [an-minig], q.v.
<ainneamh>, rare; see [annamh].
<ainneart>, force; [ain-], excess (see [an-]), and [neart].
<ainnighte>, tame, from [ainneadh], patience (Sh.); possibly from
  [an-dam], root [dam], tame.
<ainnir>, virgin, E.Ir. [ander], W. [anner], heifer, M.Br. [annoer] (do.),
  [*andera^]; cf. Gr. @G[anqcro/s], blooming, [a@'qa/rioi], virgins (Hes.),
  @G[*nqar-].
<ainnis>, <ainniseach>, needy: [an+di\th], want?
<ainstil>, fury, over-fizzing: [an+steall].
<air>, on, upon.  This prep. represents three Irish ones:
  (a) <air>=O.Ir. [ar], [air], ante, propter, W. [ar], [er], Br. [er], Gaul [are-],
      Celtic [ari], [arei], Gr. @G[para/], @G[parai/], by, before; Lat. [prae]; Eng.
      [fore], [for].  This prep. aspirates in Irish, and in Gaelic idioms
      it still does so, e.g. [air chionn].
  (b) <air>=O.Ir. [for], "super", O.W. and O.Br. [guor], Br. [voar], [oar],
      Gaul. [ver-]; Gr. @G[u@`pe/r]; Lat. [s-uper]; Eng. [over].  This prep.
      did not aspirate;  it ended originally in [r] in Gaelic; as an
      inseperable prefix ([vero-], [viro-] in Gaul.) it aspirated, as in the
      modern form of old names like [Fergus], now [Fearghuis] or
      [Fear'uis] (gen. case).
  (c) <air>=O.Ir. [iar n-], after, pre-Celtic [epron]; Skr. [apara/m],
      afterwards, [aparena], after; Got. [afar], after, Eng. [af-ter].
      Further come Gr. @G[o@'pi-], behind, [e@'pi/-], to, Lat. [ob-], [op-].  See [iar].
--page 10
      This is the prep. that is used with the inf. to represent a
      perfect or past participle in Gaelic - [Tha mi air bualadh]; "I
      have struck".
<airbhinneach>, honourable; [air+beann]?
<airc>, distress, so Ir., O.Ir. [aircur], pressure; cf. Lat. [parcus],
  sparing.
<a\irc>, the Ark, Ir. [airc]; from Lat. [arca].
<airchios>, pity, clemency (Hend.): see [oircheas].
<aircill>, to watch, listen, Ir. [aircill]; see [faircill].
<aircleach>, a cripple; [*airc-lach], from [airc], q.v.
<a\ird>, point (of the compass), Ir. [a/ird], E.Ir. [aird], Gr. @G[a@'/rdis], a
  point.  Hence Sc. [airt].
<a\ird>, preparation, activity.
<a\ird>, preparation, activity:
<a\irde>, height, Ir. [a/irde], E.Ir. [arde]; see [a/rd].
<a\irdeil>, ingenious:
<aire>, heed, Ir., O.Ir. [aire], Old.Brit. [Areanos], native watchers who
  gave intimation to the Romans (Ammianus), pre-Celtic [parja^],
  [par], seek; Gr. @G[pei^ra], trial; Lat. [ex-perior], Eng. [experiment].
<a\ireach>, keeper of cattle.  There is confusion in Gaelc between
  [a\ireach] and O.Ir. [aire(ch)], lord; the [bo/-aire], cow-lord, was
  the free tenant of ancient Ireland.  For O.Ir. [aire], see
  [airidh].  G. [a\ireach] owes its long vowel to a confusion with
  [a\raich], rear.  See [a\iridh] for root.
<a\ireamh>, number, so Ir., O.Ir. [a/ram], W. [eirif], [*ad-ri^m-], Celtic
  [ri^ma^], number; Ag.S. [ri^m], number, Eng. [rhyme]; Gr.
  @g[a@'riqmo/s], number.
<airean>, ploughman, herdsman; Ir. [oireamh], g. [oiramhan], ploughman,
  the mythic [Eremon], [Airem(on)], [*arjamon-], Skr.
  [Arjaman], further [Aryan](?); root [ar], plough.
++<airfid>, music, harmony; [oirfid].
<airgiod>, silver, so Ir., O.Ir. [arget], W. [ariant], Br. [arc'hant], Gail.
  [Argento-], [Argento-coxus] (a Caledonian prince): Lat. [argentum];
  Gr. @G[a@'/rguros].  Eng. [argent] is from the Lat.
<a\iridh>, better <a\irigh>, hill pasture, sheiling (<airghe>, in Lh. for
  Gaelic); cf. E.Ir. [airge], [a/irge], place where cows are, dairy,
  herd of cattle; E.Ir. [airgech], herdswoman [of Brigit]; Ir.
  [airghe], pl. [a/iri/ghe] (O'B.), a herd of cattle; [airgheach], one
  who has many herds; [*ar-egia]; Lat. [armentum]?  But see
  [a\raich], rear.  Norse or Danish [erg] from Gaelic equals Norse
  [setr] (Ork. Sag.).  This Norse form proves the identity of
  Gaelic with E.Ir. [airge]; [airge]=[ar-agio], [*agio], herd.
<airidh>, worthy, Ir. [airigh] (Ulster), [airigh], nobleman (O'B.), O.Ir.
  [aire(ch)], primas, lard; Skr. [a/rya], good, a lord; [a^rya], Aryan,
  [a^ryaka], honourable man.  [*parei]?
--page 11
<airilleach>, a sleepy person; from ++[aireal], bed, M.Ir. [aired] (O'C.):
<airleag>, leng, Ir. [airligim], O.Ir. [airliciud], lending; from [leig], let,
  which is allied to Eng. [loan], Got. [leihvan], Ger. [leihen].  See
  [leig].
<airleas>, pledge, earnest, arles; from Sc. [arles], older [erles], which,
  through O. French, comes from Lat. [*arrhula], dim. of [arrha],
  pledge.  Eng. [earnest], whence W. [ernes], is probably from the
  same origin.  See [ea\rlas].
<airleig>, a strait:
<airmis>, hit; see [eirmis].
<a\irne>, a sloe, so Ir., M.Ir. [arni], sloes, W. [eirin], plums, Br. [irinenn],
  sloe, Celtic [arjanio-] (Stokes); Skr. [aran@.i], tinder-stick
  "premna spinosa", [aran@.ka], forest.
<a\irneach>, murrain in cattle:
<airneis>, <a\irneis> (M`L. & D.), furniture; Ir. [a/irneis], cattle, goods,
  etc., M.Ir. [airnis], tools, furniture.  The word can hardly
  be separated from the Romance [arnese], accotrements,
  armour, whence Eng. [harness], armour for man or horse.  The
  word is originally of Brittonic origin (Br. [harnez], armour),
  from [*eisarno-], iron; see [iarunn].
<airtein>, a pebble, so Ir., E.Ir. [arteini] (pl.), O.Ir. [art]; possibly
  Gaul. [arto-] ([Arto-briga]), [Artemia], name of a rock.
<airtneal>, <airsneal>, weariness:
<a\is>, milk (Carm.), M.Ir. [as] (O'Dav.).
<a\is>, wisdom (Carm.), [ais] (O'Cl.)  See [cnoc] (Carm.).
<ais>, back, backwards; so Ir., E.Ir. [aiss], [daraaiss], backwards; Gaelic
  <air ais>.  The forms [ais], [rithisd] (ri\s], [thairis], seem compounds
  from the root [sta], [sto], stand; cf. [fois], [bhos], [ros]; <ais> may be
  for [ati-sta-], or [ati-sti-].  Ascoli refers [ais] to an unaccented
  form of [e/is], track, which is used after [tar] and [di] ([di a e/is], post
  eum; see [de/is]) for "after, [post]", but not for "back", as is
  [air ais], with verbs of rest or motion.
<aisead>, delivery (obstetrical), E.Ir. [asait], vb. [ad-saiter], is delivered;
  [*ad-sizd-]; Lat. [si@-do], [assi@-dere], a reduplication of the root
  [sed], of [suidhe], q.v.  From [ad-sem-t], root [sem] as in [taom]
  (Stokes).
<aiseag>, a ferry, Ir. [aiseog] (Fol.):
<aiseal>, axle; it seems borrowed from Eng. [axle], Norse [o@"xull], but
  the W. [echel], Br. [ahel], [*aksila], makes its native origin
  possible, despite the absence of the word in Irish.
<aiseal>, jollity (Sh., Arms.); see [aisteach].
<aisean>, rib, Ir., E.Ir. [asna], W. [eisen], [asen], Cor. [asen]; cf. Lat.
  [assula], splinter, [asser], beam (Stokes).  Formerly it was
  referred to the same origin as Lat. [os], [ossis], bone, Gr. @G[o@'ste/on],
--page 12
  but the root vowel and meaning are both unfavourable to
  this etymology.
<aisearan>, weanling (Argyle); from [ais]?
<aisg>, a request (Sh.), E.Ir. [ascid]; [*ad-skv-], root [seq]., as in [sgeul],
  q.v.
<aisgeir>, a ridge of high mountains, Ir. [eiscir], [aisgeir] (Lh. for
  latter); [*ad-sker-](?), as in Eng. [skerry], G. [sgeir], q.v.  Cf. W.
  [esgair] (Meyer).
<aisig>, restore, so Ir., E.Ir. [assec]; possibly=[*as-ic], "out-bring",
  [ic]=[enl]; see [thig], come.
<aisir>, <aisridh>, path; see [astar].
<aisith>, strife; [as-si\th], [as-], privative, and [si\th], q.v.
<aisling>, a vision, dream, so Ir., O.Ir. [aislinge]; possibly [*ex-li/ng-ia],
  "a jump out of one-self, ec-stasy", the root being [leng] of
  [leum], q.v.  Nigra suggested the root [sil], or [sell] of [seall], see,
  q.v.;  he divided the word as [as-sil-inge], Stokes as [ad-sell-angia]
  (Beitra@"ge, Vol. VIII)
<aisneis>, rehearsing, tattle, E.Ir. same, O.Ir. [a/isndi/s]l [aisne/dim], I
  relate; ([as-ind-fiad-im], O.Ir. [in-fiadim], I relate); [fiad]=[veid],
  know; see [innis]; root [vet], Lat. [veto] (Stokes), but this does
  not account for [i/] of O.Ir. [aisndi/s].
<aisteach>, a diverting fellow, Ir. [aisdeach], witty:
<ait>, glad, Ir., E.Ir. [ait], O.Ir. [ait], euge! adverbium optantis:
<a\ite>, a place, Ir., E.Ir. [a/it].  Possibly Celtic [po@-d-ti], [*panti]? root
  [po@-d], [ped], Lat. [oppidum], Gr. @G[pe/don], ground, Skr. [pada/m], place;
  as in [eadh], q.v.  Stokes has referred [a/it] to the root that
  appears in Ger. [ort, place, Norse [oddr], O.Eng. [ord], point,
  Teutonic [uzd-], I.E. [uzdh-]; but this in Gaelic would give [ud]
  or [od].
<a\iteag>, a shy girl, see [faiteach].
<aiteal>, breeze, ray, small portion.  In the sense of "ray", cf. Gr.
  @G[a@'kti/s], ray; in the sense of "quantulum", it may be divided
  as [ad-tel], O.Br. [attal], an equivalent, root [tel], weight, money;
  see [tuarasdal].  [actualis]?
<aiteam>, a people, a tribe (Arms.):
<aiteamh>, a thaw; [*aith-ta@--m, W. [toddi], melt; Lat. [tabes]; Gr.
  @G[tc/kw], melt; Eng. [thaw].  The Ir. word is [tionadh] (O.Ir.
  [tinaid], evanescit), Manx [tennue], the root of which is [ten], Lat.
  [tener], Eng. [thin].
<aith->, "re-"; see [ath-].
<aitheamh>, fathom, O.W. [atem], filum; [*(p)etema^]; Eng. [fathom];
  I.E. [pet], extend, Lat. [pateo], etc.
<aithinne>, fire-brand, Ir., O.Ir. [aithinne]: [*aith-te/n-io-]?  Root of
  [teine]?  The root [and], kindle, as in O.Ir. [andud], accendere,
--page 13
  [adandad], lighting up, is also possible, [*aith-and-io-] being the
  form in that case.  [amhailte] (Glen-moriston).
<aithis>, a reproach, affront, so Ir., O.Ir. [athiss]; [*ati-vid-tu-]; Got.
  [idveit], Eng. [twit]; root [vid], wit, know.
<aithlis>, a disgrace; cf. [leas] in [leas-mhac].
<aithne>, knowledge, so Ir., O.Ir., [aithgne], W. [adwaen]: [ati-gn-io-] for
  Ir.; I.E. [gen], [gna@-], [gno@-], to know; Lat. [cognosco]; Gr. @G[gignw/skw];
  Eng. [know].
<a\ithne>, command, Ir., O.Ir. [aithne], depositum, command; [imma/nim],
  delego, assign; W. [adne], custody; the root seems to be [a@-n]
  or [an], judging from verbal forms, though these scarcely
  agree with the noun forms.  See [tiomnadh] further.
<aithreach>, repentant, so Ir., O.Ir. [aithrech], Corn. [edreck], repentance,
  Br. [azrec] (do.), [*ati-(p)reko-], [*ati-(p)rekia^]; root, [prek],
  Lat. [precor], Ger. [fragen], ask, etc.  Ascoli makes the root [reg],
  come (see [rach]).
<aithris>, tell so Ir. [*ati-ris], E.Ir. [ris], a story, [*rt-ti], [rat], [re@-t],
  Ger. [rede], speech, Got. [rathjo], speak, Lat. [ratio].  Cf. O.Ir.
  [airissim], from [iss].
<a\itidh>, damp:
<aitionn>, juniper, Ir. [aiteann], O.Ir. [aitenn], W. [aith], [eithin], Cor.
  [eythinen], O.Br. [ethin] (gl. rusco), [*akto-], I.E. root [ak], sharp,
  Lat. [acidus], Eng. [acid], [edge], Gr. [a@'/kros], extreme, etc.  The
  nearest words are Lit. [a/kstinas], sting, Ch.Sl. [ostinu].  Also
  <aiteal>.  [*at-tenn-], "sharp bush or tree"; from root [at], sharp,
  E.Ir. [aith], sharp, [*atti-], [atto-].  For [-tenn], see [caorunn].  Cf.
  Ir. [teine], furze.
<aitreamh>, a building, Ir. <aitreibh>, E.Ir. [aittreb], W. [adref], homewards,
  Gaul. [Atrebates]; [*ad-treb-], the Celtic root [treb] corresponding
  to Lat. [tribus], Eng. [thorpe].
<a\l>, brood, Ir. [a/l], W. [ael], [al]: [*(p)aglo-; cf. Lat. [propa^go], Eng.
  [propogate].  Hence <a\laire>, brood mare.  Ger. [adel], nobility.
<a\lach>, a brood, set, bank of oars (M`E.):
<a\lach>, nails: [*a@-l-lach], [a@-l-], from [(p)agl-], Lat. [pa@-lus], stake; root
  [pag], [pa@-g], fasten, whence Gr. @G[pc/gnumi], Lat. [pango], fix, Eng.
  [page].
<alachag>, <alachuin>, see [ealachainn].
<a\lainn>, beautiful, Ir. [a/luin], O.Ir. [a/laind]; [*ad-lainn]; see [loinn].
  Stokes prefers referring it to [a/il], pleasant, [*pagli-], Eng. [fair],
  root [pag].  But [ra-laind], pleasant, [*ad-pland] (Holden).
<all->, over; see [thall].
<allaban>, wandering:
<allail>, noble, M.Ir. [all], [aill], [*al-no-s], root [al], as in Lat. [altus].
<alladh>, fame (either good or bad), Ir. [alladh], excellency, fame,
  E.Ir. [allud]; see above.>>
--page 14
<allaidh>, fierce, wild, Ir. [allta], O.Ir. [allaid]; possibly from [all-],
  over, the idea being "foreign, barbarous, fierce";, cf. W.
  [allaidd] of like meanings, from W. [all], other.  See next.>>
<allmharach>, a foreigner, foreign, fierce; Ir. [allmharach], foreigner,
  transmarine; E.Ir. [allmarach].  From [all-], beyond, and
  [muir], sea, "transmarine" (K.Meyer).
<allsadh>, a jerk, suspending, leaning to one side; see [abhsadh].
<allsmuain>, a float, great buoy:
<allsporag>, cow's throttle (M`A.); see [abhsporag].
<allt>, a stream, Ir. [alt], height , (topographically) glen-side or cliff,
  O.Ir. [alt], shore, cliff, O.W. [allt], cliff, Cor. [als], Br. [aot], shore;
  all allied to Lat. [altus].  The Gaelic form and meaning are
  are plssibly of Pictish origin.
<all-tapadh>, mishap, ill-luck (Wh.); mischance: from [all-] and
  [tapadh].
<alm>, alum; from the English.
<almsadh>, charity (Hend.), M.Ir. [almsain].
<alp>, also <ealp> (Wh.), ingraft, join closely together: [alp] in tinkers'
  Ir., a job of work, hill; [ealp]=Sc. [imper], graft.
<alt>, joint, Ir., E.Ir. [alt], [*(p)alto-s]; root [pel], whence Eng. [fold],
  Norse, [faldr], Ger. [falz], groove; Gr. [-pla/sios], doubled, for
  [pla/tios].  "air alt"= in order that (Wh.).
<altach>, a grace (at food), Ir. [altughadh], O.Ir. [attlugud], rendering
  thanks, [atluchur bude], I give thanks: [*ad-tluko^r], root, tluq;
  Lit. [tulkas], interpreter; Lat. [loquor] for [tloquor].
<altair>, altar, Ir., O.Ir. [alto/ir], W. [allor], Cor. [altor], Br.  [auter]; from
  Lat. [altare], altar, "high place".
<altrum>, fostering, Ir. [altrom], O.Ir. [altram], W. [alltraw], sponsor;
  root [al], nourish, whence Lat. [alo], Got. [alan], grow, Eng. [old].
<a\m>, time Ir. [am], pl. [amanna], E.Ir. [am], [*ammen-], from [*at-s-men-],
  root [at], Got
<am->, privative prefix; this is the labialised form of [an-], q.v.; and
  being labialised, it is also aspirated into <amh->.  The forms
  before "small" vowels in the subsequent syllable are <aim->,
  <aimh->.
<amach>, vulture, so Ir.:
<amadan>, fool, Ir. [amada/n]: [am+ment-], "non-minded", Celtic root
  [ment] ([dearmad], [farmad], etc.), mind; Lat. [mens], [menti-s], Eng.
  [mind], etc.  The shorter root [men] is found in [meanmna].
<amail>, mischief; E.Ir. [admillim], I destroy: [ad+mill], q.v.
<amail>, hindrance: [ad+mall]; q.v.  But Norse [hamla], hinder.
<amal>, swingle-tree; [*ad-mol]; [mol], a beam, especially "a mill
  shaft", E.Ir. [mol].  Cf. Norse [hamla], oar-loop.
<amar>, channel, mill lead; E.Ir. [ammor], [ammbur], a trough,
  [*amb-or-]; Gaul. [ambes], rivos, rivers, [Ambris], river name;
--page 15
  Lat. [imber]; Gr. @G[o@'/mbos], rain; Skr. [ambu], water.  Zimmer
  considers the Ir. borrowed from Ag. S. [a/mber], amphora, Ger.
  [eimer]; but the Gaelic meaning is distinctly against his
  theory.  A borrowing from Lat. [amphora] is liable to the same
  objection.
<amarlaich>, blustering (M`A.):
<amarlaid>, blustering female; not [amarlaich].
<amart>, need (Hend.).  Hend. now questions it, [aimbeairt].
<amhailte>, large ember of wood (Glen-moriston).
<amas>, hitting, O.Ir. [ammus], an aim: [*ad-mes-]; see [eirmis].
<amasguidh>, <aimsgith>, profane, impure: [*ad-mesc-id-], "mixed";
  see [measg].
<amh>, raw, Ir. [amh], E.Ir. [om], W. [of]; root [om], [o@-m], whence Gr.
  @G[w@'mo/s]; Got. [amsa]; Skr. [amsas].
<amhach>, neck: [*om-a^k-a^]; Lat. [humerus], shoulder (*om-es-os);
  Gr. @G[w@'@nmo/s]; Got. [amsa]; Skr. [amsas].
<amhain>, entanglement by the neck (M`A.); from above.>>
<a mha\in>, only, Ir. [amha/in], E.Ir. [ama/in]; cf. O.Ir. [namma/] (W.
  [namyn], but?) = [nan-n-ma/] "ut non sit major" (?).  The main
  root is [ma/] or [mo/], more, with the negative, but the exact
  explanation is not easy; "no more than"(?).  [amha/in] =[a-(a[[p]]o)+ma\in],
  [*mani]; Gr. @G[ma/nos], spa@"rlich, @G[monos] (St.Z.).
<amhainn>, river; better [abhainn], q.v.
<amhaltach>, vexing; see [aimheil].
<amhan>, a marsh, or [lo\n] (Glen-moriston).
<amharc>, looking, seeing; so Ir., M.Ir. [amarc], [amharc] =[a-(apo)+marc],
  Ger. [merken], perhaps Lith. [me/rkti], wink, blink (St.).
  Roots [marc], [marg].
<amhartan>, luck, Ir. [amhantur], [abhantur], from Fr. [aventure], Eng.
  [adventure].
<amharus>, suspicion, so Ir., O.Ir. [amairess], infidelitas, [am+iress],
  the latter meaning "faith"; O.Ir. [iress]=[air-ess], and [*ess] is
  from [*sista^], standing, root [sta^], stand, reduplicated; cf. Lat.
  [sisto], etc.  The whole word, were it formed at once, would
  look like [*am-(p)are-sista^], or [*am-are-sista^].
<amhas>, <amhusg>, wild man, beast man; Ir. [amhas], a wild man,
  madman; E.Ir. [amos], [amsach], a mercenary soldier, servant.
  Conchobar's [amsaig], or mercenaries, in the E.Ir. saga of
  Deirdre, appear misunderstood as our [amhusgan], monsters;
  there is probably a reminiscence of the Norse "bear-sarks".
  Borrowed from Gaul. Lat. [ambactus] (=[servus], Festus), through
  [*ambaxus]; C@aesar says of the Gaulish princes: "Circum se
  [ambactos] clientesque habent".  The roots are [ambi-] (see [mu])
  and [ag], go lead (see [aghaidh]).  Hence many words, as Eng.
--page 16
  [ambassador], Ger. [amt], official position, etc. Ir.J., 154, 156,
  has [amhas], in G. force.
<a\mhgar>, affliction, Ir. [amhgar]; [am-](not) [+gar]; cf. O.Ir. [ingir],
  tristia, from [ga/ire], risus.  See [ga\ir], laughter, for root.
  E.Ir. [so-gar], [do-gar], @G[*hara] (St.).
<amhladh>, distress, dismay (Hend.).  See [amhluadh].
<amhlair>, fool, boor, silly talker or behaver (Arg.); Ir. [amhlo/ir],
  O.Ir. [amlabar], mute; from [am-] (not) and [labair], speak,
  q.v.  Cf. [suilbhir].
<amhlaisg>, bad beer, taplash:
<amhluadh>, confusion, distress:
<amhra>, wonderful; [*am-porios] (St.), @G[a@'/peiros].
<amhran>, song, Ir. [amhra/n], [abhra/n], M.Ir. [ambra/n], Manx, [arrane];
  see [o\ran].  Cf. Ir. [amhra], eulogy, especially in verse; [amhra],
  famous (Lec. 69).
<amhsan> (<ansan>), Dial <osan>, solan goose; from Lat. [anser]?
<amhuil>, like, as, Ir. [amhluidh], O.Ir. [amail], [amal], O.W. [amal],
  W. [mal], Br. [evel]; from a Celtic [samali-], which appears in
  [samhail], q.v.
<amhuilt>, a trick, deceit (H.S.D., M`E. <a\mhuilt>):  Cf. [aith-me/la].
<a\mhuinn>, oven, Ir. [o\igheann]; borrowed from Eng. [oven].
<amlach>, curled, <amlag>, a curl, M.Ir. [amlach], from the prep.
  [ambi-], as in [mu], q.v.
<amraidh>, <a\mraidh> (M`E.), cupboard, Ir. [amri] (O'B.), W. [almari];
  all borrowed from Eng. (Gaelic from Sc. [aumrie]?) [ambry] and
  M.E. [almarie], from O.Fr. [almarie], from Lat. [armarium],
  place of tools or arms, from [arma].
<an>, <a'>, the, Ir. [an], O.Ir. [in] (mas. and fem.), [a n-] (neut.); a [t-]
  appears before vowels in the nom. masc. ([an t-athair]), and it
  is part of the article stem; a Celtic [sendo-s] (m.), [senda^] (f.),
  [san] (n.).  [Sendo-s] is composed of two pronominal roots,
  dividing into [sen-do-]; [sen], judging by the neuter [san], is a
  fixed neuter nom. or acc. from the Celtic root [se] (I.E. [sjo],
  beside [so-], allied to Ag.S. [se], the, [seo/], now [she].  The [-do-] of
  [sendo-s] has been referred by Thurneysen and Brugmann to
  the pron. root [to-] (Eng. [tha-t], Gr. @G[to/]); it is suggested that [to-]
  may have degenerated into [do-] before it was stuck to the
  fixed form [sen].  [Sen-to-] could not, on any principle otherwise,
  whether of accentuation or what not, produce the historical
  forms.  It is best to revert to the older etymology, and
  refer [do-] to the pronominal root appearing in the Latin fixed
  cases (enclitic) [-dam], [-dem], (qui[-dam], [i-dem], etc.), the Gr. @G[de/],
  @G[-de] (as in @G[o@`/-de], this), Ch.Sl. [da], he.  The difference, then,
  between Gr. @G[o@`/-de] and Gaelic [sen-do-s] is this: the Gr. inflects
--page 17
  the first element (@G[o@`]=[so]) and keeps the @G[de] fixed, whereas
  Gaelic reverses the matter by fixing the [sen] and inflecting the
  [do-]; otherwise the roots are the same ultimatley, and used
  for almost similar purposes.
<an>, in, Ir. [a n-] (eclipsing), O.Ir. [i], [i n-], W. [yn], Br. [en]; Lat. [in];
  Gr. @G[e@'n]; Eng. [in], etc.  Generally it appears in the longer form
  [ann], or even as [ann an]; see [ann].
<an>, interrogative particle, Ir. [an], O.Ir. [in]; Lat. [an]; Got. [an].
<an->, negative prefix, Ir. [an-], O.Ir., [an-], [in-]; W., Cor., Br. [an-];
  Celtic [an], I.E. [n@.-], Lat. [in-], Gr. @G[a@'-], @G[a@'n-], Eng. [un-], Skr. [a-], [an-],
  etc.  It appears before labials and liquids (save [n]) as <am->,
  aspirated to <amh->; with consequent "small" vowels, it
  becomes <ain->, <aim->, <aimh->.  Before [g], it becomes [ion-], as in
  [iongantas].  Before [c], [t], [s], the [an-] becomes [eu-] and the [t] and [c]
  become medials (as in [beud], [breug], [feusag]).  See also next
  word.>>
<ana->, negative prefix, O.Ir. [an-], sometimes aspirating; G.
  <ana-creidimh>, disbelief, O.Ir. [ancretem], but [ainfhior], untrue;
  M.Ir. [ainfhi/r].  This suggests a Celtic [anas-] for the first, and
  [ana-] for the second, extensions of the previous [an-]; cognate
  are Gr. @G[a@'\nis], @G[a@'\neu], without; Ger. [ohne], Got. [inu], without.
<ana->, <an->, <ain->, prefix of excess; Ir. [an-], [ain-], M.Ir. [an-]; Ir.
  aspirates where possible (not [t], [d], [g]), Gaelic does so rarely.
  Allied are Gr. @G[a@'na], up, Got. [ana], Eng. [on].  Hence <ana-barr>,
  excess; <ain-neart>, violence; <ain-teas>, excessive heat, etc.
<anabas>, dregs, refuse, also green, unripe stuff cut; from [an-abaich].
<anabhiorach>, centipede, whitlow:
<anacail>, defend, save; Ir. [anacail], protection, E.Ir. [anacul] (do.).
  This Ascoli refers to the same origin as [adnacul]; see [adhlac].
<anacair>, sickness, affliction, so Ir., [an-shocair]. Ir. Jl. 156.  See
  [acarach].
<anadas>, regret (M`D):
<anagna>, irregularity, unusualness (Hend.), [ana-gna/th].
<anail>, breath, Ir. and O.Ir. [ana/l], W. [anadl], [anal], Cor. [anal], Br.
  [alan], Celtic [anatla^]; [an], breathe, Got. [anan], to breathe,
  Skr. [anila], wind.  See [anam] also.
<anainn>, eaves, top of house wall:
<anam>, soul, so Ir., O.Ir. [anim] (d. anmin), Cor. [enef], M.Br. [eneff],
  Br. [ene], Celtic [animon-] (Stokes); Lat. [animus], [anima]; Gr.
  @G[a@'/nemos], wind.
<anamaint>, lust, perversity (Hend.), [ana+me\in].
<anart>, linen, Ir., E.Ir. [anairt], O.Ir. [annart], [*an-arto-]; root [pan],
  [pa@-n]; Lat. [pannus], cloth; Gr. [peno/s], thread on the bobbin;
  Got. [fana], cloth, Ag.S. [fana], small flag, Eng. [vane], [fane].
--page 18
<a\nart>, pride:
<anasta>, stormy; [*an-fadh_asta]; see [anfadh], storm.
<ancachd>, adversity (Hend.):
<an dra\sta>, now; for [an-tra^th-sa], "the time here", q.v.
++<anfadh>, storm; proper G. is [onfhadh], q.v.
<anfhann>, weak, Ir. [anbhfann], M.Ir. [anbfann], [anband]; [an+fann],
  "excessive faint".  See [fann].
<anlamh>, <annlamh>, misfortune; [an-](not)+[lamh]; see [ullamh] for
  [lamh].
<ann>, there, Ir., O.Ir. [and], [*anda] (Stokes); Cyprian Gr @G[a@'/nda]
  (=@G[a@'/utc], this, she]); Lit. [a\ndai|, newly, [a\ns], [ana\], ille, illa;
  Ch.Sl. [onu@u], that; Skr. [ana], this (he).
<ann>, <ann an>, in, Ir. [ann], E.Ir. [ind], O.Ir. [ind-ium] (in me), Celtic
  [endo] (Stokes); Lat. [endo], [indu], into, in; Gr. @G[c@'/ndon], within,
  @G[c@'/ndoqen]; Eng. [indo].  The roots are [en] (see [an]), in, and [do]
  (see [do]), to.  In <ann an>, the two prepositions [ann] and [an]
  are used.  The form <anns> is used before the article and
  relative; the [-s] properly belongs to the article; [anns an],
  in the, is for [ann san].
++<annaid>, <annoid>, a church, M.Ir. [anno/it], O.Ir. [andoo/it], mother-church.
  Stokes refers it to L.Lat. [antitas], for [antiquitas],
  "ancient church".  In Scottish place-names it appears as
  [Annet], [Clach na h-Annaid], etc.  Cf. [annone], church (O'Dav.),
  from Hebrew.
<annaladh>, era, calendar, Ir. [analach], chronicle; from Lat. [annalia].
<annamh>, rare, M.Ir. [annam], E.Ir. [andam]; [*an-dam-], "non-tame";
  root [dam], home, home, etc.; Eng. [domestic], [tame].  Hence
  <annas>, rarity.
<annlamh>, vexation, etc.; see [anlamh].
<annlan>, condiment, E.Ir. [annland], W. [enllyn]; possibly [an+leann].
<annrach>, <a\nrach>, wanderer, stranger; either from [*ann-reth-ach],
  root [reth], run (see [ruith], [faondradh]), or from [*an-rath-ach],
  "unfortunate", root [rath], luck, q.v.
<annrath>, distress, Ir. [anrath]; [an-rath]; see [rath], luck.  The
  E.Ir. [andro/] appears to be of a different origin.
<annsa>, dearer, better liked, so Ir., M.Ir. [andsa], preferable:
<ao->, privative prefix; for [eu-], this is for [an-] (not), before [c] and [t].
  See [an-]
<aobhach>, joyous; see [aoibhinn].
<aobhar>, cause, Ir. [adhbhar], O.Ir. [adbar], [*ad-bero-n]; root [ber], I.E.
  [bher], whence Lat. [fero], Eng. [bear], etc.
<aobharrach>, a young person or beast of good promise, hobble-dehoy;
  from [aobhar], material.
<aobrann>, ankle, O.Ir. [odbrann], W. [uffarn]: [*od-bronn], [*ud-brunn-],
  "out-bulge"; [ud-]=Eng. [out], and [brunn-], see [bru\], belly.
--page 19
  Stokes ([Academy], June, 1892) makes [od-] to be for [pod], foot,
  Gr @G[pou/s], @G[pod-o/s], Eng. [foot], etc.
<aodach>, clothes, Ir. [eudach], O.Ir. [e/tach], [*ant-ac-os]; root [pan], as
  in [anart], q.v.  Cf. Lit. [pinti], plait, twine, Ch.Sl. [pe@?ti], wind,
  Lat [pannus], etc. Strachan cfs. Alb. [ent], [int], weave, Gr.
  @G[a@'/ttomai], weave.
<aodann>, face, Ir. [e/adan], O.Ir. [e/tan], Celtic [antano-] (Stokes); Lat.
  [ante]; Gr. @G[a@'vti/], against; Eng. [and]; Skr. [a/nti], opposite.
<aodraman>, bladder, Ir. [e/adroma/n]; see [aotrom].
<aog>, death; see [eug].
<aogas>, <aogasg>, face, appearance, M.Ir. [e/cosg] (O'Cl), O.Ir. [e/cosc],
  habitus, expression, [*in-cosc]; see [casg], check.  Cf. O.Ir.
  [in-cho-sig], significat.
<aoghaire>, shepherd, so Ir., M.Ir. [aegaire], O.Ir. [augaire], [*ovi-gar-];
  for [ovi-], sheep, see [o/isg].  The [-gar-] is allied to Gr. @G[a@'gei/rw],
  @G[a@'gora/], meeting place, market.
<aoibh>, civil look, cheerful face, Ir. [aoibh], pleasant, humour, E.Ir.
  [a/eb], O.Ir. [o/iph], beauty, appearance, [*aiba^] (Thurneysen),
  mien, look, Prov. Fr. [aib], good manners.  Ascoli refers it to
  the root of [e/ibheall] (q.v.), a live coal, the underlying idea
  being "shining, sheen".  This would agree as to the original
  force with [taitinn], please, [taitneach], pleasant.
<aoibhinn>, pleasant, joyful, so Ir., E.Ir. [a/ibind], [o/ibind].  See above
  word for root.>>
<aoideag>, hair-lace, fillet, from root of [aodach].
<aoigh>, guest, Ir. [aoidhe], pl. [aoidheadha], O.Ir. [o/egi], pl. [o/egid],
  [*(p)oig-it]; cf. the Teutonic [*faig-i@th-], whence Norse [feigr],
  doomed to die, Ag.S. [fa/ege], doomed, Eng. [fey] (Schra@"der).
  Stokes gives the Celtic as [(p)oik-it], [poik], whence Eng. [foe]
  (cf. Lat. [hostis], [hospes]); but the Gaelic [gh] of [aoigh] is against
  this otherwise satisfactory derivation.  As against Schra@"der's
  etymology, might be put a reference to the form found in
  Gr. @G[oi@'/homai], go, Lit. [eiga\], going, gurther root [ei], go; the idea
  being "journey-taker".  Commonly misspelt <aoidh>.
<aoigh>, pleasant countenance, Ir. [aoibh].
<aoine>, fast, <Di-haoine>, Friday, Ir. [aoine], Friday, O.Ir. [oine], fast,
  Br. [iun]; from Lat. [jejunium], a fast, fast-day, Eng. [jejune].
  Stokes suggests Gr. @G[peina/w], hunger, as cognate, making it
  native: [*poin-io-].  Unlikely.
<aoineadh>, a steep brae with rocks, Manx [eaynee], steep place:
<aoir>, a satire, Ir. [aor], E.Ir. [a/er], O.Ir. [a/ir].  [*aigra^], @G[a@'ishos], Got.
  [aiviski]: [aigh] (St.).  Prellwitz gives Gr. and Got. and root.
  Ascoli refers this word and O.Ir. [tatha/ir], reprehensio, to
  [ta\ir], q.v.
<aoir>, sheet or bolt-rope of a sail:
--page 20
<aoirean>, <airean>, ploughman, herdsman, Ir. [oireamh], g. [oireamhan],
  ploughman, the mythic [Eremon], [Airem(on)], [*arjamon-], Skr.
  [Arjaman], further [Aryan](?); root [ar], plough.
<aoirneagan>.  See [aonagail].
<aois>, age, Ir. [aois], O.Ir. [a/es], [a/is], [o/is], W. [oes], [*aivestu-]; Lat.
  [@oevum], [@oetas], Eng. [age]; Gr. @G[ai@'e/s], @G[ai@'ei/], always; Eng. [aye].  From
  [*aie-tu], Lat. [oitor], [utor], @G[di/-aita] (Th. St. Arch. 276).
<aol>, lime, Ir. [aol], O.Ir. [a/el]: [*aidlo-], from [aidh], light, fire, Gr.
  @G[ai@'qw], gleam (St.).  See [Mackay].
<aolach>, dung, Ir. [aoileach], O.Ir. [ailedu], etercora, W. [add-ail],
  eluvies.  Ascoli compares O.Ir. [a/il], probrum, but this word
  is probably cognate with Got. [agls], [aglus], difficult, shameful,
  and may not be allied to [aolach].
<aolais>, indolence:
<aolmann>, ointment: founded on the Eng. [ointment].  Cf. [iarmailt],
  [armailt].
<aom>, incline, Ir. [aomadh], inclining, attracting:
<aon>, one, Ir. [aon], O.Ir. [o/in], [o/en], W., Cor., Br. [un]; Lat. [unus]
  (=[oinos]); Got. [ains], Eng. [one].
<aonach>, moor, market place, Ir. [aonach], fair, assembly, O.Ir.
  [o/inach], [o/enach], fair, [*oin-acos], from [aon], one, the idea being
  "uniting, re-union".  Some have compared the Lat. [agonium],
  fair, but it would scarcely suit the Gaelic phonetics.
<aonach>, panting; see [a\inich].
<aonadh>, ascent:
<aonagail>, <aonairt>, <aoineagan>, wallowing (H.S.D.); see [uainneart];
  [uan]=foam.
<aonais>, want; see [iu\nais].
<aorabh>, bodily or mental constitution:
<aoradh>, worship, Ir. [adhradh], O.Ir. [adrad]; from Lat. [adoratio],
  Eng. [adoration].
<aotrom>, light, Ir. [e/adtrom], O.Ir. [e/tromm]; [*an+trom], "non-heavy".
  See [trom].
<ap>, ape, Ir. [ap], W. [ab]; from Eng. [ape].
<aparan>, apron, gunwale patch (N.H.): from the Eng.
<aparr>, expert; from Sc. [apert], from O.Fr. [aparte/], military skill,
  from Lat. [aperio], open, Eng. [aperient], [expert], etc.
<aparsaig>, knapsack; from Eng. [haversack].
<ar>, <ar n->, our, so Ir. and O.Ir. [*(s)aron]; this form may
  have arisen from unaccented [n@.s-aron] (Jub.), like Got. [uns-ar]
  ([us] of Eng. and [ar]), Ger. [unser], Eng. [our] (Thurneysen).
  Stokes refers it to a Celtic [(n)ostron], allied to Lat. [nostrum].
  See further at [bhur].
--page 21
<ar>, seems; <ar leam>, methinks, Ir. M.Ir. [dar], E.Ir. [indar], [atar],
  with [la], O.Ir. [inda], [ata], [da]; where [ta], [tar] is the verb [tha]
  ([thathar]), is, with prep. or rel. [in] before it.  [Tha leam-sa]
  (Mrs Grant).  See [na], than.
<a\r>, plough, E.Ir. [ar], W. [ar], ploughed land; Lat. [aro]; Lit. [ariu\]
  Got. [arjan], Eng. [ear], plough.
<a\r>, battle, slaughter, Ir. and O.Ir. [a/r], W. [aer], [*agro-]; root [ag],
  drive; Gr. @G[a@'/gra], chase; see [a\gh].
<a\ra>, kidney, Ir. [a/ra(nn)], O.Ir. [a/ru], g. [a/ran], W. [aren], [*n@.fron-];
  Lat. [nefro@-nes]; Gr. @G[nefro/s], Ger. [nieren].  Stokes refers [a/ra] to
  [ad-re^n], the [ren] being the same as Lat. [ren].
<arabhaig>, strife; cf O.Ir. [irba/g], [arbag], [*air-ba@-g], Norse [ba/gr],
  strife.
<a\rach>, rearing; see [a\iridh], shealing.  It is possible to refer this
  word to [*ad-reg-], [reg] being the root which appears in [e/irich].
<a\rachas>, insurance, so Ir., E.Ir. [a/rach], bail, contract, [*ad-rig-],
  root [rig], bind, which see in [cuibhreach].
<a\radh>, a ladder, Ir. [aradh], E.Ir. [a/rad]:
<araiceil>, valiant, important, Ir. [a/rach], strength, [a/rachdach],
  puissant, [*ad-reg-], root [reg], rule, direct.
<a\raidh>, certain, some, Ir. [a/irighe], M.Ir. [a/iridhe], [*ad-rei-]; cf. W.
  [rhai], [rhyw], some, certain, which Rhys compares to Got. [fraiv], seed.
<ar-amach>, rebellion; for [*eirigh-amach], "out-rising".
<aran>, bread, Ir., M.Ir., [ara/n]; root [ar], join, Gr. @G[arariskw], @G[a@'/rtos].
  See next.>>
<arbhar>, corn, so Ir., E.Ir. [arbar]; O.Ir. [arbe], frumentum; Lat.
  [arvum], field.  Also Gaul. [arinca], "frumenti genus Gallicum"
  (Pliny), Gr. @G[a@'/rakos], vetch, Skr. [arakas], a plant.
<arbhartaich>, dispossess; [*ar-bert-]; [ar] for [ex-ro/]?
<arc> fungus on decayed wood, cork, <arcan>, cork, a cork, stopple,
  Ir. [arcan], cork (Lh.):
<archuisg>, experiment (Sh.):
<arcuinn>, cow's udder:
<a\rd>, high, Ir., E.Ir. [a^rd], Gaul. [Ardvenna]; Lat. [arduus]; Gr. @G[o@'rqo/s]
<ard-dorus>, lintel, Ir. [ardorus], [fardorus]; [a\rd-] here is a piece of
  folk etymology, the real word being [ar], [air], upon.  See [air]
  and [dorus].
<arfuntaich>, disinherit; [*ar-fonn-].  See [arbhartaich].
<argarrach>, a claimant; [*air+gar]; see [goir].
<argumaid>, argument, Ir. [argumeint], O.Ir. [argumint]; from Lat.
  [argumentum].
<a\rlas>, chimney, E.Ir. [forle/s], roof light; [air+leus], q.v.
<arm>, weapon, Ir., O.Ir. [arm], W. [arf]; from Lat. [arma], whence
  Eng. [arms].  Stokes says unlikely from Lat.
--page 22
<armadh>, working wool in oil, the oil for working wool. Cf.
  [aolmann].
<a\rmunn>, a hero, Ir. [armann], sn oggivrt, E.Ir. [armand], from an
  oblique case of Norse [a/rma@dhr] (g. [a/rmanns], harmost, steward.
<a\rloch>, hamlet, dwelling:
<a\ros>, a dwelling, Ir. [a/rus], M.Ir. [aros], W. [araws], [aros]; [*ad-rostu-];
  Eng. [rest] is allied to [rostu-].
<arpag>, a harpy; from Lat. [harpyia], Eng. [harpy].
<arraban>, distress: [*ar-reub-]?
<arrabhalach>, treacherous fellow; see [farbhalach].
<arrachar>, rowing, steering (Arm.): [*ar-reg-], root [reg], direct.
<arrachd>, spectre, Ir., E.Ir. [arracht]; [*ar-rig-]; see [riochd] for root.
  Ir. has also [arrach], contour, spectre.
<arrachogaidh>, the first hound that gets wind of, or comes up to the deer
  (Sh.):
<arraghaideach>, careless (Sh.):
<arraideach>, erratic: from the Eng.? [earraid], hermit?
<arraidh>, <farraidh>, suspicion (M`D).
<arraing>, a stitch, convulsions, so Ir.; [*ar-vreng-]? Eng. [wrench], etc.
<arral>, foolish pride:
<arronta>, bold; see [farranta].
<arrusg>, awkwardness, indecency, <arusg> (M`A.):
<ars>, <arsa>, quoth, Ir. [ar], E.Ir. [ar].  The [s] of the Gaelic really belongs
  to the pronoun [se/] or [si\], said he, said she, "ar se/, ar si\".  Cf.
  M.G. "ar san tres ughdar glic" - said the third wise author
  ([san] being the full art.; now [ars an].  The E.Ir. forms [bar]
  and [for], inquit, point to the root [sver], say, Eng. [swear],
  [answer].  Stokes refers it to the root [ver], [verdh], Eng. [word],
  adducing E.Ir. [fordat], [ordat], [oldat], inquiunt, for the [verdh]
  root.  Thurneysen objects that [ol] or [for] is a preposition, the
  [-dat] being the verb [ta] on analogy with other forms [inda/s],
  [olda/te].  The original is [al], propter, "further" (see "thall"),
  like Lat. [tum] ("tum ille" - then he), later [or] or [for], and
  later still [ar] - all prepositions, denoting "further".
<a\rsaidh>, old, Ir. [a/rsaidh], O.Ir. [arsid]: [*ar-sta-]; [sta], stand.  It was
  not observed that Stokes had the word; but the same conclusion
  is reached.  His stem is [*(p)arosta^t], from [paros],
  before, and [sta^t], Skr. [pura/sta^t], erst.
<arsnaig>, arsenic; from the Eng.
<arspag>, large species of sea-gull, larus major:
<artan> a stone; see [airtein].
<artlaich>, baffle; see [fairtlich].
<a\ruinn>, a forest; [*ag-ro-ni-], root [ag], Gr. @G[a@'/gra], the chase.
--page 23
<as>, <a>, out of, from, Ir. [as], O.Ir. [ass], [a], W. [a], [oc], Br. [a], [ag], Gaul.
  [ex-]; Lat. [ex]; Gr. [e@'x], etc.  <as-> is also used as a privative
  particle.
<asaid>, delivery; see [aisead].
<asair>, also <fasair>, the herb "asara bacca"; borrowed from Latin
  name.
<asair>, harness, shoemaker, Ir. [asaire], shoemaker, [assain], greaves,
  etc., O.Ir. [assa], soccus; Gr. @G[pax], sandal (Hes.), Lat. [baxea];
  root [pa@-g], fit, Gr. @G[pc/gnumi] (Stokes).
<asal>, an ass, so Ir., M.Ir. [assal], W. [asyn], Cor. [asen].  G. and Ir.
  are borrowed from Lat. [assellus], the W. and Corn. from Lat.
  [asinus].
<asbhuain>, stubble; [*as-buain], "out-reaping", q.v.
<ascaoin>, unkind, wrong side of cloth ([caoin is ascaoin]); [as-],
  privative, and [caoin], q.v.
<ascart>, tow, Ir. [asgartach], M.Ir. [escart], W. [carth], Br. [skarz],
  [*ex-skarto-], [*skarto-], dividing, root [sker], separate; Gr. [skw/r],
  dung; Eng. [sharn]; etc.
<asgaidh>, present, boon, E.Ir. [ascad], O.Ir. [ascid] (Meyer); for
  root, see [taisg].
<asgailt>, a retreat, shelter; see [fasgadh], [sga\il]: [*ad-scath-], [ascaid].
<asgall>, bosom, armpit, so Ir., Br. [askle], W. [asgre], bosom.  The
  same as [achlais] (q.v.) be metathesis of the [s].
<asgan>, a grig, merry creature, dwarf (Arm.).  See [aisteach].
<asgnadh>, ascending, so Ir.; [*ad-sqendo^-]; :at. [scando], etc.
<aslach>, request, Ir., O.Ir. [aslach], persuasio, [adslig], persuades; for
  root, see [slighe], way.
<aslonnach>, prone to tell (Arm.), E.Ir. [asluindim], I request; [*ad-sloinn],
  q.v.
<asp>, an asp, W. [asp], from the Eng.
<a\sran>, a forlorn object, Ir. [asra/nnach], [astrannach], a stranger: from
  [astar]?
<astail>, a dwelling; see [fasdail].
<astail>, a contemptible fellow (M`A.):
<astar>, a journey, Ir. [asdar], [astar], E.Ir. [astur]; [*ad-sod-ro-n], root
  [sod], [sed], go; Gr. @G[o@`do/s], way, Ch.Sl. [choditi], go; Eng. [ex-odus].
  Stokes (Bez. Beit.@+[21] 1134) now gives its Celtic form as
  [*adsi^tro-], root [sai] of [saothar], toil.
<a\suing>, <a\suinn>, <a\suig>, apparatus, weapon; see [asair](?).
<at>, swell, Ir. [at], O.Ir. [att], [*(p)at-to-], root [pat], extend, as in
  [aitheamh], q.v.  Stokes gives Celtic as [azdo-] (Got. [asts], twig,
  etc.); but this would be Gaelic [ad].
++<atach>, request, B.of Deer [atta/c], E.Ir. [atach], O.Ir. [ateoch], I
  pray, [*ad-tek-]; Eng. [thig].
--page 24
<atach>, cast-off clothes (Uist, etc.)=[ath-aodach].
<ataig>, <atuinn>, a palisade, stake:
<atamach>, fondling, caressing (M`A):
<ath>, next, again: see [ath-].
<ath>, flinch; from [ath-], back. Hence <athach>, modest.
<ath->, <aith>, re-, so Ir., O.Ir. [ath-], [aith-], [ad-], [*ati], W. [ad-], Br. [at-],
  [az-]; Gaul. [ate]: Lat. [at], but, [at-] ([atavus]); Lit. [at-], [ata-], back,
  Slav. [otu@u]; Skr. [ati], over.  Stokes divides Celtic [ati-] into two,
  meaning respectively "over" and "re-"; but this seems
  unnecessary.
<a\th>, a ford, Ir., O.Ir. [a/th], [*ja^tu-]; Skr.[ya^], to go; Lit. [jo/ti], ride
  (Stokes).  <Beul-a\th>:
<a\th>, a kiln, Ir. [a/ith], W. [odyn].  Stokes refers this to a pre-Celtic
  [apati-], [apatino-], parallel to Eng. [oven], Got. [auhns], Gr. @G[i@'pno/s].
  Bezzenberger suggests the Zend. [a^tar], fire, as related.
<athach>, a giant, Ir. [fathach], [athach]; root [pat], extend?
++<athach>, a breeze, Ir., O.Ir. [athach]; Gr. @G[a@'tmo/s], vapour, Eng.
  [atmosphere]; Ger. [atem], breath; etc.
<athainne>, embers, so Ir.; [*ath-teine](?)  See [aithinne].
<athailt>, a scar; see [ath-ail]; see [ail], mark.
<athair>, father, so Ir., O.Ir. [athir]; Lat. [pater]; Gr. @G[patc/r]; Skr.
  [pita/r]; Eng. [father].
<athair-neimh>, serpent, Br. [aer], [azr]; for [nathair-neimh], q.v.
<athair-thalmhainn>, yarrow, milfoil, Ir. and M.Ir. [athair talman];
  "pater-telluris!"  Also [earr-thalmhainn], which suggests
  borrowing from Eng. [yarrow].
<athais>, leisure; [ath-fois] = delay, q.v.
<athar>, evil effect, consequence (M`A., Whyte), [*at-ro-n] from [ath],
  "re-".  See [comharradh].  Sc. [aur] = [athailt].
<athar>, sky, air, Ir. [aie/ur], air, sky, O.Ir. [ae/r], [aier], W. [awyr]; from
  Lat. [aer], whence Eng. [air].  See St. for [ae/r], [*aver]?  Cf.
  [padhal], [ataidhir], [adhal].
<atharla>, heifer; possibly [ath-ar-laogh], "ex-calf".  Cf. E.Ir.
  [aithirni], calf.
<atharnach>, second crop, ground cropped and ready for ploughing
  (N.H.) [ath-eo\rn-ach]? [*ath-ar-nach], root [ar], plough.
<atharrach>, alteration, Ir. [atharrach], O.Ir. [aitherrach], Br. [adarre],
  afresh, [arre], [*ati-ar-reg-], rrot [reg] of [e\irich].  Stokes analyses
  it into [ati-ex-rego^], that is [ath-e/irich].
<atharrais>, mocking, imitating (M`K.); (Dial. [ailis]): [ath-aithris],
  "re-say", Ir. [aithris], tell, imitation.  See [aithris].
--page 25
<ba!>, part of lullaby; onomatopoetic.  Cf. Eng. [baby], Ger. [bube],
  etc.
<ba\>, <ba\th>, foolish, Fernaig MS. [bah]: "deadly", (talky?), root [ba@--],
  kill (speak?); see [ba\s].  Cf. Lat. [fatuus].
<babag>, tassle; see [pab].
<babhd>, a surmise (M`A.), a quirk; from Lat. [faut].
<babhsganta>, <baosganta>, cowardly; see [bodhbh]; [babhsgadh], fright,
  shock (Hend.).
<ba\bhun>, bulwark, enclosure for cattle, Ir. [ba/bhu/n], whence Eng.
  [bawn], M.Ir. [bo/dhu/n] (Annals of Loch Ce/, 1199); from [bo/] and
  [du\n], q.v.
<bac>, hindrance, Ir. [bac], M.Ir. [bacaim] (vb.).  See next word.>>
<bac>, a crook, Ir. [bac], O.Ir. [bacc], W. [bach], Br. [bac'h], Celtic [bakko-s];
  [*bag-ko-], Norse [bak], Eng. [back].  Hence <bacach>, lame, E.Ir.
  [bacach], W. [bachog], crooked.
<bac-mo\ine>, tuf-pit or bank (N.H.); from Norse [bakki], a bank,
  Eng. [bank].  Hence also place-name [Back].
<bacastair>, baker, <bacaladh>, oven, Ir. [bacail], baker; all from the
  Eng. [bake], [baxter].
<bacan>, stake, hinge, Ir. and E.Ir. [baca/n].  From [bac].
<bach>, drunkenness, Ir. [bach]: from Lat. [Bacchus].
<bachall>, shepherd's crook, crozier, Ir. [bachul], O.Ir. [bachall], W.
  [bagl], crutch; from Lat. [baculum], staff; Gr. @G[baktcria/], Eng.
  [bacteria].  [Bachull gille], slovenly fellow (M`D.).
<bachar>, acorn, "Molucca bean", Ir. [bachar]; forrowed from or
  allied to Lat. [baccar], Gr. @G[ba/kkaris], nard.
<bachlag>, a shoot, a curl, Ir. [bachlo/g]; from [bachall] (Thurneysen).
<bachoid>, the boss of a shield, Ir. [bocoide], bosses of shields; from
  L.Lat. [buccatus], Lat. [bucca], cheek.  See [bucaid].
<bad>, a cluster, thicket; cf. Br. [bot], [bod], bunch of grapes, thicket;
  common in Breton and Scotch place names; probably a
  Pictish word.  Cf. Eng. [bud], earlier [bodde].  Cf. Lat. [fascis]
  ([*fa@dh-scis]), [*fa@dh-sk-], Norse, Eng. [bast]?
<badhal>, a wandering, <ba\dharan>; possibly from the root [ba], go,
  as in [bothar], q.v.  H.S.D. suggests [ba\+dol].
<ba\dhan>, a churchyard (Sutherland), i.e. "enclosure", same as
  [ba\bhun].
<ba\dhar> (H.S.D.), <badhar> (Carm.), placenta of cow:
<bag>, a bag; from the Eng.
<bagaid>, a cluster, troop, W. [bagad], Br. [bogod]; from Lat. [bacca]
  (Thurneysen, Ernault).
--page 26
<bagaire>, a glutton; from [bag] in the sence of "belly".
<bagair>, threaten, so Ir., E.Ir. [bacur], a threat.  The W. [bygwl], a
  threat, etc., is scarcely allied, for it comes from [bwg], a spectre,
  bogie, whence possibly the English words [bogie], [boggle], etc.
  G. [bagair] may be allied with the root underlying [bac]; possibly
  [bag-gar-], "cry-back".
<bagaisde>, baggage, lumber (of a person) (Wh.), from [baggage].
<ba\gh>, a bay, Ir. [ba/dh]; from Eng. [bay], Romance [baja].
<baghan>, a stomach ([baoghan], with [ao] short).  Dial. <maghan>
  (Sutherland); cf. Eng. [maw], Ger. [magen], Norse [magi].
<baibeil>, lying, given to fables; from Eng. [babble].
<baideal>, tower, battlement, ensign, <badealach>, bannered; from
  M.Eng. [battle], [battlement], which is of the same origin as
  [battlement].
<ba\idh>, love, Ir. [ba/idhe], M.Ir. [ba/ide], [ba/de], [*ba^di-s] (Stokes).  Cf.
  Gr. @G[fw/tion], friendly (Hes.), for [fw/qion]; root [bha@-], whence
  Gr. @G[fw/s], man.
<baidreag>, a ragged garment; see [paidreag].
<ba\idse>, musician's fee; from the Eng. [batch]?
<baigeir>, a beggar; from Eng.
<baigileis>, looe lumber or baggage (Argyle); from [baggage].
<bail>, thrift, Ir. [bail], success, careful collection, M.Ir. [bail], goodness,
  E.Ir. [bulid]: @G[fulla]; I.E. root [bhel], swell, increase.
  See [buil], [bile].  Hence <baileach>.  Cf. [adhbhal], @G[be/lteros].
<bailbheag>, a corn poppy; also <beilbheag>, <mealbhag>, <meilbheag>.
<bailc>, a ridge, beam, W. [balc], from Eng. [balk].
<bailc>, seasonable rain, showers:
<bailceach>, strong, a strong man, E.Ir. [balc], strong, W. [balch],
  (Stokes).  Likely a Celtic [bal-ko-], root [bal], as in [bail].  So
  Ost.; Skr. [balam], strength ([adhbhal]), Gr. @G[be/lteros]; Wh. St.
  [boliji@u], greater; Lat. [debilis].
<baile>, town, township, Ir., E.Ir. [baile], [*balio-s], a pre-Celtic
  [bhv-alio-], root [bhu-], be; Gr, [fwleo/s], a lair; Norse [bo/l], a
  "bally", further Eng. [build], [booth].
<baileach>, excessive; see [bail].  Also <buileach>.
<ba\ilisdeir>, babbler, founded on Eng. Scandinavian [balderdash].
<ba\illidh>, a magistrate, balie; from Sc. [bailzie] (Eng. [bailiff]), Fr.
  [bailli].
<baineasag>, a ferret, Ir. [baineaso/g]; [ba/n+neas], "white weasel", q.v.
<ba\inidh>, madness, fury, Ir. [ba/inidhe]; Ir. [mainigh] (O'Br.), from
  Lat. [mania]; see [ba\].
<bainisg>, a little old woman, female satirist (Carm.) = [ban=e/isg];
  from [ban], [bean], q.v.
<bainne>, milk, Ir., M.Ir. [bainne]; also <boinne>, milk (Sutherland),
  a drop, Ir., M.Ir. [bainne], milk. O.Ir. [banne], drop
--page 27
  Cor., Br. [banne], gutta; root [bha]; O.Slav. [banja], bath; Eng.
  [bath], etc.
<ba\ir>, a game, goal, Ir. [ba/ire], hurling match, goal, M.Ir. [ba/ire]:
  [*bag-ro-], root [ba@-g-], strive; see [arabhaig].  <ba\ireach>, a ball.
<baircinn>, side timbers of a house (Sh.):
<baireachd>, quarrelling (Carm.); cf. [ba\irseag].
++<bairghin>, bread, cake, Ir. [bairghean], E.Ir. [bargen], W., Cor., and
  Br. [bara], panis, [*bargo-]; Lat. [ferctum], oblation cake; Ag.S.
  [byrgan], to taste, Norse [bergja], taste.
<ba\irich>, lowing; root of [bo/], cow.  Cf. [bu\irich].
<ba\irig>, bestow; from Eng. [ware], as also [bathar].
<ba\irleigeadh>, <ba\irneigeadh>, warning, summonsl; from the Eng.
  [warning].
<ba\irlinn>, rooling wave, billow; [ba\ir-linn], from ++<ba\ir>, wave, borrowed
  from Norse [ba/ra], wave, billow.  For [linne], see that
  word.
<ba\irneach>, a limpet, Ir. [ba/irneach] (Fol.), W. [brenig], Cor. [brennic]:
  from M.Eng. [bernekke], now [barnacle], from Med.Lat. [bernaca].
  Stokes takes [ba\irnech] from [barenn], rock, as Gr. [lepa/s], limpet,
  is allied to [le/pas], rock.
<ba\irneachd>, judgment (Sh.), Ir., W., Br. [barn], root [ber] in [bra\th],
  q.v.
<ba\irseag>, a scold (Sh.), Ir. [bairseach], M.Ir. [bairsecha], foolish
  talk, [bara], wrath, W. [ba^r], wrath.  Stokes refers [bara] to the
  same origin as Lat. [ferio], I strike, Norse [berja], smite, etc.
<baisceall>, a wild person (Sh.); M.Ir. [basgell] (i. [geltan], [boiscell];
  root in [ba\], foolish? [+ciall].
<baiseach>, a heavy shower, Ir. [ba/isdeach], rain, [bais], water; cf. O.Ir.
  [baithis], baptism, which may be borrowed from Lat. [baptisma]
  (Windish).  The root here is [bad], of [ba\th], drown.  Ir.
  [baiseach], raining (Clare), from [baisteadh], Lat. [baptisma] (Zim.).
<baist>, baptise, Ir. [baisd], O.Ir. [baitsim], from Lat. [baptizo], which
  is from Gr. @G[bapti/zw], dip.
<baiteal>, a battle; from Eng. [battle].
<balach>, clown, lad, Ir. [balach], clown, churl; cf. Skr. [ba@-lakas], a
  little boy, from [ba@-la], young.  But cf. W. [bala], budding, root
  [bhel].  Rathlin Ir. [bachlach].
<balaiste>, ballast; from the Eng.
<balbh>, dumb, so Ir., E.Ir. [balb]; borrowed from Lat. [balbus].
<balc>, ridge, etc.; see [bailc].  Also "calf of leg" (Wh.).
<balc>, misdeed:
<balcach>, splay-footed (H.S.D.).  Cf. Gr. @G[folko/s], bandy-legged(?).
<balg>, belly, bag, Ir. [bolg], O.Ir. [bolc], W. [bol], [boly], belly, Cor. [bol],
  Gaulish [bulga] (Festus), sacculus; Got. [balgs], wine-skin,
  Norse [belgr], skin, bellows, Eng. [belly].
--page 28
<balgair>, a fox:
<balgum>, mouthful, M.G. [bolgama] (pl.), Ir. [blogam]; from [balg].  Cf.
  O.Ir. [bolc uisce], a bubble.
<ball>, a member, Ir., O.Ir. [ball]; Gr. @G[fallo/s]; Eng. [phallus]; root
  [bhel], swell.
<ball>, a spot, Ir., M.Ir. [ball], white-spotted on forehead (of a horse),
  Br. [bal] (do.).  The Gaelic suggests a stem [bal-no-], Celtic root
  [bal], white, Gr. @G[falo/s], shining, [fa/laros] (phala@-ros), white-spotted
  (of animals); I.E. [bhe@-l]: [bhale], shine; whence Eng.
  [bale]-fire.  Stokes says the Irish [ball] seems allied to the
  Romance [balla], a ball, Eng. [bale] and [ball](?).  Hence <ballach>,
  spotted.  W. [bal], spotted on forehead.
<ball>, a ball; from Eng.
<balla>, wall, Ir. [balla] (Four Masters), [fala] (Munster); from
  M.Eng. [bailly], an outer castle wall, now in Old Bailey, from
  Med.Lat. [ballium].
<ballaire>, a cormorant; from [ball], spot.
<ballan>, a vessel, tub, Ir. [balla/n], E.Ir. [ballan].  Stokes cfs. Norse
  [bolli], bowl, Eng. [bowl], and says that the Gaelic is probably
  borrowed.
<ballart>, boasting, clamour; probably from Norse [ballra], strepere,
  [baldrast], make a clatter (Eng. [balderdash]), Ger. [poltern].
<balt>, a welt: see [bolt].
<ba\n>, white, Ir., O.Ir. [ba/n]; I.E. root [bha@-], shine; Gr. @G[fano/s] (@G[a]
  long), bright; Skr. [bha^nu\], light; further away is Eng. [bale]
  ([bale]-fire).
<ban->, <bana->, she-, female-; see [bean].
<banabachadh>, worse for wear (M`D):
<banachag>, dairymaid:
<banachdach>, vaccination:
<banair>, sheep fold; see rather [mainnir].
<banais>, a wedding, wedding feast, Ir. [bainfheis], wedding feast,
  M.Ir. [banais], g. [baindse]; from [ban+fe/isd]?
<banarach>, dairymaidl from [ban-] and [a\ireach].
++<banbh>, a pig, Ir. [banbh], E.Ir. [banb], W. [banw], Br. [banv], [bano],
  [*banvo-s].  The word appears as [Banba], a name for Ireland,
  and, in Scotland, as Banff.  M`L. and D. gives the further
  meaning of "land unploughed for a year".
<banc>, a bank; from the Eng.
<ba\nchuir>, squeamishness at sea (H.S.D., which derives it from
  [ba\n] and [cuir]).
<bangadh>, a binding, promise (Sh., H.S.D.), Ir. [bangadh].  (H.S.D.
  suggests Lat. [pango], whence it may have come.
<bangaid>, a banquet, christening feastl from Eng. [banquet].
--page 29
<bann>, a belt, band; from Eng. [band].  It also means a "hinge".
  Dialectic <spann>.
<bannag>, a Christmas cake; from the Sc. [bannock].  See [bonnach].
<bannag>, corn-fan; from Lat. [vannus], Eng. [fan].
<bannal>, a troop, gang, Ir. [banna]; from Eng. [band].  Cf. E.Ir.
  [ban-da/l], assembly of ladies.  Also <pannail>.
<bansgal> (Dial. [banasgal]), a female, a hussy, Ir. [bansgal], E.Ir.
  [bansca/l], O.Ir. [banscala], servae; root of [sgalag].
<bantrach>, a widow, E.Ir. [bantrebthach], landlady: [ban+trebthach],
  farmer, from [treb] in [treabhadh], [aitreabh].
<baobh>, a wicked woman, witch, Ir. [badhbh], hoodie crow, a fairy, a
  scold, E.Ir. [badb], crow, demon, [Badba], the Ir. war-goddess,
  W. [bod], kite, Gaul. [Bodv-], [Bodvo-gnatus], W. [Bodnod]; Norse
  [bo@"@dh], g. [bo@dhvar], war, Ag.S. [beadu], g. [beadwe], [*badwa-] (Rhys.).
  In Stokes' Dict. the Skr. [ba/dhate], oppress, Lit. [ba/das], famine,
  are alone given.  Also <baogh>.
<baodhaiste>, ill usage from the weather:
<baoghal>, danger, so Ir., O.Ir. [baigul], [baegul]; cf. Lit. [bai-me@?], fear,
  [bai-gus], shy, Skr. [bhayate], fear.
<baoghan>, a calf, anything jolly; from [baoth].
<baogram>, a flighty emotion (Dialectic); founded on <baogadh>, a dialectic
  form of [biog], q.v.
<baoileag>, blaeberry; cf. Eng. [bil]berry, Dan. [bo@"lle]b@aer.
<baoireadh>, foolish talk; founded on [baothaire], fool, from [baoth], q.v.
++<baois>, lust, so Ir., E.Ir. [baes], [*baisso-] (Stokes); compared by
  Bezzenberger to Gr. @G[faidro/s], shining, and by Strachan to the
  root [gheidh], desire, Lit. [geidu], desire, Ch.Sl. [z@?ida], expetere,
  Goth. [gaidw], a want.  Possibly allied to Lat. [foedus], foul.
<baois>, madness, so Ir., E.Ir. [ba/is]; from [baoth] (Zim. Z@+[32] 229)
  = [ba/ithas].  Cf. [sgi\th], [sgi\os].
<baoisg>, shine forth: see [boillsg].
<baoiteag>, a small wite maggot; see [boiteag].
<baol>, nearness of doing anything (M`A.); [baoghal]?  Cf. its use
  in Fern. MS.
<baoth>, foolish, so Ir., O.Ir. [ba/ith], [baeth]; root [bai], fear, as in
  [baoghal]; Cor. [bad], Br. [bad], stupidity, are not allied, nor is
  Goth. [bauths], dumb, as some suggest.  Hence <baothair>, fool.
<bara>, a barrow, Ir. [bara], E.Ir. [bara]; from M.Eng. [barowe], Eng.
  [barrow].
<barail>, opinion, Ir. [baramhuil], M.Ir. [baramail]: [bar+samhail];
  for [bar-], see [ba\irneachd], [bra\th].
<baraill>, a barrel, Ir. [ba/irille], E.Ir. [barille], W. [baril]; from M.E.
  [barel], from O.Fr. [baril].
<baraisd>, <barraisd>, borage; Ir. [barraist]; from the Eng. [borage].
<baran>, a baron; Ir. [baru/n], W. [barwn]; from the Eng.
--page 30
<barant>, surety, warrant, Ir., M.Ir. [bara/nta], W. [gwarant]; from
  M.Eng. [warant], now [warrant].  So St.
<barbair>, a barber, Ir. [bearrbo/ir] (Fol.), W. [barfwr]; from the Eng.
<barbarra>, barbarous, Ir. [barbartha]; from Lat. [barbarus], Eng.
  [barbarous].
<bar-bhrigein>, silver-weed (Arm.); also <brisgean> (from [brisg]):
<barbrag>, tangle tops, barberry; from Eng. [barberry].  In Lewis,
  the former is called <bragaire>.
<ba\rc>, a bark, boat, Ir. [ba/rc], E.Ir. [barc], W. [barg], Br. [barc].  These
  words are all ultimately from the Late Latin [barca], whence
  throught Fr. comes Eng. [bark].
<ba\rc>, rush (as water), Ir. [ba/rcaim], break out; cf. M.Ir. [barc],
  multitude; Lat. [farcio], cram, [frequens], numerous.
<ba\rd>, a poet, Ir. [ba/rd], E.Ir. [bard], W. [bardd], Br. [barz], Gaul.
  [bardos], [*bardo-s]; Gr. @G[fra/zw] (@G[frad-]), speak (Eng. [phrase].
<ba\rd>, dyke, inclosure, meadow, Ir. [ba/rd], a guard, garrison; from
  Eng. [ward], enclosed pasture land (Liddell 35).
<bargan>, a bargain, W. [bargen]; from the Eng. [bargain].
<ba\rlag>, a rag, tatter-demalion; cf. Ir. [barli/n], sheet, for [braith-li/n],
  q.v.
<ba\rluadh>, a term in pipe music; from Eng. [bar] + G. [luath].
<ba\rnaig>, a summons; from the Eng. [warning].
<barpa>, barrow, cairn (H.S.D., a Skye word).  Cape Wrath is
  [Am Parph] in Gaelic ([An Carbh], Lewis); from Norse [Hvarf],
  a turning, rounding, Eng. [wharf].
<ba\rr>, top, Ir. [ba/rr], O.Ir. [barr], W., Cor. [bar], Br. [barr], [*barso-];
  Norse [barr], pine needles, Ag.S. [byrst], Eng. [bristle], [burr]; Lat.
  [fastiguim] (for [farstigium], top; Skr. [bhr@.shti], a point.  Hence
  <barrachd>, overplus.  <ba\rrlach>, refuse, flotsam (Wh.).
<barra>, a spike, bar, Ir. [ba/rra], W. [bar], nail, etc.; all from the Eng.
  [bar].
<barra-gu\g>,, potato bloom, bud.  See [gucag].  Also [barr-guc].
<ba\rraisg>, boasting, brag, <ba\rsaich>, vain, prating; see [ba\irseag].
<barramhaise>, a cornice (A.M`D.); [barr+maise].  Also <barr-maisich>
  (verb), ornament (M`A.).
<barrlait>, a check (Carm.):
<bas>, palm of the hand, Ir., O.Ir. [bas], [bass], [boss], Br. [boz], [*bosta^];
  Gr. @G[a@'gosto/s].
<ba\s>, death, Ir., O.Ir. [ba/s]; Celtic root [ba@-], [ba], hit, slay, whence
  Gaul. Lat. [batuere] (Eng. [battls], etc.); Ag.S. [beadu], war.
<basaidh>, a basin; from Sc. [bassie], Eng. [basin].
<bascaid>, a basket, Ir. [basgaod], W. [basged]; from the Eng. [basket].
<basdal>, noise, gaiety; from Norse [bastle], turmoil.
<basdard>, a bastard, so Ir. and M.Ir., W. [basdardd]; all from the
  Eng. [bastard].
--page 31
<basgaire>, mourning, Ir. [bascarrach], lamentation, clapping with
  the hands, M.Ir. [basgaire]; [bas+gaire], "palm-noise"; for
  [baire], see [goir].  Also <basraich>.
<basganta>, melodious:
<basg-luath>, vermilion; from the obsolete adg. [basg], red, E.Ir.
  [basc], and [luath], ashes, q.v.  Stokes cfs. [basc] to Lat. [bacca]
  (for [bat-ca]), berry.
<bat>, <bata>, a stick, Ir. [bata]; from M.Eng. [batte], stick, now [bat],
  which comes from O.Fr. [batte], from Gaul. Lat. [battuere], as
  under [ba\s], q.v.  The Br. [baz] seems borrowed from the Fr.
  thought it may be native.
<ba\ta>, a boat, Ir. [ba/d], M.Ir. [ba/t], W. [ba^d]; all from Ag.S. [ba^t], Eng.
  [boat], Norse, [ba/tr] (Stokes).  K. Meyer takes Ir. and G. from
  the Norse.
<batail>, a fight; see [baiteal].
<ba\th>, drown, Ir. [ba/thaim], O.Ir. [ba/dud] (inf.), W. [boddi], Br. [beuzi];
  I.E. [@ga@-dh], sink, Gr. @G[baqu/s], deep, @G[-bdu/w], sink, Skr. [ga@-has], the
  deep.  Gl. [fodio] (Ern.).
<ba\th>, vain, foolish (Hend.); see <ba\>.  Skye.
<ba\thaich>, a byre, Ir. [bothigh], W. [beudy]; [bo/+tigh], "cow-house".
<bathais>, forehead, Ir. [baithis], pate, E.Ir. [baithes], crown of the
  forehead; [*bat-esti-], from [bat], I.E. [bha@-], shine, Gr. @G[fa/sis],
  appearance, [phase].  See [ba\n] further.  Lat. [facies], face,
  appearance, may be allied, though the latest authorities
  connect it with [facio], make.
<bathar>, wares; from the Eng. [wares].
++<beabhar>, beaver, Ir. [beabhar] (Lh.), Cor. [befer], Br. [bieuzr], Gaul.
  [Bibrax]; Lat. [fiber]; Eng. [beaver], A.S. [be/ofor].  Gaelic and
  Ir. are doubtful.
<beach>, a bee, so Ir., O.Ir. [bech], W. [begegyr], drone, [*biko-s]; a root
  [bi-] appears in Eng. [bee], Ag. S. [beo/] (=[*bija]), Ger. [biene]
  (=[*bi-nja]), Lit. [bitis].  Stokes makes the Celtic stem [beko-s],
  but does not compare it with any other language.
<beachd>, opinion, notice, Ir. [beacht], certain, E.Ir. [becht], [bechtaim], I
  certify; [*bhig-to-]; Lat. [figo] (St. Z.C.P. 71).
<beadaidh>, impudent, fastidious, Ir. [be/adaidh], [beadaidh], sweet-mouthed,
  scoffing; E.Ir. [bet], talking, shameless girl (Corm.):
  [*beddo-], [*bez-do-], root [bet], [@get], as in [beul].
<beadradh>, fondling, caressing, <beadarrach>, pampered:
<beag>, little, Ir. [beag], O.Ir. [becc], W. [bach], Cor. [bechan], Br. [bic'han],
  [bian], [*bezgo-]; Lat. [vescus] (=[gvesgus])?  Some have connected
  it with Gr. @G[mikro/s], Dor.Gr. [mikko/s], and Dr Cameron suggested
  Lat. [vix], scarcely.
<beairt>, engine, loom: see [beart].
<beairtean>, shrouds, rigging; see [beart].
--page 32
<bealach>, a pass, Ir. [bealach], pass, road, E.Ir. [belach], cf. Skr.
  [bi/la], gap, mouth; [bilako-n] (C.RR. 174).  Cf. W. [bwlch], pass,
  etc?  See [bile].
<bealaidh>, broom, Ir. [beally/i] (Lh. [Comp. Voc.]); cf. Br. [balan],
  M.Br. [balazn], O.Fr. [balain]; also Fr. [balai], older [balain], a
  broom.  This might be referred to the common root [bhel],
  bloom (prolific as a root, like the corresponding root of [broom],
  as in W. [balannu], to bud), but the W. for "broom" is [banadl],
  Cor. [banathel], which M. Ernault has compared with Lat.
  [genista], broom (root [gen], beget?).  Jub. gives Br. as [banadlon]
  (R.C.@+[18] 106).  The Br. might be a metathesis of W. [banadl]
  (cf. Br. [alan] v. [anail]).  It is possible that Gaelic is borrowed
  from the Pictish; the word does not appear in the Ir.
  Dictionaries, save in Lh.'s Celt. part, which perhaps proves
  nothing.
<bealbhan-ruadh>, a species of hawk (Sh., O'R.); for [bealbhan], cf.
  ++<bealbhach>, a bit, from [beul], mouth?
<bealtuinn>, May-day, Ir. [be/alteine], E.Ir. [beltene], [belltaine], [*belo-te(p)nia^]
  (Stokes), "bright-fire", where [belo-] is allied to Eng.
  [bale] ("bale-fire"), Ag.S. [bael], Lit. [baltas], white.  The Gaul.
  god-names [Belenos] and [Belisama] are also hence, and Shakespeare's
  [Cym-beline].  Two needfires were lighted on Beltane
  among the Gael, between which they drove their cattle for
  purification and luck; hence the proverb: "Eadar da\ theine
  Bhealltuinn" - Between two Beltane fires.
<bean>, wife, so Ir. [ben], W. [bun], [benyw], Cor. [benen], sponsa,
  Celtic [bena@^], g. [bna^s], pl.n. [bna^s]; Gr. [gunc/], B@oeot. Gr. [bana/];
  Got. [gino^], Eng. [queen], Sc. [queyn]; Skr. [gna^].
<bean>, touch, Ir. [beanaim], beat, touch, appertain to, O.Ir. [benim],
  pulso, ferio, Br. [bena], to cut, M.Br. [benaff], hit; [*bina], root
  [bin], [bi] (O.Ir. [ro bi], percussit, [bithe], perculsus), from I.E. [bhi],
  [bhei], hit; Ch.Sl. [bija], [biti], strike; O.H.G. [bi^hal], axe; Gr.
  @G[fitro/s], log.  Further is root [bheid], split, Eng. [bite].  Usually
  [bean] has been referred to I.E. [@ghen], [@ghon], hit, slay; Gr. @G[fen-],
  slay, @G[epefnon], slew, @G[fo/nos], slaughter, @G[qei/nw], strike; Skr. [han],
  hit; but [@gh] = G. [b] is doubtful.
<beann>, top, horn, peak, Ir. [beann], O.Ir. [benn], pinna, W. [ban],
  height, peak, M.Br. [ban], also [benny], horn, pipe (music),
  Gaul. [canto-bennicus] mons, "white peak" mount; proto-Gaelic
  [benna^]; root [@gen-], [@gn-], as in Eng. [knoll], Sc. [knowe].  In Scotch
  Gaelic, the oblique form <beinn> has usurped the place of
  [beann], save in the gen.pl.
<beannachd>, blessing, so Ir., O.Ir. [bendacht], W. [bendith]l from Lat.
  [bendictio], whence Eng. [benediction].
--page 33
<beannag>, a skirt, corner, coif, Ir. [beanno/g]; from [beann].
<beantag>, a corn-fan; see <bannag>.
<bearach>, dog-fish (M`A.); O.Ir. [berach], verutus, from [bior]; cf.
  Eng. "picked or horned dogfish"; "bone-dog".
<bearachd>, judgement (Sh., O'R.); root [bera], [bra^], as in [bra\th], q.v.
<bearbhain>, vervain; from Eng. [vervain], Lat. [verbena].
<bearn>, a breach, cleft, Ir. [bearna], E.Ir. [berna]; I.E. [bher], cut,
  bore;  Lat. [forare], bore; Gr. @G[fa/ros], a plough, @G[farw], split;
  Arm. [beran], mouth; Ch.Sl. [bar], clip; Eng. [bore].  Also [bern],
  fen in E.Ir.
<bea\rr>, shear, Ir. [be/arraim], O.Ir. [berraim], O.W. [byrr], short, Cor.
  [ber], Br. [berr], short, [*berso-]; Gr. @G[fa/rsos], any piece cut off;
  root [bhera], as in [bearn].
<bearraideach>, flighty, nimble; from [bea\rr]?
<beart>, a deed, Ir. [bea/rt], load, action, E.Ir. [bert], bundle, birth; Gr.
  @G[fo/rtos], burden; root, [bher], in [beir], q.v.  Also <beairt>, engine,
  loom.  It is used in many compounds in the sense of "gear",
  as in <cais-bheart>, foot-gear, shoes; <ceann-bheart>, head-gear,
  helmet, etc.
<beartach>, rich; from [beart]; W. [berth], rich, [berthedd], riches.
<beatha>, life, so Ir.  O.Ir. [bethu], g. [bethad], Celtic stem [bita^t-],
  divided into [bi-ta^t]; see [bith] (i.e. [bi-tu-]) for root.  It is usual
  for philologists to represent the stem of [beatha] as [bivota^t], that
  is [bi-vo-ta^t-], the [bi-vo-] part being the same as the stem [bivo]
  of [beo\].  While the root [bi] is common to both [beatha] and [beo\],
  the former does not contain [-vo-]; it is the O.Ir. nom. [beothu]
  ([*bi-tu^s]) that has set philologists wrong.  Hence G. and Ir.
  <beathach>, animal.  Ir. [beathadhach], dial. of [beathach].
<beic>, a curtesy; from Sc. [beck], curtesy, a dialectic use of Eng.
  [beck], [beckon].  Hence <beiceis>, bobbing, etc. (M`A.).
<beil>, grind; a very common form of [meil], q.v.
<beil>, is; see [bheil].
<beilbheag>, corn-poppy; see [mealbhag].  Also <bailbheag>.
<be/ileach>, a muzzle, Ir. [beulmhach], a bridle, bit, [-mhach] for [bach]
  termination from [bongim], beat; from [beul].
<be/illeach>, blubber-lipped, <be/ileach> (H.S.D.); from [beul].  The first
  form suggests a stem [be/l-nac-].  Cf. <be/ilean>, a prating mouth.
  Also <me/illeach>.
<beilleag>, outer coating of birch, rind; also <me/illeag>, q.v.
<beince>, <being> (H.S.D.), a bench; from Sc. [bink]; Eng. [bench].
  Cf. Ir. [beinse], W. [mainc], Br. [menk].
<beinn>, hill, ben; oblique form of [beann] (f.n.), used as a fem.nom.,
  for [beann] sounds masculine beside [ceann], etc.  See [beann].
--page 34
<beinneal>, binding of a sheaf of corn, bundle; from Sc. [bindle], a
  cord of straw or other for binding, Eng. [bundle]; from [bind].
<beir>, catch, bring forth, Ir. [beirim], O.Ir. [berim], W. [cymmeryd], to
  take, accept, Br. [kemeret] (=[com-ber-]); I.E. [bher], whence
  Lat. [fero], Gr. [fe/rw], Eng. [bear], Skr. [bharami].
<beirm>, <bairm>, (Hend.), barm, yeast; from Sc. [barm] (pronounced
  [berm], Eng. [barm]; Lat. [fermentum].
<beisear>, plate-rack on dresser (Rob.).
<be/ist>, a beast, Ir. [bi/ast], [pe/ist], O.Ir. [be/ist], W.  [bwystfil]; from Lat.
  [bestia] (Eng. [beast]).  Also <biast>.
<beith>, birch, so Ir., O.Ir. [bethe], W. [bedw], Br. [bezuenn], Celtic [betva^],
  Lat. [betula], Fr. [boule].
<beithir>, a serpent, any wild beast, monster, a huge skate,
  Ir. [beithir], wild beast, bear, E.Ir. [beithir], G. [bethrach].  In
  the sense of "bear", the word is, doubtless, borrowed; but
  there seems a genuine Celtic word [betrix] behind the other
  meanings, and the [beithir] or [beithir be/imneach] is famed in
  myth.  Cf. Lat. [be@-stia], for [bet-tia]?  Norse [bera], bear (fem.),
  [beirfhall], bearskin, Eng. [bear] (Zim. K.B.@+[1] 286).
<beitir>, neat, clean (M`F.):
<beo\>, living, Ir., O.Ir. [beo/], W. [byw], Br. [beu], [*bivo-s]; Lat. [vi^vus],
  living, [vi^ta]; Gr. @G[bi/otos], a living; Eng. [quick]; Skr. [ji^va/],
  living; I.E. [@gei-], [@gi-], live.  See also [beatha], [bith].
<beo/ir>, beer, Ir. [beo/r]; from Ag.S. [beo/r], Norse [bjo/rr] (Eng. [beer]).
<beo\lach>, ashes with hot embers (M`A.); from [beo\] + [luathach],
  "live-ashes".  Another <beo\lach>, lively youth, hero, stands
  for [beo\-lach]; for [-lach], see [o\glach].
<beuban>, anything, mangled:
<beuc>, roar, Ir. [be/ic], O.Ir. [be/ccim], W. [beichio], [baich], [*beikkio^]; Cor.
  [begy], Br. [begiat], squeal, [baeguel], bleat, [*baikio^] (Stokes).  The
  difficulty of the vowels as between G. and W. ([e/] should give
  [wy]) suggests comparison with [creuchd], W. [craith], [*crempt-]
  (Strachan).  Thus [beuc], [baich] suggests [benk-ko-], further
  [gn@.k-ko-], root [@gem], Lat. [gemo], etc.  The same result can be
  derived from the root [geng-] of [geum], q.v.
<beud>, mischief, hurt, Ir. [be/ad], E.Ir. [be/t], [*bento-n]; allied to Eng.
  [bane].
<beul>, mouth, so Ir., O.Ir. [be/l], [*bet-lo-], I.E. [@get-], whence Eng.
  [quoth], Got. [qithan].  The idea is the "speaker".  Some
  connect W. [gwefl] (=[vo-bel]), but this is probably [*vo-byl], [byl],
  edge (Ernault).
<beulaobh>, front, E.Ir. [ar-be/laib], O.Ir. [be/lib]; dat.pl. of [beul]; also
  mixed with this is the O.Ir. acc.pl. [be/ulu].
--page 35
<beum>, a stroke, cut, taunt, Ir. and O.Ir. [be/im], nom.pl. [be/men],
  blow, from the root [beng], [bong], which appears in [buain]; cf. [ceum]
  from [ceng-men], [leum] from [leng-men].  This agrees with Cor.
  [bom], blow.  Some suggest [beid-men] or [beids-men], root [bheid],
  Eng. [bite], which suits G. best as to meaning.  The favourite
  derivation has been [*ben-s-men], root [ben] of [bean].
<beur>, <beurra>, Mbeurtha>, sharp, pointed, clear; gibe, jeer (Hend.);
  cf. Ir. [be/arrtha], clipped, from [bea\rr]; from [berr-tio-s], with [i]
  regressive into [berr], giving [beirr].
<beurla>, English, language, Ir. [beurla], speech, language, especially
  English; O.Ir. [be/lre]; [be/l]+[re], [be/l], mouth, and the abstract
  termination [-re] (as in [luibhre], [buidhre], etc.).
<beus>, conduct, habit, so Ir., O.Ir. [be/s], Br. [boaz], [*beissu-], [beid-tu-],
  root [beid], I.E. [bheidh], Gr. @G[peiqw], persuade, Lat. [fides], English
  [faith].  Others derive it from [bhend], bind, giving [bhend-tu-] as
  the oldest stem.  Windisch suggests connection with Got.
  [bansts], barn, Skr. [bha^sa], cowstall.  The Breton [oa] seems against these
  derivations.
<bha>, <bha\>, was, Ir. [do bha/mar], we were ([bha/-]), [do bhi/], was, M.Ir.
  [ro bo/i], was, O.Ir., [bo/i], [ba/i], [bu/i], a perfect tense, [*bove(t)], for
  [bebove]; Skr. [babhu@-va];  Gr. @G[pe/fu-ke]; I.E. [bheu], to be, as
  in Lat. [fui], was (an aorist form), Eng. [be].
<bha\n>, <a bha\n>, down; by eclipsis for [a(n) bh-fa\n], "into declivity",
  from [fa\n], a declivity, Ir., O.Ir., [fa/n], proclive, W. [gwaen], a
  plain, planities montana, [*vag-no-], root, [vag], bow, etc., Lat.
  [vagor], wander, Ger. [wackeln], wobble.  Ir. has also [fa/n], a
  wandering, which comes near the Lat. sense.  In Sutherlandshire,
  the adj. <fa\n>, prone, is still used.
<bheil>, is, Ir. [fuil], [bh-fuil], O.Ir. [fail], [fel], [fil], root [vel] ([val]), wish,
  prevail, Lat. [volo], [valeo], Eng. [will].
<bho>, <o>, from Ir. [o/], [ua], O.Ir., [o/], [u/a], [*ava]; Lat. [au]-fero, "away"-take;
  Ch.Sl. [u-]; Skr. [ava], from.
<bhos>, <a bhos>, on this side; from the eclipsed form [a(n) bh-fos],
  "in station", in rest, Ir. [abhus], O.Ir. [i foss], here, O.Ir. [foss],
  remaining, staying, rest.  See [fois], rest, for root.
<bhur>, <bhur n->, your, Ir. [bhar n-], O.Ir. [bar n-], [far n-], [*svaron]
  (Stokes), [*s-ves-ro-n].  For [sves-], see [sibh].  Cf. for form Got.
  [izvara], Lat. [nostrum] (nos[-tero-], where [-tero-] is a fuller comparitive
  form than Celtic [-(e)ro-], [-ro-] of [sves-ro-n], [svaron]).
<bi>, <bi\>, be Ir. [bi/], be thou, O.Ir. [bi/u], sum, [bi/] be thou, O.W. [bit],
  sit, [bwyf], sim, M.Br. [bezaff].  Proto-Celtic [bhv-ijo^], for O.Ir.
  [bi/u], I am; Lat [fio]; Eng. [be]; I.E. root [bheu], be.  See [bha].
  Stokes differs from other authorities in referring [bi/u], [bi/] to
  Celtic [beio^], root [bei], [bi], live, as in [bith], [beatha], Lat. [vivo], etc.
--page 36
<bi>, <bigh>, doorpost, threshold (Hend.), E.Ir. [di bi/] = two posts.
  M`A. has [bi\gh], post, pillar.
<biadh>, food, so Ir., O.Ir., O.Ir. [biad], [*bivoto-n], whence W. [bywyd], vita,
  Cor. [buit], cibus, Br. [boed], food.  [bivoto-n] is a derivative from
  [bivo-] of [beo\], living, q.v.
<bian>, a hide, Ir., E.Ir. [bi/an], [*beino-]; root [bhei-], as in Eng. [bite],
  Lat. [findo].  For force, cf. Gr. @G[de/rma], skin, from [der], split,
  Eng. [tear].  Cf., for root, [bean], hit.
<biasgach>, niggardly; from [biast].  In some parts [biast] is applied
  to a niggardly person.  H.S.D. refers it to [biadh]+[sgathach],
  catching at morsels.
<biast>, a beast, worthless person; see [be/ist].  The word <biast>,
  abuse, is a metaphoric use of [biast].
<biatach>, a raven (Sh.); cf. [biatach], [biadhtach], a provider, farmer,
  from [biadh].
<biatas>, betony, beet, Ir. [biatuis], W. [betys]; from Lat. [be@-tis], [be@-ta],
  Eng. [beet].  Also <biotais>.
<biathainne>, earth-worm, hook-bait, <biathaidh> (Dialectic); from
  [biadh].  Cf. Lat. [esca], bait, for [ed-sca], [ed]=[eat].  The word
  <biathadh> in many places means "to entice".
<biatsadh>, provisions for a journey, [viaticum]; formed from [biadh],
  with, possibly, a leaning on [viaticum].
<bicas>, viscount (Arm.).  Founded on the Eng., and badly spelt by
  Armstrong: either <biceas> or <biocas>.
<bicein>, a single grain (Arg.).  From [bioc], [pioc]? (Wh.)
<biceir>, a wooden dish; from Sc. [bicker], Eng. [beaker].  Also <bigeir>,
  <bigein>.
<bi\d>, a very small portion, a nip, a chirp.  In the sense of "small
  portion", the word is from the Sc. [bite], [bit], Eng. [bite], [bit].  In
  the sense of "chirp, a small sound", O'R. has an Ir. word
  [bi/d], "song of birds".  See <bi\og>.  Hence <bi\dein>, diminutive
  person or thing.  Cf. W. [bidan], of like force.
<bideag>, a bit, bittie; from Sc. [bittock], dim. of Eng. [bit].
<bideag>, a fence (Stew.), <bid> (Sh.), Ir. [bi/d], [bi/dea/n] (O'R.), W. [bid],
  quickset hedge, [bidan], a twig; [*bid-do-], root [bheid], split?
<bidhis>, a vice, screw, so Ir.; from Eng. [vice].
<bidse>, a bitch; from the English.
<bi\gh>, <bigh>, pith of wood, gum.  See <bi\th>/
<bil>, <bile>, edge, lip, Ir. [bil], mouth, E.Ir., [bil], [bile], W. [byl], [*bili-],
  [bilio-].  Root [bhi], [bhei], split; cf. Skr. [bi/la], a hole, mouth of a
  vessel, etc.; [vil], edge : W. also [myl].
<bileag>, <bile>, a leaf, blade, Ir. [billeo/g], [bileo/g], [*bilia^], I.E. root [bhela],
  [bhale], [bhle@-], [bhlo@-], as in [bla\th]; Lat. [folium]; Gr. @G[fu/llon], a
  leaf; further, Eng. [blade].
--page 37
<bilearach>, <bileanach>, sea-grass, sweet-grass; from [bile].
<bileid>, a billet; from the Eng.
<bilistear>, a mean, sorry fellow, a glutton, Ir., E.Ir. [bille], mean,
  paltry.  In the Heb. it means, "rancid butter" (H.S.D.).
<binid>, also <minid> (Arg.), cheese, rennet, bag that holds the rennet,
  stomach, Ir. [binid], O.Ir. [binit], rennet; [*binenti-], "biter",
  root of [bean]?  Cf. [muinne], stomach.
<binn>, melodious, so Ir., O.Ir. [bind], [*bendi], [*bydi-]; O.Br. [bann]
  (St.); Skr. [bhandate], joyful, [bhand], receive loud praise,
  [bhanda/na], shouting (Stokes, who adds Lat. [fides], lyre).  The
  idea may, however, be "high", root of [beann], peak, [binneach],
  high-headed.  See next also.>>
<binn>, sentence, verdict; [*bendi-], [*benni-]; cf. E.Ir. [atboind],
  proclaims, [*bonno^], I ban.  Cf. Skr. [bhan], speak, Eng. [ban].
  It is clear that Gaelic has an ablaut in [e:o] connected with
  the root [bha], speak.
<binndich>, curdle; from [binid], q.v.
<binnein>, pinnacle; from [beann], q.v.
<bi\oball>, <pi\oball>, Bible, Ir. [biobla], W. [bebil]; from Lat. [biblia],
  Eng. [bible].
<biod>, pointed top; root in [biodag], [bidean].
<biodag>, a daggar, Ir. [bideo/g] (O'R.), [miodo/g], W. [bidog], O.Br. [bitat],
  resicaret, [*biddo-], [bid-do-], Celtic root [bid], [beid], I.E. [bhid],
  [bheid], Lat. [findo], Eng. [bite], Skr. [bhid], split.  Hence Eng.
  [bodkin], possibly.
<biog>, <bi\og>, a start, Ir. [bi/odhg], E.Ir. [bedg], O.Ir. [du-bidcet],
  jaculantur, [*bizgo-], root [bis], [@gis], root [@gi-] of [beo\].  Consider
  <bi\ogail>, lively, [quick].
<bi\og>, <biog>, chirp; onomatopetic; cf. Lat. [pipe], chirp, Eng. [pipe];
  also Eng. [cheep].  Also <bi\d>, q.v.
<bi\ogarra>, churlish; "cheepish", from [bi\og], cheep.
<biolagach>, melodious (M`F.); from ++<biol>, violin; from Eng. [viol],
  Fr. [viole], violin.
<biolaire>, water-cresses, Ir. [biolar], E.Ir. [biror], W. [berwr], Cor., Br.
  [beler], [*beruro-], Lat. [berula] (Marcellus), Fr. [berle], So. [berro].
  Possibly allied to the root of Celtic [bervo^], seethe, O.Ir. [tipra],
  well, G. [tobar], Eng. [burn].  Cf. Ger. [brunnen kresse], water-cress,
  i.e. "well" cress.  The dictionaries and old glossaries
  (Cormac, etc.) give [bir], [bior], as water or well.
<biolar>, dainty, spruce (Sh.); for [bior-ar], from [bior], "sharp"?
<biolasgach>, prattling, so Ir. (Lh. O'B.); from [bil], lip.
<bionn>, symmetrical (Carm.): Sc [bien].
<bior>, stake, spit, Ir. [bior], O.Ir. [bir], W. [be^r], Cor., Br. [ber], Celtic
  [beru-]; Lat. [veru]; Gr. @G[baru/es], trees (Hes.); Lit. [gi\re@?], forest.
  Hence <biorach>, sharp.
--page 38
<biorach>, a heifer, colt, Ir. [biorach], cow-calf:
<bioras>, water-lily; same origin as [biolar], q.v.
<biorg>, gush, twich, tingle; from the roots of [biolar] ([bior-]) and
  [bior].
<biorraid>, a helmet, cap, Ir. [birreud], cap; from Eng. [biretta], from
  Late Lat. [birretum].
<biorsadh>, a keen impatience: "groading"; from [bior].
<biorsamaid>, a balance; from Sc. [bismar], Norse [bismari].
<bior-snaois>, bowsprit of a sailing boat (N. Lochaber), forepart of
  vessel:
<biota>, a churn, vessel; from Norse [bytta], a pail, tub, Ag.S. [bytt],
  Latin [buttis], Eng. [butt].
<biotailt>, victuals, E.Ir. [bita/ill], W. [bitel], M.Br. [bitaill]; from O.Fr.
  [vitaille], from Lat. [victualia].  Eng. [victuals] is from the French.
<birlinn>, a galley, bark, M.Ir. [beirling]; formed from the Norse
  [byr@dhingr], a ship of burthen, from [byr@dhr], burden, vb. [bera],
  Eng. [bear].  The Sc. [bierling], [birlinn] is from the Gaelic.  Cf.
  [feo\irlig]=[fjo/r@dhungr].
<birtich>, stir up; from [bior], goad.
<biseach>, luck; see [piseach].
<bith>, the world, existence, Ir., O.Ir. [bith], W. [byd], Br. [bed], Gaul.
  [bitu-], [*bitu-s]; root [bi], [bei], live, I.E. [@gei], [@gi], whence Lat.
  [vivo], Eng. [be], etc.  Hence [beatha], [beo\], [biadh], q.v.
<bith>, being (inf. of [bi\], be), Ir., E.Ir. [beith], O.Ir. [buith].  The O.Ir.
  is from the root [bhu] (Eng. [be], Lat. [fui]) = [*buti-s], Gr. @G[fu/sis].
  The forms [bith] and [beith], if derived from [bhu], have been
  influenced by [bith], world, existence; but it is possible that
  they are of the same root [@gi] as [bith].  Stokes, in his treatise
  on the [Neo-Celtic Verb Substantive], takes [bith] and [beith] from
  the root [ga], go, Gr. [ba/sis] (Eng. [base]), a root to which he
  still refers the O.Ir. aorist [ba/], fui (see [bu]).
<bi\th>, resin, gum, birdlime, Ir. [bigh], O.Ir. [bi/], pix, adj. [bi/de], [*geis-],
  a longer form of [gis-], the root of [giuthas], fir (Schra@"der).
  Otherwise we must regard it as borrowed from Lat. [pix], [picis],
  whence W. [pyg], Eng. [pitch], against which [b] and [i/] ([i] long)
  militate.
<bi\th>, quiet (Arm.):
<bith->, prefix denoting "ever", Ir., O.Ir. [bith-], W. [byth-]; from
  [bith], world.
<biu\c>, difficult utterance:
<biu\thaidh>, foe, Ir. [bi/odhbha], E.Ir., O.Ir. [bidbe], [bidbid] (gen.),
  culprit, enemy.
<biu\thas>, fame, <biu\thaidh>, hero; see [fiu\], [fiu\bhaidh].
--page 39
<blabaran>, stammerer, Ir. [blabara/n], from the Eng. [blabber], speak
  inarticulately.  It is of onomatopetic origin.  Cf. Eng.
  [babble].
<bladair>, a wide mouth, a flatterer, Ir. [bladaire], flatterer; from
  the Eng. [blatterer], bletherer, blusterer, [blatter], prate; from
  Lat. [blaterare], prate.  Also <blad> a wide mouth (M`F.).
<bladh>, fame, Ir. [bla/dh], E.Ir. [blad]; root [blad-], [blat-], speak, as in
  Lat. [blatero], babble, Norse [bla@dhr], nonsense, Sc. [blether].  See
  [bladair].  Cf. [glaodh], shout.  Hence <bladhair>, expressive,
  a boaster.
<bladhair>, strong, from <bladh>, pith, W. [blawdd], active; [*bla^d-];
  root [bla@-], swell, bloom, as in [bla\th], q.v.
<bladhm>, a boast, etc.; see [blaomadh].
<blad-shronach>, <blad-spa\gach>, flat-nosed, flat-footed; [blad-] is from
  Eng. [flat].
<blaisbheum>, blasphemy; from Lat. [blasphemia], Eng. [blasphemy].
<blanndaidh>, rotten, stale; from Norse [blanda], whey "blend".
<blanndar>, flattery, dissimulation, so Ir.; from Lat. [blandiri],
  Sc. [blander], Eng. [blandish].
++<blaodh>, a shout, noise, Ir. [blaodh], M.Ir. [blaeded], W. [bloedd].
  Hence <blaodhag>, noisy girl, <boaghan>, calf's cry, etc.
<blaomadh>, loud talking, Ir. [blaodhmanach], noisy person; from
  [*blaid-s-men]; see [blaodh].
++<blaosg>, a shell, Ir. [blaosc], M.Ir. [blaesc], testa, W. [blisg]; see
  [plaosg].
<bla\r>, a field, battle, peat-moss; from [bla\r], spotted, the idea being
  a "spot".  See next word.>>
<bla\r>, having a white face, or white spot on the face (of an animal);
  [bla@-ro-s], root [bla@-], from I.E. [bhale], shine, [bha@-]; Gr. @G[faloro/s]
  (second @G[a] long), having a white patch (on the head, as on a
  dog's head).  Cf. Dutch [blaar], a white spot on the forehead
  (Whence Fr. [blaireau], badger), M.Dutch [blaer], bald.  See
  for roots [bealltuinn], [ba\n].  Welsh has [blawr], grey, iron-grey,
  which seems allied.  This word enters largely into Pictish
  topography.  It is not so used in Argyle (M`K.) nor in Ireland.
<blas>, taste, Ir. [blas], O.Ir. [mlas], W. [bla^s], Br. [blas], [*mlasto-]; Czech
  [mlasti], lick, be sweet-toothed, Russ. [molsati@u], suck (Bezzenberger).
  Ultimately the root seems to be [mel], as in [meli-],
  honey, G. [mil], and even [meil], grind.  Hence Fr. [blase/]?
<blas-bheumnaich>, blaspheme (Hend.).  See <blaisbheum>.
<bla\th>, bloom, blossom, Ir., E.Ir. [bla\th], W. [blawd], [blodau], Cor.
  [blodon], M.Br. [bleuzenn], [*bla^to-n]; I.E. root [blela]: [bhlo],
  blossom forth; Lat. [flo@-s], flower; Eng. [bloom], etc.
--page 40
<bla\th>, warm, kind, Ir., E.Ir. [bla/ith], soft, smooth, [mla/ith], [*mla^ti];
  root [mela], [mla^], to grind.  The original idea is "ground soft".
  Cf. W. [blawd], meal.
<bla\thach>, buttermilk, Ir., M.Ir. [bla/thach]; [bla@--tac-], root [mel], [mla^],
  as in [bla\th].  The idea is "pounded, soured".  Cf. [braich],
  from [mrac-], "soured", and Eng. [malt], "soured", from [melt].
  Hence Sc. [bladach].
<bleachdair>, a soothing, flattering fellow, Ir. [bleachdaire], flatterer,
  cow-milker; a metaphoric use of the last word>>, "cow-milker",
  from [bliochd], milk, q.v.
<bleagh>, milk (vb.), Ir. [blighim]; see [bleoghainn].
<bleaghan>, a dibble for digging up shell-fish, a worthless tool;
<bleid>, impertinence, solicitation, Ir. [bleid], cajolery, impertinence.
  This seems another word formed on the word [bladair], [blad],
  just like Eng. [blatant], [blate] (talk, prate).
<bleideir>, coward; from Norse [bley@dhi], cowardice, and Sc. [blate](?).
<bleith>, grind, Ir. [bleithim], E.Ir. [bleith], inf. to O.Ir. [melim], I
  grind, W. [malu], Br. [malaff]; root [mel], grind, Lat. [molo], Eng.
  [meal], etc.
<bleoghainn>, milking, E.Ir. [blegon], inf. to [bligim], [mligim]; Lat.
  [mulgeo]; Gr. @G[a@'-me/lgw]; Eng. [milk]; Lit. [me/lz@?u].
<bliadhna>, year, Ir. [bliadhain], O.Ir. [bliadain], W. [blydd], [blwyddyn],
  Br. [bloaz], [blizen], [*bleidni-], [*bleido-]; I.E. [@ghleidh], whence
  Eng. [glide]: "labuntur anni" (Stokes).  It is doubtful if
  I.E. [@gh] becomes Celtic [b].
<blialum>, jargon; from the Sc. [blellum].
<blian>, the flank, groin, Ir. [ble/in], E.Ir. [ble/n], O.Ir. [melen], for [mleen],
  [*mlakno-]; Gr. @G[malako/s], soft (Strachan, Stokes).  The meaning,
  if not the phonetics, is not quite satisfactory.
<blian>, lean, insipid, <blianach>, lean flesh; cf. W. [blin], tired, O.Br.
  [blinion], inertes.  These may be referred to [*@gleghno-], Lit.
  [glez@?nus], tender, weak, Gr. @G[blchro/s], languid.  See, however,
  the derivation suggested for [blian], above.  For the Brittonic
  words, Stokes has suggested the stem [ble^no-]; Skr. [gla/na],
  tired.
<bligh>, milk; see [bleagh].
<bliochan>, yellow marsh, asphodel, Ir. [bliochan]; from [*blioch] =
  [*melgos-], milk.  For phonetics, cf. [teach], from [tegos-].
<bliochd>, milk, Ir. [bleachd], E.Ir. [blicht], W. [blith], [*ml@.ctu-], root
  [melg], milk.  See [bleoghainn].
<bli\onadh>, basking (Islands): "softening"?  See [blian].
<bliosan>, artichoke (Sh., O'B., O'R.), Ir. [bliosa/n]: [*blig-s-a@-n-], "milk-curdler"?
  Its florets were used for curdling.
--page 41
<blob>, blubber-lipped (Sh.); from Eng. [blub], puffed, protruding,
  [blubber], etc.
<blocan>, a little block, <blog>, block (Dialectic), Ir. [bloc], [bloca/n]; from
  Eng. [block].
<bloigh>, fragment, half, Ir. [blogh], [blo/gh], fragment, E.Ir. [blog], pre-Celtic
  [bhlog]; Eng. [block], further away Eng. [balk], Gr.
  @G[fa/lagx].  Stokes refers it to the root of Eng. [pluck].  (St.
  now Eng. [blough], Ger. [pflug]).
<bloinigein>, any plant with crisped leaves, Ir. [bloinigain] (O'R.);
  G. and Ir. <bloinigean ga\rraidh> is "spinage".  Cameron
  refers the word to [blonag], fat.
<blomas>, ostentation (Sh.). Ir. [blomas]; see [bladhm].  Ir. [blamaire],
  means "boaster".
<blonag>, fat, Ir. [blono/g], [blainic], [blunag], M.Ir. [blonac], W. [bloneg], Br.
  [blonek], [*blon-], [*blen-], root [bhle], [bhel], swell; a very prolific
  root.  Rhys says W. is borrowed. [[R.C.@+[17] 102]]
++<blosg>, sound a horn, Ir. [blosgaidhim], resound, sound a horn,
  M.Ir. [blosc], voice; W. [bloedd], a shout, from [*blog@dho-], for
  [blo@dhgo-]; cf. [me\ag], W. [maidd]. [[Zeit@+[34] 502.]]  Cf. Gr. @G[floi@nsbos],
  din (= @G[flos-gos]), Lit. [bla/zgu], roar.
<bo/>, a cow, Ir., O.Ir. [bo/], W. [buw], O.Br. [bou-], [*bov-s]; I.E. [@go^us],
  whence Lat. [bos], Gr. @G[bou@ns], Eng. [cow], Skr. [go].
<boban>, <bobug>, a term of affection for a boy; cf. M.Ir. [boban], calf,
  [bo/ban], from [bo/].  Eng. [babe], earlier, [baban], of uncertain origin,
  may be compared.
<boc>, a buck, Ir. [boc], he-goat, O.Ir. [bocc], W. [bwch], Cor. [boch], Br.
  [bouc'h], [*bukko-s]; Skr. [bukka], goat.  These may be analysed
  into [bug-ko-], root [bug], Zend. [bu^za], buck, Arm. [buc], lamb, Eng.
  [buck], Ger. [bock].
<bo\c>, swell, Ir. [bo/caim]; cf. W. [boch], cheek, from Lat. [bucca], puffed
  cheek (Eng. [debouch], [rebuke]).
<bo\can>, hobgoblin, Ir. [boca/n], E.Ir. [bocca/nach].  With these are
  connected W. [bwg] ([bwci], Cor. [bucca], borrowed from M.E.?),
  Eng. [bug], [bugbear], [bogie]; the relationship is not clear (Murray).
  For Gadelic a stem [bukko-], from [bug-ko-], would do, allied
  possibly to Norse [pu/ki], a Puck, Ag.S. [puca], larbula. [boc-sithe],
  apparition, ghost (Perth: Wh.).
<bochail>, proud, nimble; cf. the interjection ++<boch>, Ir. [boch],
  heyday! "O festum diem".
<bochuin>, swelling, the sea (Carm.), [boch-thonn] (H.S.D.):
--page 42
<bochd>, poor, so Ir., O.Ir. [bocht]; [*bog-to-], a participle from the vb.
  (Irish) [bongaim], break, reap, Celtic [bongo^], break; Skr. [bhanj],
  break, Lit. [banga], breaker (wave).  See [buain].
<bocsa>, a box, so Ir., pronounced in Ir. [bosca] also, W. [bocys]; from
  Eng. [box].  Hence <bocsaid>, a thump, Eng. [box].
<bodach>, an old man, a carle, Ir. [bodach], a rustic, carle; [*bodd-aco-],
  "pe@-nitus", from <bod>, mentula, M.G. [bod] (D.of Lismore
  passim), M.Ir. [bod], [bot], [*boddo-], [*bozdo-]; Gr. @G[po/sqc], mentula.
  Stokes suggests the alternative form [butto-s], Gr. @G[bu/ttos],
  vulva, but the G. [d] is against this.  He also suggests that
  [bodach] is formed on the O.Fr. [botte], a clod.
<bodha>, a rock over which waves break; from Norse [bo@dhi], a
  breaker, over sunken rocks especially.
<bo\dhag>, a sea-lark.
<bodhaig>, body, corpus; from the Sc. [bouk], body, trunk, Norse
  [bu/kr], trunk, Ger. [bauch], belly.  The G. word has been compared
  by Fick with Eng. [body], Ag.S. [bodig], and Murray says it is
  thence derived, but the [d] would scarcely disappear and leave
  the soft [g] ending now so hard.
<bo\dhan>, ham, breech, breast: [*boud-@-no], [*boud], [bhud-]; cf. Eng.
  [butt], [buttock].
<bodhar>, deaf, so Ir., O.Ir. [bodar], W. [byddar], Cor. [bodhar], Br.
  [bouzar]; Skr. [badhira/].
<bodhbh>, <bobh>, a fright (Perthshire), E.Ir. [bodba], dangerous,
  [*bodv-io-s]; from [bodvo-] in [baobh], q.v.
<bodht>, swampy ground:
<bog>, soft, Ir. [bog], O.Ir. [bocc], Br. [bouk], O.Br. [buc], putris; [*boggo-],
  [*bug-go-]; I.E. [bhu@g], bend, Skr. [bhugna], bent, Got. [biugan],
  Eng. [bow], from Ag.S. [boga].
<bogha>, a bow, so Ir., M.Ir. [boga]; from Ag.S. [boga], Eng. [bow].
  For root, see under [bog].
<bo\gus>, a timber moth, bug; from Eng. [bug], Sc. [bo@-g].
<boicineach>, small-pox; root in [bucaid], q.v.
<boicionn>, a goat skin, skin; [*boc-cionn], "buck-skin"; the word
  ++<cionn> is in O.Ir. [cenni], scamae, W. [cen], skin, Cor. [cennen],
  Br. [kenn-], pellis; Eng. [skinn], Norse [skinn].  [-cionn], skin,
  Norse [hinna], film (Leiden) I.F.@+[5]A 127.
<bo/id>, vow, Ir. [mo/id], M.Ir. [mo/it], [*monti-], root [mon], [men], think.
  A borrowing from, or leaning on Lat. [vo@-tum] seems possible
  in view of the Gaelic form.  M.Ir. [in uo/it]; from Lat [vo^tum],
  as is also [mo/id] (Stokes).
<bo\idheach>, pretty; for [buaidheach], "having virtues", from [buaidh],
  q.v.
<bo\idheam>, flattery (H.S.D.):
<bo\ighear>, puffin, ducker; also [budhaigir], q.v.
--page 43
<boil>, <boile>, madness, Ir. [buile], E.Ir. [baile]:
<bo\ilich>, tall talk, boasting; cf. Eng. [bawl], cry like cows ([bo/]).
<boillsg>, gleam; [*bolg-s-cio-]; Lat. [fulgeo], shine, Eng. [effulgent], Lit.
  [blizgu\], glance, shine, Eng. [blink], I.E. [bhleg], [*fulgeo].
<boineid>, a bonnet, Ir. [boineud]; from Eng. [bonnet].
<boinne>, a drop, Ir. [bain] (d.pl [bainnibh]), O.Ir. [banne], Cor., Br.
  [banne]; Celt. [bannja^] (Stokes.  See [bainne].  Hence <boinneanta>,
  healthy, well-built.
<boirche>, a buffalo (Sh., Lh.), so Ir.; perhaps allied to Lat. [ferus],
  Eng. [bear].
<boireal>, a small auger (M`F.); founded on Eng. [bore].
<boirche>, rising ground, bank (M`D.); same root as Ger. [berg],
  mountain, Eng. ice-[berg].
<boirionn>, female, feminine, Ir. [bainionn], [boinionn]; [*bani-], from
  the word [bean], [ban], q.v.  Hence <biorionnach>, a female, which
  is masc. in gender, having been originally neuter.  Cf.
  [doirionn] for [doinionn] (Arg.).
<bois>, the palm; see [bas].
<boiseag>, slap in the face, palmful, Ir., M.Ir. [boiseo/g], buffet.
<boisg>, gleam; [boillsg].
<boiteadh>, boiled food for horses (H.S.D.), Eng. [bait]:
<boiteag>, a maggot; see [botus].
<boitean>, a bundle of hay or straw; for [boiteal], from Sc. [buttle],
  Eng. [bottle], bundle of hay, from O.Fr. [botte].
<boitidh>, the call to pig, <boit>, a taste for (Dialectic):
<bo\l>, a bowl; from the English.
<boladh>, smell, so Ir., O.Ir. [bolad], [*bulato-]; Lit. [bu'ls], dusty air
  (Bezzenberger).  Stokes has compared Lit. [bulis], buttock,
  Skr. [buli], vulva.
<bolanta>, excellent; root [bol], as in [adhbhal], q.v.
<bolla>, a boll; from Sc., Eng. [boll].  Hence also <bolla>, a buoy.
<bolt>, a welt, Ir. [balta], welt, border; from the Lat. [balteus], girdle,
  Eng. [belt].  Cf. Eng. [welt], W. [gwald].
<boma>, a bomb; from the English.
<bonn>, foundation, so Ir., O.Ir. [bond]; Lat. [fundus]; Skr. [budhna/];
  Eng. [bottom].
<bonn>, a coin, so Ir.; possibly from Lat. [pondo].
<bonnach>, cake, bannock, Ir. [boinneo/g], oaten cake.  This word, like
  the Sc., [bannock], appears to be founded on Lat. [pa@-nicum],
  [pa@-nis], bread.
<bonnanach>, a strapping fellow (Mrs M`Ph.), [bonnanaich], active
  young men (Skye):
<borb>, fierce, so Ir., O.Ir. [borp]; allied to, or, more probably,
  borrowed from, Lat. [barbarus].
--page 44
<borbhan>, a purling sound; [*borvo-], a stem identical with [bervo-],
  seethe, Fr. [Bourbon], Lat. [fervo], etc.  Hence <borbhanach>,
  base, deep.
<bo\rc>, sprout, swell; see [ba\rc].
<bo\rc-lunn>, swell-wave (Hend.):
<bo\rd>, a table, Ir., M.Ir., [bord], W. [bwrdd]; from Ag.S., Norse
  [bord].
<bo\rlanachd>, <mo\rlanachd>, compulsory labour for the proprietor;
  from Eng. [bordland], as under [bo\rlum].  Hence M`Morland.
  The [cairiste], done for proprietor (M`K. and Carm.).
<bo\rlum>, a strip of arable land (Hebridees); a frequent place namel
  from M.Eng. [bordland], mensal land, especially the royal
  castle lands in the Highlands.
<bo\rlum>, a sudden flux or vomiting, a flux; for [bo\rc-lum]; see [bo\rc].
++<borr>, knob, pride, greatness, great, Ir., E.Ir. [borr], [*borso-],
  [bhorso-]; Lat. [fastus] (for [farstus]), pride; O.H.G. [parrunga],
  superbia; allied to [ba\rr], q.v.  Hence <borrach>, a haughty
  man, a protruding bank, a mountain grass.
<bo\sd>, a boast, Ir. [bo/st] (O'R.(, W., Cor. [bost]; all from Eng. [boast],
  itself of unknown origin.
<bo\sdan>, a little box, Br. [bouist]; the G. is from early Sc. [boyst],
  M.Eng. [boiste], from O.Fr. [boiste], Med.Lat. [buxida] ([bossida]),
  which is the Gr. @G[pu/xida].  Hence also Eng. [box], G. [bosca].
<bosgaire>, applause (Sh.); [bas]+[gaire], q.v. "palm-noise".
<bot>, a mound, river bank; cf. [bught], [botach], a reedy bog.
<bo\t>, a boot; from M.E. [bote], Eng. [boot].  Also <bo\tuinn>, from Sc.
  [booting], Fr. [bottine], half-boot.
<botaidh>, a wooden vessel (size, half anker); formed from M.E.
  [butte], Eng. [butt], Fr. [botte].
<both>, perturbation, a plash; see [bodhbh].
<both>, <bothan>, a hut, bothie, Ir., M.Ir. [botha/n], [both], W. [bod],
  residence, Cor. [bod], [bos], [*buto-]; Lit. [bu\tas], house; Eng. [booth],
  Norse [bu/@dh], Ger. [bude]; root [bhu], be.  Hence Eng. [bothie].
<bothar>, a lane, street (A.M`D.), Ir. [bothar] (Con.), [bo/thar], E.Ir.
  [bo/thar], [*ba^tro-], [*ba^tro-], root [ba@-], go; Gr. @G[e@'/bcn], went, @G[bai/nu],
  go; Skr. [ga^], go; Eng. [path].
<botrumaid>, a slattern, (M`F.); see [butrais].
<botul>, bottle, Ir. [buideul], W. [potel]; from Eng. [bottle].
<botunn> (Lewis), deep water pool (in moors); Norse, [botn].
<botus>, a belly-worm; from M.E. [bottes], pl. of [bot], [bott], of like
  meaning; Sc. [batts].  Origin unknown (Murray).
<bra\>, <bra\th>, a quern, Ir. [bro/], g. [bro/n], E.Ir. [bro/], g. [broon], mill-stone,
  [*brevon-], [*bravon-]; Skr. [gra^van-]; Lit. [gi\rnos]; Eng. [quern].
<brabhd-chasach>, bow-legged.
--page 45
<brabhdadh>, bravado, idle talk, <brabhtalachd>, haughtiness
  (A.M`D.); from Eng. [bravado]?
<bra\c>, curve as of waves before breaking, a bellow, branch or deer-horn
  (Carm.), reindeer (Carm.):
<bracach>, grayish, <braclach>, brake: see words in [broc-ach], [-lach].
<brachag>, pustule; from <brach>, rot (vb.); see [braich], malt.
  Also <brachan>, putrefaction.
<bra\chd>, putrescence, fat, rich.
<bradach>, thievish, <braid>, theft, Ir. [bradach], thievish, roguish,
  E.Ir. [broit], g. [braite]: [*mraddo-], allied to [brath], betray?
  Scarcely braom [br@.-ont-], root [bher], carry, Lat. [fur], etc.
<bradan>, salmon, Ir. [brada/n], E.Ir. [bratan].  Cf. Lit. [brada\], water,
  Ch.Sl [broz@?da@?], wade through.
<bradan>, a ridgy tumour on the surface of the body (H.S.D.);
  metaphorically from above word?>>
<bradhadair>, a blazing fire, kindling of a fire (Hebrides).  Possibly
  [braghadair], from [bragh], q.v.  Cf. <braghadaich>, crackling.
<brag> (Lewis), a sudden creeking noise, Norse [brak].
<bragaireachd>, vain boasting, Ir. [braga/ireachd], from [bragaire],
  boaster; from the Eng. [brag].
<bragh>, an explosion, peal, O.Ir. [braigim], pedo; Lat. [fragor], crash,
  [fragare], Eng. [fragrant].  See [bram].
<bra\ghad>, neck, throat, Ir. [bra/ighid], O.Ir. [bra/ge], g. [bra/gat], W.
  [breuant], O.Br. [brehant], [*bra^gn@.t-]; Eng. [craw], Ger. [kragen],
  collar, M.H.G. [krage], neck; Gr. @G[bro/ghos], windpipe, Eng.
  [bronchitis].  Bezzenberger (Stokes' Dict.), refers it ot the root
  of Norse [barki], weazand, Gr. @G[fa/rugx], Eng. [pharynx].  [bra\ghad]
  is really the gen. of [bra\ighe].
<bragsaidh>, braxy; from Sc., Eng. [braxy].
<braich>, malt, so Ir., E.Ir. [mraich], W., Cor. [brag], Br. [bragezi],
  germinate, Gaul. [brace] (Plin.), genus farris: [*mraki]; Lit.
  [me\rkti], macerate, [ma/rka], flax-hole for steeping; Lat. [marcere],
  fade, [marcidus], decayed, rotten.  From W. [bragod], comes
  Eng. [bragget].
<braid>, theft; see [bradach].
<bra\id>, horse-collar; see [bra\ighdeach].
<bra\ighde>, captives, pledges, Ir. [bra/ighe], pl. [bra/ighde], E.Ir. [braga],
  g. [bragat], hostage, prisoner, [braig], a chain; Gr. @G[gro/hos],
  noose; Eng. [crank], Ger. [kringel]; I.E. [@gregh], possibly allied
  to I.E. [@gre@-gh], neck, as in [bra/ghad].  Hence <braighdeanas>,
  captivity, also dialectic <braigh>, hostage, pledge.
<bra\ighdeach>, horse-collar, M.Ir. [braigdech], older [bra/igtech]; from
  [bra\ghad].  Also <bra\id>.
--page 46
<bra\ighe>, upper part (of places): this is the nom. case of [bra\ghad],
  which also appears in place names, as [Bra'id-Albainn], Braidalbane.
<braile>, a heavy rain (Sh.):
<braile>, <braighlish>, a rattling noise (Perth).  Sc. [bruilze], Fr.
  [brouille].  See <braodhlach>.
<brailis>, wort of ale, Ir. [braithlis], M.Ir. [braichlis], from [braich].
<braim>, <bram>, crepitus ventris, Ir. [broim], O.Ir. [braigim], pedo, W.,
  Cor., Br. [bram], [*bragsmen], root [brag], I.E. [bhrag]; Lat.
  [fragor], crash, [fragrare], etc.  Hence <bramaire>, a noisy fellow.
<braisleach>, full-formed, bulky man, M.Ir. [bras], great, W., Cor.,
  Br. [bras], grossus, [*brasso-]; Lat. [grossus], Fr. [gros], bulky.
<bra\ist>, a brooch; from the Eng.
<braithli\n>, linen sheet, so Ir.: [*brath+li\n]; but [brath]?  M`E.
  suggests [pla\i-linn].
<braman>, misadventure, the Devil; also dialectic <broman>.  M.Ir.
  [broma/n] means a "boor", [broma/nach], impertinent.  The root
  seems to be [breg], [brog], [brag] of [breun], [braim].
<bramasag>, a clott-burr, the prickly head of a thistle (H.S.D.):
++<bran>, a raven, Ir., O.Ir. [bran], W. [bra^n], crow, Br. [bran], crow;
  [*brana^], for [gvrana^], with which cf. O.Slav. [gavranu@u], raven,
  but not [vrana] (do.), as is usually done.  The further root is
  [@gra], [@gera], cry, whence Eng. [crane], Gr. @G[ge/ranos], crane, W. and
  Cor. [garan].  Used much in personal and river names.
<bran>, bran, Ir., W. [bran], Br. [brenn]; G., Ir., and W. are from Eng.
  [bran], from O.Fr. [bren], [bran], whence Br.
<brang> a slip of wood in the head-stall of a horse's halter, resting
  on the jaw; horse's collar; <brangas>, a pillory; from the Sc.
  [branks], a head pillory (for tongue and mouth), a bridle with
  two wooden side pieces, [brank], to bridle; allied to Ger.
  [pranger], pillory, Du. [prang], fetter.
<branndaidh>, brandy; from Eng. [brandy], that is "brand or burnt
  wine".
<branndair>, a gridiron; from Sc. [brander], from [brand], [burn], etc.
<braodag>, a huff (Hend.), also (Perth):
<braodhlach>, brawling, <braoileadh>, loud noise, Ir. [brao/illeadh],
  rattling; a borrowed word, seemingly from Sc., Eng. [brawl],
  confused with Sc. [brulye], Eng. [broil].
<braoileag>, a whortleberry, Ir. [broileo/g], [breileo/g].  Sc. [brawlins],
  [brylocks], comes from the Gaelic.
<braoisg>, a grin, Ir. [braos]:
<braolaid>, raving, dreaming; from [breathal]?
<braon>, a drop, rain, so Ir., O.Ir. [broen]; cf. Eng. [brine].  The
  attempt to connect it with Gr. @G[bre/hw], or with Lat. [rigare],
--page 47
  Eng. [rain], is unsatisfactory.  Stokes derives it from root
  [ver] (see [fearthuinn]), [*vroen], but unlikely.
<braonan>, <praonan>, an earth-nut, bunium flexuosum.  Perhaps
  from [braon], a drop - "a bead, nut".
<bras>, <brais>, active, rash, Ir. [bras], E.Ir. [bras], W. [brys], haste:
  [*br@.sto-], I.E. [@gredh-], as in [greas], q.v.?  See also [brisg], active.
<brasailt> a panegyric (M`A.); E.Ir. [bras-sce/lach], panegyrical;
  from O.Ir. [bras], great, W. and Br. [bras]; cf. Lat. [grossus],
  Eng. [gross].  See [braisleach].
<brat>, a mantle, Ir. [brat], O.Ir. [bratt], W. [brethyn], woolen cloth, Br.
  [broz], petticoat, [*bratto-], [*brat-to-].  For root [brat], [brant], see
  [bre/id].  Ag.S. [bratt], pallium, is borrowed from the Celtic.
  Hence <bratach>, flag.
<bratag>, the furry or grass caterpillar, Ir. [brato/g], "the mantled
  one", from [brat].  Cf. [caterpillar] = "downy cat", by derivation.
<brath>, information, betrayal, Ir. [brath], E.Ir. [brath], treason, and
  [mrath] also, W. [brad], treachery, Cor. [bras], Br. [barat], O.Br.
  [brat], [*mrato-]; Gr. @G[a@`marta/nw](@G[-mart-]), sin, miss, @G[e@'/mbroton] (past
  tense).  Cf. [mearachd].  M.Ir. [mairned], treachery.
<bra\th>, judgement, <gu bra\th>, for ever (pron. [gu bra\ch]) "till Judgment",
  so Ir., O.Ir. [bra/th], judgment, W. [brawd], M.Br. [breut],
  Gaul. [bratu-], [*bra^tu-]; [*bra^], [*bera], judge, decide, from I.E.
  [bher], in the sense of "say", as in [abair].  The Ir. [barn], judge,
  and W. [barn], judgment, are hence, and may be compared
  to Gr. @G[frc/n], @G[frc/nes], soul, [phrenology].  Hence also <breath>, or
  <breith> (*br@.t-], q.v.  The sense "conflagration" given in the
  Dict. is due to "Druidic" theorisings, and is imaginary.
<bra\thair>, brother, Ir. [bra/thair], O.Ir. [bra/thir], W. [brawd], pl. [brodyr],
  Cor. [broder], pl. [bredereth], Br. [breur], [breuzr], pl. [breudeur],
  [*bra^te^r]; Lat. [fra^ter]; Eng. [brother]; Skr. [bhra@-/ta]; etc.
<breab>, a kick, Ir. [preab], M.Ir. [prebach], kicking; perhaps from the
  root form of the following word.>>
<breaban>, a patch of leather, Ir. [preaba/n], parcel, piece, patch;
  from, or allied to, O.Fr. [bribe], a piece of bread, alms, Sp.
  [briba], alms; also O.Fr. [bribeur], mendicant, [briberesse], female
  vagabondage and harloting; cf. Ir. [preabo/g], a wenching jade
  (O'B.).  Eng. [bribe] is from the French.
<breac>, speckled, so Ir., E.Ir. [brecc], W. [brych], Br. [brec'h], smallpox,
  [*mr@.kko-s], [*mr@.g-ko-], root [mr@.@g]; Lit. [ma/rgas], speckled, pied;
  Gr. @G[a@'maru/ssw], twinkle.  There is an O.Ir. [mrecht], W. [brith],
  of like meaning and origin, viz. [mr@,k-to], from [mr@.g-to-].  Hence
  <breac>, smallpox, W. [brech], and <breac>, trout, W. [brithyll].
<breacan>, plaid, Ir. [breaca/n], W. [brecan], rug; from [breac].  Rhys
  regards W. as borrowed from Irish.
<breac-shianain>, freckles:
--page 48
<breacag>, a pancake, W. [brechdan], slice of bread and butter,
  [br@.g-ko-], [br@.g], as in [bairghin], bread? (Rev.Celt. @+[17]102).  See
  [breachdan].
<breachd>, seizing =[beireachd].
<breachdan>, custard (Lh.), M.Ir. [brechta/n], a roll, W. [brithog]; from
  [mr@.g-to-], Ir. [brecht], W. [brith], motley, mixed.  See under [breac].
<bre\agh>, fine, Ir. [brea/gh], M.Ir. [breagha] (O'Cl.), [*breigavo-s], root
  [breig], [bri^g], as in [bri\gh], q.v.?  Ir. [breagh] or [breaghda] = [Bregian],
  Tir Breg. (Ir.J. No.119).
++<breall>, knob, glens mentul@ae, D.of Lismore [breyl], Ir. [breall],
  [br@.s-lo-], root [bers], [bors], as in G. [borr], [ba\rr], Eng. [bristle].  Hence
  [brilleanach], lewd, q.v.  [breall]=[bod] (Glenmoriston).
<breaman>, tail of sheep or goat, podex; cf. Ir. [breim], by-form of
  [braim], q.v.
<breamas>, mischief, mishap, the Devil; an [e] vowel form of [braman]?
<breanan>, dunghill (Sh.); from [breun], q.v.
<breath>, row, layer: [*br@.ta^], a slice, root [bher] of [bea\rn].
<breath>, judgment, so Ir., O.Ir. [breth], [*br@.ta^], W. [bryd], Gaul. vergo-[bretus],
  [*br@.to-s].  For root, see [bra\th].  Spelt also [breith].
<breathas>, frenzy (M`A.); see [breisleach].
<bre/id>, a kerchief, so Ir., E.Ir. [bre/it], [*brenti-], roots [brent], [brat];
  Skr. [granth], tie, knot, [grathna^ti]; Ger. [kranz], garland, Eng.
  [crants] (Rhys).  The Skr. being allied to Gr. @G[gro/nqos], fist,
  seems against this derivation (Stokes), not to mention the
  difficulty of Gr. @G[q] and Skr. [th] corresponding to Celtic [t].
  Possibly from root [bhera], cut, Gr. @G[fa@nros], cloth (Windisch).
  Cf. W. [brwyd], braid.
<breisleach>, confusion, delirium, nightmare, Ir. [breisleach] (O'R.,
  Fol.), [breaghaslach] (Lh.) from [breith-], [*bret], [*bhre-t]; [bhre],
  mind, as in Gr. @G[fre/n], mind?  Cf. E.Ir. [Breslech] Mo/r
  Murtheimme; [brislech], "overthrow".
<breith>, bearing, birth, so Ir. and E.Ir., [br@.ti/-s]; Skr. [bhr@.ti-]; Eng.
  [birth]; etc.: root [bher], bear; see [beir].
<breitheal>, confusion of mind; from [breith-], as in [breisleach].  Also
  <breathal> and <preathal>.
<breathanas>, judgment, Ir. [breitheamhnus], E.Ir. [britheamnas]; from
  [brithem], a judge, stem [britheman], to which is added the
  abstract termination [-as] (=[astu-]).  From [britheamh], q.v.
<breo>, <breoth>, rot, putrefy:
<breochaid>, any tender or fragile thing (M`A.); from [breo].
<breo\cladh>, clumsy patching, <breo\claid>, sickly person: [breo/dh]+
  [clad] (= [cail] of [buachail]).  See [breo/ite].
<breo/ite>, infirm, Ir. [breo/ite], [breo/dhaim], I enfeeble (Keat.), [*brivod-];
  cf. W. [briw], break, [*bri^vo-], possibly allied to Lat. [frivolus].
<breolaid>, dotage, delirium; cf. [breitheal], etc.
--page 49
<breug>, <briag>, a lie, Ir. [breug], [bre/ag], O.Ir. [bre/c], [brenka^]; Skr.
  [bhramc@,a], loss, deviation.
<breun>, putrid, so Ir., E.Ir. [bre/n], W. [braen], Br. [brein]; [*bregno-],
  [bragno-], foul, from root, [breg], [brag], of [braim].  Strachan takes
  it from [*mrak-no-]; Lat. [marcidus], rancid, as in [braich], q.v.
<briagail>, prattling:
<briathar>, a word, so Ir. and O.Ir. [*bre^tra^] (O.Ir. is fem.; G. is
  mas., by analogy?), [*bre^], ablaut to [bra^-] of [bra\th], q.v.  Bezzenberger
  would refer it to O.H.G. [chra^jan], Eng. [crow].
<bri\b>, a bribe, Ir. [bri/b]; from the Eng.
<bricein->, a prefix to certain animal names; from [breac].
++<bri\deach>, a dwarf (Arm., Sh.), Ir. [brideach] (Lh., O'B.).  See
  [bri\deag], little woman.  Shaw also gives it the meaning of
  "bride", which is due to Eng. influences.
<bri\deag>, a little woman, Ir. [bri/deag], a figure of St. Bridget made
  on the Saint's eve by maidens for divination purposes.  See
  [Bri@ghid] in the list of Proper Names.  Shaw gives <bridag>,
  part of the jaw, which H.S.D. reproduces as <bri\deag>.
<bri\deun>, a little bird, sea-piet (M`A. for latter meaning): seemingly
  formed on the analogy of the two foregoing words.>>
<bri\g>, a heap (H.S.D., M`A.): "bri\g mho\ine", a pile of peats; cf.
  Norse [bri/k], square tablet, piece, Eng. [brick].
<bri\gh>, pith, pwer, Ir. [bri/gh], O.Ir. [bri/g], W. [bri], dignity, rank,
  Cor. [bry], Br. [bri], respect, [*bri^ga], [*bri^go-]; Gr. @G[bri@n]=@G[briaro/s],
  strong, mighty, @G[bri/mc] ([i] long), strength, anger; Skr. [jri],
  overpower, [jrayas], extent; an I.E. [@gri-], [@gri@--], [@grei-].  Bezzenberger
  suggests Ger. [krieg], war, striving: [*@greigh]?  This may be from the root
  [bri^] above.
<brilleanach>, lewd, <briollair>, <briollan>, from [breall], q.v.
<bri\m>, pickle (Arg.); from Eng. [brine].
<brimin bodaich>, a shabby carle; for [breimein], a side form of
  [braman]; root [breg], [brag]?  But cf. Norse [brimill], phoca
  fetida mas.
<bri\obadh>, bribing; see [bri/b], which also has the spelling <bri\ob>.
<bri\odal>, lovers' language, caressing, flattery; also <brionnda>,
  caressing, <brionnal>, flattery; possibly from [brionn], a lie,
  dream (Ir.), as in [brionglaid], q.v.  M.Ir. [brinneal] means a
  beautiful young maid or a matron.  Cf. [briagadh].  Arran
  [bri\d], whisper.
<briog>, thrust, Ir. [priocam]; from the Eng. [prick].
<briogach>, mean-spirited:
<bri\oghas>, fervour of passion; cf. W. [brywus], [bryw], vigorous.
<briogais>, breeches, Ir. [brigis]; from the Eng. [breeks], [breeches].
--page 50
<briollag>, an illusion (Sh.); Ir. [brionn], dream, reverie.  The G.
  seems for [brion-lag].  See next.>>
<brionglai\d>, a confusion, dream, Ir. [brionnglo/id], a dream; from
  [brionn], a dream, a lie.  In the sense of "wrangling",
  [brionglaid] is purely a Scotch Gaelic word, from S., Eng.
  [brangle], of like force.
<brionnach>, pretty (M`F.), fair (Sh.), glittering, Ir. [brinneall], a
  beautiful young woman, a matron.
<brionnach>, brindled, striped; from the Eng. [brinded], now [brindled].
<bri\os>, mockery (A.M`D.), half-intoxication (M`A.):
<briosaid>, a girdle (Arm.), from Eng. [brace]?
<briosg>, start, jerk, so Ir.; from [brisg], active, q.v.
<briosgaid>, a biscuit, M.Ir. [brisca] (F.M.); founded on Eng. [biscuit],
  but by folk-etymology made to agree with [brisg], brittle
  (Gaidoz).
<briosuirneach>, ludicrous; cf. [bri\os], mockery, etc.
<briot>, <briotal>, chit-chat, Ir. ++[briot], chatter, [briotach], a stammerer:
  [br@.t-t-], [br@.-t], root [bar], [ber], as in Lat. [barbarus], Gr. @G[ba/rbaros],
  [berberi/zu], I stammer.  The reference of [briot] to the name
  [Breatnaich] or Briotons as foreigners and stammerers is scarcely
  happy.
<bris>, break, so Ir., O.Ir. [brissim], [*bresto^], I break, root [bres], [bhres];
  O.H.G. [brestan], Ag.S. [berstan], Eng. [burst], Fr. [briser],
  break.  Distantly allied to [*berso-s], short, G. [bea\rr].  Brugmann
  has compared the Gaelic to Gr. @G[pe/rqw], destroy, from
  [bherdho-], giving a Celtic stem [br@.d-to-], and [br@.d-co-] for [brisg].
<brisg>, brittle, Ir. [briosg], E.Ir. [brisc], Br. [bresq]: [*bres-co-]; root [bres]
  of [bris] above.
<brisg>, lively, Ir. [brisc], W. [brysg]; all from the Eng. [brisk], of
  Scandinavian origin (Johansson, Zeit. xxx.).
<brisgein>, cartilage; from Norse [brjo/sk], cartilage, [bris], Sw. and
  Dan. [brusk]; Ger. [brausche], a lump (from a bruise).
<brisgein>, <brislein>, white tansy; from [brisg], brittle.
<britheamh>, a judge, Ir. [breitheamh], O.Ir. [brithem], g. [britheman];
  root [br@.t], of [breath], judgment, q.v.
<broc>, a badger, so Ir., E.Ir. [brocc], W., Cor., [broch], Br. [broc'h],
  [*brokko-s]: [*bork-ko-], "grey one"; root [bherk], [bhork], bright,
  Gr. @G[forko/s], grey, Lit. [berszti], Eng. [bright]?  Thurneysen cfs.
  the Lat. [broccus], having projecting teeth, whence Fr. [broche]
  (from Lat. [*brocca], a spike, etc.), a spit, Eng. [broach], [brooch];
  he thinks the badger was named [broccos] from his snout, and
  he instances the Fr. [brochet], pike, as parallet by derivation
  and analogy.  If Gr. @G[bru/kw], bite, is allied to Lat. [broccus], the
  underlying idea of [broc] may rather be the "biter", "gripper".
--page 51
  Bezzenberger suggests Russ. [barsu/ku@u], Turk. [porsuk], Magyar
  [borz]; or [*brokko-s], from [*bhrod-ko-s], Skr. [bradhna/], dun.
<brocach>, greyish in the face, speckled, Ir. [brocach], [broc], W. [broc],
  grizzled, roan; from [broc].
<brochan>, gruel, porridge, Ir. [brocha/n], O.Ir. [brothcha/n]; [broth-cha/n],
  [*broti-], cookery; root [bru], I.E. [bhru], whence Eng. [broth],
  Lat. [defrutum], must.  See [bruith].
<bro\chlaid>, trash, farrago; root [bhreu], [bhru], as in [brochan]; [bhreu]
  varies with [bhrou], G. [bro\].
<bro\cladh>, spoiling, mangling; see [breo\claid].
<brod>, a lid; from Sc. [brod], side form of Eng. [board].
<brod>, a goad, prickle, Ir. [brod], E.Ir. [brott], W. [brath], Cor. [broz], Br.
  [brout], [*broddos], from [broz-do-]; O.H.G. [brort], edge, Norse
  [broddr], sting, Eng. [brod], [brad], Ag.S. [brord], sting.
<brod>, the choice of anything; from the above>>, in the sense of
  "excess".  Cf. [corr].
<bro\d>, pride, <bro\dail>, proud, Ir. [bro/d], etc.  In Arran (Sc.) we find
  <pro\tail>, which is a step nearer the origin.  From the Eng.
  [proud].
++<brodan>, mastiff, E.Ir. [brotchu], W. [brathgi]; from [brod], "good".
<bro\d>, a crowd, brood, bro\dach>, in crowds; from the Eng. [brood]?
<bro\g>, a shoe, Ir. [bro/g], M.Ir. [bro/cc], E.Ir. [bro/c], pl. [bro/ca], used in
  compounds for various nether garments; from Norse [bro/kr],
  Ag.S. [bro/c], pl. [bre/c], Eng. [breech], [breeks] (Zimmer, Zeit. xxx.).
  See [briogais].
<brog>, stimulate, an awl; from Sc. [brog], [prog].  Cf. W. [procio],
  thrust, poke, from M.E. [prokien], stimulare.  Thurneysen
  takes Sc. and G. from Fr. [broche], Lat. [*brocca] (see [broc]).
  Hence <brogail>, "active", "in good form".
<brogach>, a boy, young lad, from [brog]?
<broidneireachd>, embroidery, Ir. [broidineireachd]; from the Eng.
  [broider], [embroidery].
++<broigheal>, cormorant, Ir. [broighioll]:
<broighleadh>, bustle; from Sc. [brulye] (Eng. [broil]), Fr. [brouiller],
  It. [broglio].  See [braodhlach].
<broighleag>, whortleberry; see [braoileag].
<broigileineach>, substantial; from [broigeil], a by-form of [brogail];
  see [brogach].
<broilein>, king's hood; pig's snout (Badenoch): root [bhru], brow?
<broilleach>, a breast, Ir., E.Ir. [brollach]: [*bron-lach]; for [*bron],
  see [bruinne].
<broineag>, a rag, ill-clad female, <bronag>, a crum (Dialectic); possibly
  from the root of [bronn], distribute.  Shaw spells it
  [broinneag], M`F. as above.
--page 52
<broinn>, belly (Dialectic); the dat. of [bru\] used dialectically as
  nom.; see [bru\].
<broit>, the bosom; properly the breast covering (H.S.D., for latter
  meaning); cf. G. [brot], O.Ir. [broite/ne], palliolum.  The word
  appears to be from [brat], mantle, with a leaning for meaning
  on [bruinne], breast.
<brolaich>, incoherent talk (as in sleep), <brolasg>, garrulity, Ir.
  [brolasgach], prattling; cf. W. [brawl], [brol], boasting, Eng.
  [brawl], Du. [brallen], boast.
<brolamas>, a mess (D.C.Mc.Ph.) (Glenmoriston); same root as
  [brollach].
<broluinn>, <brothluinn>, boiling, "@aestus", tide-boiling; from [broth],
  boiling, as in [brollach], etc.
<brollach>, a mess; cf. E.R. [brothlach], the Fe/nian cooking pit, from
  [broth], as in [brochan], q.v.
<bromach>, a colt, Ir. [bromach]: [*brusmo-], [*brud-], [*bru], as in
  Eng. em-[bryo]?
<bro/n>, grief, Ir., O.Ir. [bro/n], W. [brwyn], smarting, sorrow, [*brugno-s];
  Gr. @G[bru/hw] (@G[u] long), gnash the teeth; Lit. [gra/uz@?iu], gnaw,
  Pol. [zgryzota], sorrow.
++<bronn>, grant, distribute, M.G. [bronnagh] (1408 charter), Ir.
  [bronnaim], E.Ir. [bronnaim], [brondaim], bestow, spend: [*brundo-],
  [*bhrud-no-], I.E. root [bhrud]; Ag.S. [bryttian], deal out, Norse
  [bryti], a steward (cf. Gr. @G[tami/as], steward, "cutter"), [brytja],
  chop, Eng. [brittle], Teut. [brut], chop; perhaps Lat. [frustum],
  bit.
<brosdaich>, stir up, Ir. [brosduighim], E.Ir. [brostugud], inciting.  The
  word is from the root [bros-], in [brosdo-] of [brod], q.v., being here
  [bros-to-], which become [brosso-], and later reverts to [brost],
  [brosd], or remains as in <brosnaich>.  Stokes says it is founded
  on Low Lat. [brosdus], [brusdus], broidery, "done by a needle",
  or [brosd], which is of Teutonic origin and cognate with G.
  [brod], already given as the root.  Hence <brosgadh>, stimulation,
  etc.  The Ir. [brosna], O.Ir. [brosne], faggot, may be hence;
  the root [bhrud], discussed under [bronn], has also been suggested.
<brosgul>, flattery, fawning (especially of a dog); possibly from the
  root form [brost], in [brosdaich], [brosgadh].
<brosnaich>, incite; see [brosdaich].  This is the best G. form;
  [brosdaich] is rather literary and Irish.
<brot>, broth; from the Eng. [broth].
<brot>, a veil, upper garment, O.Ir. [broite/ne], palliolum; G. is a by-form
  of [brat].
<broth>, itch, Ir. [broth], [*bruto-]; see [bruthainn] for root.  Also
  (rarely) <bruth>.
--page 53
<broth>, lunar halo (Arg.), or <brogh>; cf. O.Ir. [bruth], heat, under
  [bruthainn].  Sc. [broch], Ulster Ir. [broth].
<brothag>, the bosom, a fold of the breast clothes; [*broso-], root
  [brus] of [bruinne], breast.
<brothas>, farrago, brose, Ir. [brothus], from M.E. [brewis], Sc. [brose]
  See [bruthaist], the best G. form.
<bru\>, g. <bronn>, belly, so Ir., O.Ir. [bru/], [brond]; W. [bru]: [*bru^s],
  [*brus-nos], root [brus], I.E. [bhrus], [bhreus]; Teut. [breust-], Norse
  [bfjo/st], Eng. [breast], Ger. [brust].  Stokes refers it to the root
  [bru], to swell, Gr. @G[bru/w], am full, @G[e@'m-bruon], embryo (whence
  Eng. [embryo]), or to Skr. [bhru^n@.a/], embryo.  See [bruinne].
<bruach>, a bank, brink, Ir., O.Ir. [bruach]: [*brou-ko-], I.E. [bhru^],
  brow, Gr. @G[o@'fru/s], eybrow, Eng. [brow], Lit. [bruvis], O.Ir. [bru/ad],
  (dual).  Also E.Ir. [bru/], bank, border.  Stokes suggests
  either the root of [bru\th], bruise, or Lit. [briau-na\], edge.
<bruchaire>, a surly fellow, one that hovers about, Ir. [bruachaireachd],
  hovering about; [bruach].
<bruadar>, <bruadal>, a dream, Ir. [bruadair], W. [breuddwyd]: [*braud]
  or [*brav-]: [fraus], [fraud]?
<bruaillean>, <bruaidlean>, trouble, grief; from [bruadal], above.
<bruais>, crush to peices, gnash (Dialectic): [*bhraud-so-], Lat. [fraus],
  Eng. [brittle].
<bruan>, thrust, wound; from the root of [bru\th].
<bruan>, a fragment; [*bhroud-no-], from [*bhroud], break, Ag.S.
  [bre/ostan], break, Eng. [brittle], etc., as under [bronn].  Strachan
  also suggests [*bhroucno-], Lett. [brukt], crumple, and Stokes the
  root of [bru\th].
<bru\c>, seaweed cast ashore (Lewis); Norse [bru/k], drid heaps of
  seaweed.
<brucach>, spotted in the face, smutted, Ir. [brocach]: "badger like";
  see [broc].  The Sc. [broukit], [brooked], is of uncertain origin
  (Murray).  Hence <brucadhadh>, irregular digging, <brucaniach>,
  the peep of dawn (M`A.), etc.
<brucag>, <bruchag>, a chink, eylet (Sh.), dim candle light (H.S.D.).
  Sh. gives [bruchag], H.S.D. [brucag], which appears only to apply
  to the "dim candle light]; from [brucach].
<bru\chd>, belch, burst out, so Ir., E.Ir. [bru/chtaim], eructo, vomo,
  W. [brytheiro] (vb.), [brythar] (n.).
<bruchlag>, a hovel; from [brugh], q.v.
<bruchlas>, the fluttering of birds going to rest (Sh.):
<bruchorcan>, stool bent, heath rush; said to be derived from ++[bru/],
  a hind, and [corc-an], oats, "deer's oats".  Also <bruth-chorcan>.
<brudhach>, a brae; see [bruthach].
<brudhaist>, brose; see [bruthaist].
--page 54
<brugh>, large house, a tumulus, so Ir., E.Ir. [brug], [mrug], land,
  holding, mark, W. [bro], country, region, land, [Cym-mro], a
  Welshman, pl. [Cymmry] ([*com-mroges]), Br. [bro], country, Gaul.
  [Brogi-]: [*mrogi] (for Gadelic); Lat. [margo]; Got. [marka],
  border-country, Ag.S. [mearc], border, Eng. [mark], [march].
<bruich>, boil, cook; gutturalised form of [bruith] (cf. [bra\th], [bra\ch]).
  See [bruith].  The Ir. [bruighim] appears in O'R., and has been
  compared to Lat. [fri^go], Gr. @G[fru/gw], roast; but it is evidently
  a bad spelling of [bruith].
<bruid>, captivity, I. [bruid], M.Ir. [*brat], g. [braite], E.Ir. acc. [broit],
  [*bradda^].  For root, see [bradach].
<bruid>, <bruidich>, stab, goad, Ir. [bruidighim]: the verb from [brod],
  a goad.
<bru\id>, a brute, Ir. [bru/id]; from Eng. [brute].
<bruidheann>, <bruidhinn>, talk, conversation, Ir. [brui/ghinn], scolding
  speech, a brawl (also [bruitheann]), O.Ir. [fris-brudi], renuit, W.
  [cyfrau], song, O.Br. [co-brouol], verbialia, [*mru], say; Skr. [bru^],
  [bravati], says, Zend [mru^], speak.  O'Grady (S. Gad. xvi.)
  connects E.Ir. [brudin], hospitium; says meaning really is "quarrel".  He
  gives Ir. as [bruidhen].  Stokes E.Ir. [brudin],
  [*brodi\na], Eng. [board] (Z. 33).
<bruidlich>, stir up; see [bruid], stab, goad.
<bru\ill>, bruise, thump; a derivative from [bru\th], q.v.
<bru\illig>, a person of clumsy figure and gait (H.S.D., which refers
  the word to [bru\], belly); from [bru\]?
<bruim-fheur>, switch grass, so Ir.: from [braim-fheur], a term to
  denote its worthlessness.
<Bru\inidh>, the Brownie; from Sc. [Brownie], the benevolent farmhouse
  goblin, from Eng. [brown].  Cf. the Norse [Svart-a/lfr] or
  dark elves.
<bruinne>, breast, O.Ir. [bruinne], W. [bron], Cor. and M.Br. [bronn],
  [*brus-no], root [bhrus], [bhreus]; Norse [brjo/st], Ger. [brust], Eng.
  [breast].  Stokes gives the root as [brend], from I.E. [@grendh],
  swell, be haughty, Gr. @G[bre/nqu/omai], strut, bear oneself loftily,
  Lat. [grandis], Ch.Sl [gra@?di@u], breast.  Usually correlated with
  got. [brunjo^], breastplate, M.H.G. [bru@"nne], N. [brynja], coat of
  mail,  M.Eng. [brynie], Sc. [byrnie]: a satisfactory enough derivation,
  and ultimatley from the same root as the first one
  given above (I.E. [bhru]).  Indeed Stokes says the Teut. is
  borrowed from the Celtic.
<bruinneadh>, the from (Dialectic), O.Ir. [bruinech], prow, Cor.
  [brenniat], prow, [*bronjo-], to which Bex. compares Ger. [grans],
  prow (I.E. [@gh] = G. [b]?).  From root of [bruinne].
<bruis>, a brush, Ir. [bruis] (vulg.); from the Eng. [brush].
--page 55
<bruiteach>, warm; from [*bruth], heat; see [bruthainn].
<bruith>, boil, cook, so Ir., E.Ir. [bruith], cooking, [*brot-], from the
  root [bru], I.E. [bhru]; Eng. [broth] (Teut. [bro@tho-], I.E. [bhruto-],
  and [brew] (I.E. [bhreu]); Lat. [defrutum], must; Thrac. Gr.
  @G[bru@nton], beer.
<brunsgal>, rumbling noise; [bronn]+[sgal]?  From [bru\], in any case.
<brusg>, a crumb, particle of food, Ir. [brusca/n], [brusgar], broken ware,
  useless fragments, [brus], refuse of corn: from [*brus], short
  form of [*bru^s] in [bru\th].
<brutach>, digging, the act of digging (N.H. according to H.S.D.):
  [*brutto-], [*bhrud-to-], root [bhrud], break?  See [bronn].
<bru\th>, bruise, pound, Ir. [bru/ighim], E.Ir. [bru/im], [*bru^s], strike,
  graze, pound; Pre. Celt. [bhreus]; Ag.S. [bry/san], bruise, Eng.
  [bruise] (influenced by Fr.); perhaps O.Slav. [bru@usna@?ti], corrumpere,
  radere.
<bruthach>, a brae: [*brut-acos], root [bru], from [bhru], brow; see
  [bruach].  Sc. [brae] is of a similar origin, founded on Norse
  [bra/], eyelid, brow (Murray).
<bruthainn>, sultriness, heat, Ir., O.Ir. [bruth], fervour, W. [brwd], hot,
  Br. [brout], hot (fire), O.Br. [brot]: [*brutu-].  For further root see
  [bruith].  Wider are Lat. [ferveo], [fervor], Eng. [burn], etc.
<bruthaist>, brose; from early Sc., Eng. [browes], Sc. [brose]; from the
  Fr., but allied to Eng. [broth].
<bu>, was, Ir. [budh], O.Ir. [by]: Proto-Gaelic [*bu] for a Celtic [bu-t];
  Gr. @G[e@`/fu] (@G[u] long), aorist tense; Lat. [fuit]; Skr. [a/bhu^t], was;
  I.E. [e/-bhu^-t].  The root is [bheu], [bhu]; Eng. [be], etc.  Both G.
  and Ir. [aspirate], which shows the [t] of the 3rd sing.
  disappeared early.
<bubhall>, unicorn, buffalo, M.Ir. [buabhall], W. [bual]; from Lat.
  [bubalus], buffalo, gazelle, whence ([bu@-falus]) Eng. [fuggalo].
<buabhall>, a trumpet, Ir. [bubhall], [buadhbhall], M.Ir. [buaball], W.
  [bual], bugle; cf. M.Ir. [buabhall], horn, W. [bual], buffalo horn,
  M.Ir. [corn buabhaill]; whence the further force of "trumpet".
<buachaill>, a herdsman, so Ir., O.Ir. [bo/chaill], [buachaill], W. [bugail],
  Cor., Br. [bugel]; Gr. [bouko/los], cowherd (Lat. [bucolicus], Eng.
  [bucolic], @G[bou-], cow, and @G[-kolos], attendant, Lat. [colo], [cult]ivate.
<buachar>, cow-dung, Ir. [buacar], [buachar] (Con.), Br. [beuzel]; for the
  stem before the suffix [-ar], cf. W. [buwch] ([*boukka^]), though
  [bou-cor-] or [bouk-cor-], "cow-offcast", may properly be the derivation for
  the Gadelic.  See [bo/] and, possibly, [cuir].  Cf.
  [salchar].
<buadhghallan>, <buaghallan>, ragwort, Ir. <buadhghallan>, M.Ir.
  [buathbhallan], [buathfallan]: "virtue bearing wort"?  More
  probably it is [buaf-bhallan], "toad-wort", brom [buaf], toad,
--page 56
  reptile, from Lat. [bu^fo].  The Welsh call it "serpent's weed",
  [llysiau'r nedir".  Ir. [baufanau] is "mugwort"; [buadharlann]
  (Hend.).
<buaic>, a wick, Ir. [buaic]; from Eng. [wick], Ag.S. [weoca]?
<buaic>, bleaching lees, Ir. [buac]; from M.E. [bouken], steep in lye,
  Eng. [buck], Ger. [bauchen]; Fr. [buer], from a Lat. type [*bu^care].
  See [fu\cadh].
<buaicneach>, smallpox (Suth.); founded on a later form of Lat.
  [bucca], as in [bucaid], q.v.
<buaidh>, victory, virtue, so Ir., O.Ir. [buaid], W. [budd], O.Br. [bud],
  Gaul. [boud-], in many personal names, whether as the only
  root (cf. Boudicca, "Victrix") or in compounds, either initial
  or as second part: [*boudi-]; Norse [by/ti], exchange, Ger. [beute],
  booty, Eng. [booty], Fr. [butin] (do.).
<buaidheam>, fits of inconstancy; cf. [buathadh].
<buail>, strike, so Ir., E.Ir. [bualaim]: [*budlo-], or [*boudlo-], [*boud],
  Pre-Celt. [bhoud], [bheud]; Ag.S. [be/atan], Eng. [beat], [beetle], Ger.
  [beutel], beetle (Strachan).  See [buille].  Stokes gives the form
  [*buglao^], root [bug], [bhug], as in Ger. [pochen], Eng. [poke].
<buaile>, a fold, pen, so Ir., E.Ir. [buale]; Lat. [bovile]; from [*bov-], cow.
<buaill>, place for resting and milking (Lewis).  Cf. Norse [bo/l].
<buain>, reap, Ir., O.Ir. [buain], inf. of [bongaim], reap, break: [*bogni-]
  or [*bongni-]?  For root, see [bochd].
<buair>, tempt, vex, Ir. [buaidhirim], E.Ir. [buadraim], O.Ir. [buadartha],
  turbulentus: [*boud-ro-]; possibly from [bhoud], strike, the idea
  coming from a form [*boudro-], a goad, goading?  G. has
  <buaireadh>, <buair>, a rage.
<bual-cho\mhla>, sluice (M`L.) ([an fhamh bhual], water vole); M.Ir.
  [bual], flowing sluice water, E.Ir. [roth-bu/ali], water-wheel,
  [*bogla], Eng. [beck], Ger. [bach] (St.) (Zim.).
<bualtrach>, cow-dung, so Ir. [buartlach] (Dial. Ir.); from [buar], cattle.
<buamastair>, a blockhead.
<buan>, lasging, Ir. [buan], lasting, fixed, E.Ir. [buan]: "being,
  during", from [*bu], be, I.E. [bhu], be; Lit. [butinas], being,
  during, from [buti], be; Norse [bu/a], dwell, Got. [bauan], etc.
  Stokes gives the G. stem as [buvano-s], and cfs. Skr. [bhu^vana],
  existence.  Hence <buanaich>, persevere.
<buana>, an idle person who lives on the best his heighbours can
  afford (Lewis) (M`A.):
++<buanna>, a mercenary, a billeted soldier, so Ir.:
<buannachd>, profit; from [buain], reap, with irregularly doubled [n]
  (see [cinne], [linne], [seann], [bann-] for [ban-], [miann]?  Cf. Ir.
  [buannacht], soldiers billeting from a tenant (Joyce).
<buar>, cattle, so Ir., E.Ir. [bu/ar], cattle of the cow kind; from [bo/],
  cow: [*bova^ro-]; cf. Lat. [boarius].
--page 57
<buarach>, cow-fetter, Ir., E.Ir. [buarach]: for [bo/-a/rach], "cow-fetter",
  [a/rach] being for [ad-rig-os], root [rig] of [cuibhreach], q.v.
<buathadh>, a rushing, a mad fit:
<bu\b>, roar, Ir. [bub]: onomatopoetic.  Cf. Lat. [baubor], bay, Gr.
  @G[bau/zw], bark, Lit. [bubauti], roar.
<bu\ban>, coxcomb, Ir. [buba/n]; cf. Eng. [booby].
<bucach>, a boy (dial.): "growing one"; founded on Lat. [bucca] as
  in the following word.>>
<bucaid>, a pustule, Ir. [buco/oid], a spot, E.Ir. [bocco/it]; from Brittonic
  Lat. [bucca^tus], from [bucca], puffed cheek (Eng. [debouch], [rebuke]).
<bucall>, a buckle, Ir. [buccla], W. [bwel]; from M.Eng. [bukyll], Eng.
  [buckle], from Fr. [boucle], from Lat. [bucula], cheek-strap, from
  [bucca], cheek.
<bu\chd>, size (Sh. [buc]); from Sc. [bouk], i.e. [bulk].
<buchainn>, melodious (A.M`D.):
<buchallach>, nestling (adj.): [*buth-chal], "house tending"?
  [buchallach] (M`L. Teachd.Gaidh.):
<budach>, poult (Suth.): see [pu\t].
<budagochd>, snipe (M`L.), woodcock (H.S.D.).  It seems a reminiscence
  of Eng. [woodcock].
<budhaigir>, the puffin, <buigire>, (M`A., for St. Kilda), Sc. [bowger], the
  coulter-neb; somehow from Norse [bugr], curve, "bent-bill"?
<budhailt>, a window-like recess in a wall; from Sc. [bowall], [boal],
  [bole].  Origin unknown (Murray).
<budhag>, a bundle of straw: root [bud], which underlies Fr. [botte],
  bundle?  See [boitean].
<bugha>, a green spot by a stream (Skye), [bogha] (Rob.).
<buideal>, a bottle, cask, Ir. [buideul], W. [potel]; from Eng. [bottle].
  See [botul].
<buidealaich>, a conflagration, Ir. [buite], fire, [buitealach] (Lh.++, O'Cl.,
  O'B.), [bott] (O'Cl.): [*bud-do-], root [bhud] (Lat. [fustis], [bhud-tis],
  Eng. [beetle]), giving the idea of "faggot", "firewood"?
<buidhe>, yellow, so Ir., O.Ir. [buide]; Lat. [badius], Eng. [bay].
<buidhe>, now <buidheachas>, thanks, Ir. [buidhe], O.Ir. [buide] (W.
  [boddaw], please, [bodd], will?), [*budo-], I.E. Pbhudh], [bheudh]; Gr.
  @G[peu/qomai], learn by inquiry; Ag.S. [be/odan], command, Eng.
  for-[bid].
<buidhe>, glad to, had to, O.Ir. [buithi], participle of necessity, from
  the verb [bi/], be: "Is amlid is buithi do cha/ch" - Thus ought
  it to be with every one (9th Cent. glosses); G. "Is buidhe do
  gach neach".
<buidheann>, a company, Ir. [buidhean], O.Ir. [buden], W. [byddin],
  O.Br. [bodin], manus, [*bodi^na^]; O.H.G. [chutti], troop, band,
  O.Fries. [kedde], Ger. [kette], covey; I.E. [go^]: [go], drive; cf. Lit.
  [gu@?tas], herd.
--page 58
<buidhinn>, gain,win, <buinnig>, act of gaining, gain; from the Eng.
  [win], [winning].
<buil>, effect, use, Ir. [boil], [*bol], [*bel]: Pre-Celt. [bhel], [bhol]; Gr.
  @G[o@'/felos], advantage, @G[w@'fe/le/w], help.
<buileach>, total, entirely; another form of [baileach].  E.Ir. has
  [bulid], blooming.
<buileastair>, a bullace or sloe (M`D., Sh.); from M.E. [bolaster] =
  [bullace-tree], from [bolace], now [bullace].
<builionn>, a loaf, Ir. [buili/n]; from O.Fr. [boulange], ball-shaped
  loaf (?), which Diez suggests as the basis of Fr. [boulanger],
  baker.
<buille>, a blow, so Ir., E.Ir. [bulle], [buille] = [bollia] = [bus-lia^] + [bhud-s-lia^];
  root [bhud], beat, as in [buail], q.v.  Stokes gives the stem as
  [*boldja], allied to Lit. [be/ldz@?iu], [belsti], give a blow, [baldas], a
  beetle; Ger. [poltern].
<buillsgean>, centre, Ir. [boilscea/n], M.Ir. [bolsce/n], middle, midriff =
  [bolga/n], from [balg], [bolg], belly.
<buin>, belong to, Ir. [beanaim].  The Ir. is from the verb [bean],
  touch; the G., which has the idea of relationship or origin
  ([Cha bhuin e dhomh]: he is not related to me), seems to
  confuse [bean] and [bun], stock.
<buinne>, a cataract, tide, Ir. [buinne], a spout, tap, E.Ir. [buinne],
  wave, rush of water: G. <buinneach>, flux, diarrh@oea, so Ir.;
  see [boinne].  Also [puinne] (Suth.) (W.Ross).
<buinneag>, a twig, sprout, Ir. [buinnea/n], E.Ir. [buinne]: [*bus-nia^];
  root [bus], as in Eng. [bush], [boosky], Ger. [busch], etc.
<buinnig>, winning; see [buidhinn].
++<buinnire>, a footman, so Ir.; from [bonn], sole of the foot.
<bu\ir>, <bu\irich>, roar, bellow (as a bull), Ir. [bu/ireadh], roaring; E.Ir.
  [bu/raim]; [*bu^-ro-], I.E. root [@gevo], [@gu^], cry; Gr. @G[boa/w], shout;
  Lit. [gauju], howl; Skr. [gu], cry.  Strachan gives as G. stem
  [bucro-], root [buq] as in Lat. [buccina], horn, Gr. @G[bu/ktcs], howling,
  Skr. [bukka@-ras], lion's roar, Norwg. [bura], to bellow, Shet.
  [boorik], cow.
<buirdeiseach>, a free man, burgess, Ir. [buirge/iseach]; from the Eng.
  [burgess].
<buirleadh>, language of folly and ridicule; from the Romance
  [burla], to jest, etc.  See [burraidh].
<bu\irseach>, a deluge of rain; a rousing fire (Heb.):
<buiseal>, a bhshel, Ir. [buiseul]; from Eng. [bushel].
<bu\it>, bashful (Badenoch): a form of [bo\idich]?
<buitseach>, a witch, so Ir.; from Eng. [witch]; "buidseach agus
  raitseach".
--page 59
<bu\las>, pot hook; from the Sc. [bools], a pot hook in two parts or
  "bools", M.Eng. [bool], a pail handle, round part of a key,
  Ger. [bu@"gel], arc: from Teut. [beugan], bend, Eng. [bow].  Dialectic
  <pu\las>.
<bumailear>, bungler; from Sc. [bummeler], from [bummil], bungle,
  Eng. [bumble]; of onomatopoetic origin (Murray).  Cf. Ger.
  [bummler], a lounger.
<bun>, root, stock, bottom, Ir., E.Ir. [bun], W. [bon], stem, trunk,
  O.W. [boned]; Armen. [bun]; N.Pers. [bun], Zd. [buna-] (Bugge).
  Rhys has suggested a comnection with Ger. [bu@"hne], a stage,
  boards.  Ag.S. [bune], "stalk, reed", may be allied.  It cannot
  be connected with [bonn], for the stem there is [bhuadh-no-], root
  [bhudh].  The ultimate root of [bun], in any case, is simply [bhu],
  [bhu^], grow, swell, Gr. @G[fu/w], @G[fu@nlon],a tribe, Eng. [boil] (n.), Ger.
  [bheule], a swelling, Skr. [bhumis], earth; [bhu^], grow, is identical
  with [bhu], be.
<bunach>, coarse tow, refuse of flax, so Ir.; from [bun].
<bunait>, foundation, Ir. [buna/it]: [bun]+[a/it], q.v.
<bungai\d>, a hussy (Dial.); from Sc. [bungy], pettish.
<bunnlum>, steadiness, <bunntam>, Mbunntamas>, solidity, shrewdness;
  from [bun], foundation.  Cf. Ir. [buntomhas], well founded
  opinion: [bun]+[tomhas], q.v.
<bunnsach>, a twig, so Ir., E.Ir. [bunsach]; see [buinneag].
<bunnsach>, a sudden rush; from [buinne].
<bunntam>, solidity; see [bunnlum].
<bunta\ta>, potato, Ir. [pota/ta], [fataidhe]; from the English.  It contains
  a piece of folk-etymologising in the syllable [bun-], root.
<buntuinn>, belonging; see [buin].
<bu\rach>, turning up of the earth, digging; from the Sc. [bourie],
  Eng. [burrow].  The Sc. [bourach], enclosure, cluster, knoll,
  heap, etc., is the Eng. [bower].
<burgaid>, a purge, <Burgadoir>, Purgatory; see [purgaid], [Purgadoir].
<bu\rlam>, a flood, rush of water (Arg.); see [bo\rlum].
<burmaid>, wormwood; from the Eng.  M.Ir. [in uormoint].
<bu\rn>, water; from Sc. [burn], water, spring-water, Eng. [bourne],
  [burn], a stream, Teut. [brunnon-], a spring, Norse [brunnr], well,
  Ger. [brunnen].
<burrachdadh>, raging:
<burraidh>, ablockhead, Ir. [bu/rraidh]; from Sc. [burrio] (1535), Fr.
  [bourrieau], Lat. [burr@ae], nonsense, Eng. [burlesque], etc.
<burral>, a howl, lamentation, so Ir.; for the root, which is here
  short ([*bur-ro-]?), see [bu\ir].  Cf. [bururus], however.
<burras>, a caterpillar:
--page 60
<burr->, as in <burr'caid>, clumsy person, <burr'ghlas>, a torrent of
  rage, etc, seems from [borr], great, excessive, q.v.  <burr'sgadh>,
  a burst of passion, may be from Eng. [borasco], squall of wind.
<bu\rt>, mockery; from Sc. [bourd], M.Eng. [bourd], jest, Fr. [bourde],
  a lie.
<burrurus>, infant lisping, warbling, purling; cf. Eng. [purr] and [purl]
  (Skeat).  Evidently onomatopoetic.
<bus>, a mouth, kiss, Ir., M.Ir. [bus], [*bussu-]; Pre-Celt. [@guss-]; Teut.
  [kuss], Ger. [ku@"ssen], kiss, Eng. [kiss] (Kluge).  Bezzenberger cfs.
  Lit [buczu/ti], kiss; others give [buc-sa], allied to Lat. [bucca],
  cheek.
<busgadh>, dressing; from the Sc., Eng. [busk].
<busgaid>, a bustle (M`D.); formed from Eng. [busy]; cf. Ag.S.
  [bysgy], business.
<bustail>, puffing, blowing (Heb.); from [bus].
<butadh>, a push; see [putadh].
<butag>, oar pin; see [putag].
<bu\th>, a shop; from the Eng. [booth], Norse [bu/@dh], shop, root [bhu], be.
  See [bothan].
<buthainnich>, thump, thrash, bang; from the root [bhud], beat
  (Eng. [beat])?  See next.>>
<buthuinn>, long straw for thatch; cf. <sputhainn>, straw not
  threshed, but seedless (Arg.), which seems from [spoth].
<butrais>, <butarrais>, a mess:
<c'>, for [co], [cia], who, what, q.v.
<ca\>, <ca>, where, Ir. [ca/], how, where, who; a by-form to [cia], [ce\], q.v.
<cab>, a gap, indentation, mouth, Ir. [cab], mouth, head, gap, [cabach],
  babbling, indented.  The word is borrowed from two English
  words - [gap] and [gab] (M.E. [gabben], chatter); G. has also [gab],
  directly from [gab] of the Sc.  Hence <cabach>, gap-toothed.
<ca\bag>, a cheese; Sc. [cabback], [kebbock].  The latter form ([kebbock])
  is probably from a G. [ceapag], [cepag], obsolete in G. in the sense
  of "a cheese", but still used for the thick wooden wheel of
  wheel-barrows; it is from G. [ceap].  Sc. [cabback] is a side form
  of [kebbock], and it seems to have been re-borrowed into G. as
  [ca\bag].  the real G. word for "a cheese" is now [mulachag].
<cabaist>, cabbage, Ir. [gaba/isde]; from the Eng.
<ca\ball>, a cable, Ir. [cabla]; from Eng. [cable], which, through Fr.,
  comes from Lat. [capulum].
<cabar>, a rafter, caber, deer's horn, Ir. [cabar], W. [ceibr], rafters,
  O.Br. [cepriou], beams; from a Med.Lat. [*caprio], a rafter,
  [capro], [caprones] (which exists as a genuine 8th century word),
--page 61
  Fr. [chevron], rafter.  [caprio] is from [caper], goat; Lat. [capreoli],
  goat-lets, was used for two beams meeting to support something,
  props, stays.
<cabasdar>, <cabstar>, a bit, curb, W. [cebystr], Br. [kabestr]; from Lat.
  [capistrum], halter, "head-holder", from [caput].
<cabhag>, hurry:
<cabhlach>, a fleet, Ir. [cobhlach], [cabhlach], E.Ir. [coblach]; [*cob-lach];
  from [kub], [*qu@g], curve, root of Lat. [cymba], boat, Gr. @G[ku/mbc],
  boat, cup, especially Lat. [cybaea], a transport ([*kubai/a].
<cabhladh>, ship's tackle, Ir. [ca/bhluighe]; cf. [cabhlach] and Eng.
  [cable].
<ca\bhruich>, sowens, flummery, Ir. [ca/thbhruith]; from [ca/th] and
  [bruith], q.v.
<cabhsair>, causeway, Ir. [cabhsa]; from Eng. [causey], [causeway], from
  O.Fr. [caucie], from Lat. [calciata] (via).
<cabhsanta>, dry, snug; from Sc. [cosie], [colsie], Eng. [cosy], whose
  origin is unknown.
<cabhtair>, an issue, drain in the body (M`D., who, as [cautair],
  explains it as "an issue or cauter"); from Eng. [cauter].
<cabhuil>, a conical basket for catching fish; from M.Eng. [cawell],
  a fish basket, still used in Cornwall, Ag.S. [cawl].  Cf. Br.
  [kavell], bow-net, O.Br. [cauell], basket, cradle; from Lat.
  [cauuella], a vat, etc. (Loth, Ernault).
<ca\blaid>, turmoil, hindrance, trouble (Wh.): See [ca\praid].
<cabon>, capon (M`D.), Ir. [cabu/n]; from Eng. [capon].
<cac>, excrement, so Ir., E.Ir. [cacc], Cor. [caugh], Br. [kac'k], [*kakko-];
  Lat. [caco]; Gr. @G[ka/kkc]; Skr. [c@,a/ka], g. [c@,akna/s].
<ca\ch>, the rest, others, Ir., O.Ir. [ca/ch], quivis, W. [pawb], all, Br. [pep],
  [*qa/qe]; root [qo@-], [qo], [qe] of [co] and [gach], q.v.
<cachdan>, vexation, Ir. [cacht], distress, prioner, E.Ir. [cachtaim], I
  capture, W. [caeth], slave, confined: [*kapto-], caught; Lat.
  [capio], [captus]; Got. [haban], Eng. [have].
<cachliadh> (Arm.), <cachaleith> (H.S.D.), a gate; [co-cliath], "co-hurdle";
  see [cliath], [cleath], hurdle, wattle.  Also <cachliag>,
  (C.S.).  It has also been explained as [cadha-chliath], "hurdle-pass".
  Carmichael gives alternate [cliath-na-cadha].
<cadadh>, tartan cloth, hose tartan, Manx [cadee], cotton; Eng.
  [caddow] (16th cent.), an Irish quilt or cloak; doubtless from
  Eng. [caddis], worsted, crewel work, etc., Fr. [cadis], woolen
  serge.  See also [catas].
<cadal>, sleep, Ir. [codladh], O.Ir. [cotlud], vb. [contulim]: [*con-tul-], root
  [tol]; Ch.Sl. [toliti], appease, placare, Lit. [tilas], quiet (Persson).
  The root [tol], [tel], appears in [tra\th], gentle, Lat. [tolerare], Sc.
  [thole].
--page 62
<cadan>, cotton (Sh.); from Eng. [cotton].  Properly <codan>, which is
  the usual dialect form.  See [cotan].  For Ir. [cada/s], cotton,
  see [catas].
<cadha>, a pass, narrow pass, entry; cf. Ir. [caoi], way, road, E.Ir.
  [ca/i], which Stokes, however, refers to the root [ci] as in Lat.
  [cio], move, Gr. @G[ki/w], go, a derivation which does not suit the
  G. phonetically.  [cae] (Meyer).
<cadhag>, jackdaw, Ir. [cabho/g], M.Ir. [caog]; [*ca-o/g], the [ca]-er or
  crier of [ca], [caw]; on onomatopoetic origin.  Cf. Eng. [caw];
  also [chough], from a West Teut. [ka^wa-].
<cadhag>, a wedge (M`A. for Skye):
<cadhan>, wild goose, barnacle goose, so Ir.; cf. Eng. [caw], for possibly
  the name is onomatopoetic.  Corm. (B) [cadan].
<cadh-luibh>, the cud-weed (Sh. gives <cad-luibh>, and O'B.), Ir.
  [cadh-luibh]; from M.Eng. [code], a cud.  M`A. omits the word;
  it is clearly Irish.  The G. is <cna\mh lus>, which is its Lat.
  name of [gnaphalium] in folk etymology.
<cadhmus>, a mould for casting bullets; from Sc. [cawmys], [calmes]
  (16th century), [caums], Eng. [calm], [came].
<cagailt>, a hearth, Ir. [cagailt], raking of the fire (O'R.):
<cagar>, a whisper, Ir. [cogar], M.Ir. [coccur]; [cechras], qui canet,
  [cairche], sound; root [kar], of Lat. [carmet], Gr. @G[kc@nrux], herald
  (Stokes).
<cagaran>, darling: [*con-car-]; root [car], dear, as in [caraid].
<caglachan>, something ground to pulp or dust (M`D.):
<cagnamh>, chewing, Ir. [cognadh], M.Ir. [cocnum], O.Ir. [cocnom]:
  [*con-cna/mh]; see [cna\mh].
<caibe>, a spade, turf cutter, Ir. [coibe], [cuibe] (O'R., Fol.), W. [caib],
  O.Cor. [cep].
<caibeal>, a chapel (M`D.); from Lat. [capella].  The G. really is
  [seipeal], q.v.
<caibheis>, giggling, laughing:
<caibideil>, <caibdeil>, a chapter, Ir. [caibidil], E.Ir. [caiptel], W.
  [cabidwl]; from Lat. [capitulum], whence O.Fr. [chapitre], Eng.
  [chapter].
<caidir>, cherish, so Ir.  See the next word.>>
<caidreabh>, fellowship, affection, vicinity, so Ir., M.Ir. [caidrebh],
  Celtiberian [Contrebia]: [*con-treb-]; see [aitreabh], [treabh].
<caig>, conversation, claque (Arg.); teaze (Perth):
<caigeann>, a couple (of animals), coupling: [*con-ceann]; from
  [ceann], q.v.
<caigeann>, a winding pass through rocks and brushwood, a rough
  mountani pass (Dial. = [cadha-e/iginn]).
<caigeann>, scrimmage (M`D.):
--page 63
<ca\il>, condition, vigour, appetite, anything ([ca\ileigin]), Ir. [ca/il], W.
  [cael], to have, get, enjoy, [*kapli-], [*kapelo-]: root [qap]; Lat.
  [capio], Eng. [have].
<cailbhe>, a partition wall (of wattle or clay, etc.); from [calbh], q.v.
<cailc>, chalk, Ir., E.Ir. [cailc], W. [calch]; from Lat. [calx], [calcis],
  whence also Eng. [chalk].
<caile>, girl, wench, Ir. [caile], hussy, E.Ir. [caile]; cf. Br. [plac'h], girl;
  Gr. @G[pallakc/], concubine, Lat. [pellex].  Usually <caileag>, girl.
<ca\ileach>, husks, Ir. [ca/ithleach]: [ca/ith-lach]; see [ca\th].  From [ca\th]
  comes also <ca\ilean>, a husk.
<caileadair>, philosopher, star-gazer; from the Eng. [calender], a
  mendicant dervish, from Pers. [qalander].
<cailidear>, snot, rheum (M`F., <cailidhir> in Sh.).  O'R. improves
  this into [cailide/ar].
<cailis>, chalice, Ir. [caili/s]; from Lat. [calix], cup, Eng. [chalice].
<cailise>, kails, ninepins (M`D.); from Eng. [kails], M.Eng. [cailis],
  from [keyle], a peg, Ger. [kegel], a cane, ninepin.
<cailleach>, old wife, nun, so Ir., O.Ir. [caillech], "veiled one"; from
  [caille], veil, which is from the Lat. [pallium], cloak, Eng. [pall].
<caillteanach>, eunuch, so Ir.; from [caill], lose.  See [call].
<ca\imein>, a mote, Ir. [ca/im], a stain, blemish; from [ca\m].
<caimeineach>, saving (Carm.):
<caimhleachadh>, <caingleachadh>, restraining (Carm.).
<caimir>, a fold:
<caimleid>, camlet; from the Eng.
<ca\in>, a tax, a tribute, Ir. [ca/in], E.Ir. [ca/in], statute, law: [*kap-ni-],
  root [qap], as in [ca\il]?  Stokes refers it to the root [ka^s], order,
  Skr. [c@,a^s] (do.), Lat. [castigare], [castus], Got. [hazjan], praise.
  Hence Sc. [cain].
<ca\in>, white: from Lat. [ca@-nus].
<ca\in>, scold, revile, Ir. [ca/in], M.Ir. [ca/ined], scolding: [*kag-nio^] or
  [kaknio^](?); Gr. @G[kaha/zw], laugh, @G[kagha/zw], Lat. [cachinnus];
  O.H.G. [huoho^n], mock; Skr. [kakhati], laugh.
<cainb>, hemp, Ir. [cna/ib], M.Br. [canap]; from Lat. [cannabis], allied to
  Eng. [hemp].
<caineal>, cinnamon; from Sc. and obsolete Eng. [cannel], [canel],
  cinnamon, from O.Gr. [canelle], from Lat. [canella], dim. of
  [canna], cane.
<caingeann>, a fine (Heb.), Ir. [caingean], a rule, case, compact, etc.:
<Caingis>, Pentecost, Ir. [cingcis], E.Ir. [Cingcigais]; from the Lat.
  [quinquagesima] (dies, 50th day from the Passover).
<cainneag>, a mote:
<cainneag>, a hamper (Skye):
--page 64
<cainnt>, speech, Ir. [caint]; from [can], say, q.v.  Stokes gives the
  stem as [*kan(s)ti], root [kans], Skr [c@,asti], prise, from [c@,ams],
  speak, Lat. [censeo].
<caiptean>, a captain, Ir., M.Ir. [caipti/n]; from M.Eng. [capitain],
  from O.Fr. [capitaine], Lat. [capitaneus], [caput], head.
<ca\ir>, a blaze, sea foam, etc.; see rather [caoir].
<ca\ir>, the gum, Ir. [ca/ir] ([cairib], Fol.):
<ca\ir>, a peat moss, dry part of the peat moss (Dial.); from Eng.
  [carr], boggy ground, Norse [kjarr], brushwood.  Also [ca\thar],
  q.v.
<cairb>, the bent ridge of a cart saddle [srathair].  Shaw gives
  further the meanings "plank, ship, fusec ([cairb a' ghunna])
  (Rob), chariot"; Ir. [corb], coach.  The word is the primary
  stem from which [carbad], chariot, springs; see [carbad].  As
  "fusee" or "fisil", i.e., "musket", it seems a curtailed form
  of [cairbinn].
<cairbh>, a carcase, carrion; also <cairb> (Dial.); allied to [corpus]?
<cairbhist>, carriage, tenants' rent service; from M.Eng. [cariage],
  in all senses (Cf. the charter terms - "Areage and cariage
  and all due service"), now [carriage].
<cairbinn>, a carabine; from the Eng.
<cairbinneach>, a toothless person (Sh.); from ++<cairb>, a jaw, gum,
  Ir. [cairb].  See [cairb] above.
<cairc>, flesh, person:
<ca\ird>, a delay, respite, Ir. [ca/irde]; cf. O.Ir. [cairde], pactum.  A
  special legal use of a word which originally means "friendship".
  See next.>>
<ca\irdeas>, friendship, so Ir., O.Ir. [cairdes]; from [caraid], q.v.
<ca\ireag>, a prating girl (Sh., who gives [caireog]); probably from
  [ca\ir], gum: "having jaw".
<caireal>, noise; see [coirioll].
++<cairfhiadh>, a hart or stag, Ir. [ca/irrfhiadh]: [*carbh-fhiadh].  For
  [*carbh], a deer; cf. W. [carw], hart, stag, Cor. [caruu], Br. [caru];
  Lat. [carvus]; Gr. @G[kerao/s], horned.
<ca\irich>, mend, Ir. [co/irighim], E.Ir. [co/raigim], arrange, from [co/ir], q.v.
  Cf. [cairim], sutor, Z. 775.
<cairidh>, a weir, Ir. [cora], M.Ir. [coraidh] for [cora], g. [corad], W.
  [cored], O.W. and O.Br. [coret], from Celtic [korjo^], I set, put.
  See [cuir].
<cairgein>, sea moss, Ir. moss, Eng [carrageen], so named from
  Carragheen (Waterford), in Ireland.  This place name is a
  dim. of [carraig], rock.
<cairis>, corpse, carcase; founded on M.Eng. [cors], Sc. [corrssys] (pl.
  in Blind Harry), now [corse].
<cairmeal>, wild liquorice; see [carrameille].
--page 65
<cairnean>, an egg-shell:
<cairt>, bark (of a tree), Ir. [cairt]; Lat. [cortex]; root [qert], cut, Lit.
  [kertu\], cut, Eng. [rend].
<cairt>, a cart, so Ir., W. [cart]; from the Eng. [cart].
<cairt>, a card, so Ir.; G. is from Sc. [carte], which is direct from
  the Fr. [carte].  The Eng. modifies the latter form into [card].
  The are all from Lat. [charta], paper.  E.Ir. [cairt] meant
  "parchment".
<cairt>, cleanse, Ir. [cartaighim], E.Ir. [cartaim], W. [carthu], purge,
  [kar-to-].  The root idea is a "clearing out"; the root [ker], [kar],
  separate, is allied to [sker] in [ascart], and especially in [sgar].
<cairteal>, a quarter; from Late Lat. [quartellus], Norse [kvartill],
  Lat. [quartus], fourth.
<caisbheart>, <cais'eart>, foot gear (shoes or boots), Ir. [coisbheart];
  from [cas]+[bheart], q.v.
<caisd>, listen, Ir. [coisteacht], listening, E.Ir. [coistim], O.Ir. [coitsea],
  auscultet: [co-e/tsim], [co] and [e/isd], listen, q.v.  O'R. gives the
  modern Ir. [co/isdeacht] with [o] long, which would seem the
  most natural result from [co-e/isd].
<ca\ise>, chese, Ir., E.Ir. [ca/ise], W. [caws], Br. [kaouz]; from Lat.
  [ca@-seus], whence Eng. [cheese].
<caiseal>, bulwark, castle, Ir. [caiseal], E.Ir. [caisel], [caissle]; from Lat.
  [castellum].
<caisean>, anything curled, etc.; from [cas], curled, q.v.
<caisg>, check, stop, Ir. [coisgim], O.Ir. [cosc], castigare, W. [cosp], [*kon-sqo-],
  [*seqo^], I say; Lat. [inseque]; Gr. @G[e@'/nnepe], say, @G[e@'/ni-spe], dixit;
  Eng. [say], Ger. [sagen].
<Ca\isg>, Easter, Ir. [Ca/isg], O.Ir. [ca/sc], W. [pasc]; from Lat. [pascha],
  Eng. [paschal].
<caisil-chro\>, a bier, bed of blood, M.Ir. [cosair chro/], bed of blood -
  to denote a violent death, E.Ir. [cosair], bed.  the expression
  appears in the Ossianic Ballads, and folk-etymology is
  responsible for making G. [casair] into [caisil], bulwark.  The
  word [cosair] has been explained as [co-ster-], root [ster], strew,
  Lat. [sternere], Eng. [strew].
<caisleach>, a ford, footpath; from [cas-lach], rather than [cas-slighe],
  foot-way.
<caislich>, stir up, <caisleachadh>, shaking up, etc.; from [cas], sudden.
<caismeachd>, an alarm (of battle), signal, march tune.  The corresponding
  Ir. is [caismirt], alarm, battle, M.Ir. [caismert], E.Ir.
  [cosmert].
<caisrig>, consecrate; see [coisrig].
<caisteal>, a castle, M.Ir. [caste/l], E.Ir. [casti/all]; from Lat. [castellum],
  whence Eng. [castle].
--page 66
<ca\iteach>, a rush mat for measuring corn, Ir. [ca/iteach], winnowing
  sheet; from [ca\ite], winnowed, from [ca\th].
<caiteag>, a small bit (H.S.D.), a basket for trouts (M`A. for
  Islands), basket (Sh.), a place to hold barley in (M`L.).  For
  the first sense, cf. W. [cat], a piece, Sc. [cat], a rag.  In Irish
  Lat. the trout was called [catus] (Giraldus).
<caiteas>, scraped linen, applied for the stoppage of wounds (M`F.);
  from Sc. [caddis], lint for wounds, M.Eng. [cadas], [caddis], cotton
  wool, floss silk for padding, from O.Fr. [cadas].  See G. [catas].
  [caiteas] = sawdust, scrapings (M`D.).
<caitein>, nap of cloth, shag, Ir. [caiti/n], catkin of the osier, little
  cat.  The Eng. words [caddis], [catkin], and [cotton] seem to be
  mixed up as the basis of the G. and Ir. words.  Cf. W. [ceden],
  shaggy hair.
<caith>, spend, cast, Ir., O.Ir. [caithim], [*katjo^], I consume, castaway;
  Skr. [c@,a^tayati], sever, cast down, destroy, [c@,a^t-ana], causing to
  fall, wearing out, root [c@,t].  Allied to the root of [cath], war.
<caithear>, just, right, Ir. [caithear] (Lh.), [caithfidh], it behoves,
  M.Ir. [caithfid]; from [caith], doubtless (Atk.).
<caithream>, shout of joy, triumph, Ir. [caithre/im]; from [cath], battle,
  and [re/im], a shout, E.Ir. [re/m].  This last word Strachan
  refers to the root [req] ([*rec-m] or [*rec-s-m]), Ch.Sl. [reka@?], speak,
  Lith. [re@?kiu\].
<caithris>, night-watching:
<ca\l>, kail, cabbage, Ir. [ca/l], W. [cawl], Cor. [caul], Br. [kaol]; from Lat.
  [caulis], a stalk, whence likewise Eng. [cole] ([cole]wort) and Sc.
  [kail].
<cala>, <caladh>, a harbour, Ir. [caladh], M.Ir. [calad].  It is usual to
  correlate this with It. [cala], Fr. [cale], bay, cove (Diez, Thurneysen,
  Windisch), and Stokes even says the G. and Ir. words
  are borrowed from a Romance [*calatum], It. [calata], [cala], Fr.
  [cale], cove.  More probably the Celtic root is [qel], [qal], hide, as
  in Eng. [hollow], M.Eng. [holh], hollow, cave, also Eng. [hole],
  possibly.  the root of [cladh], has also been suggested.
<caladair>, calendar, Ir. [calainde/ir]; from M.Eng. [kalendar],
  through Fr. from Lat. [calendarium], an account-book, from
  [calend@ae], the Calends or first of the month.
<calaman>, a dove; the common form of the literary [columan], q.v.
<calanas>, spinning of wool; seemingly founded on Lat. [colus],
  distaff.  See [cuigeal].
++<calbh>, head, pate, bald, so Ir., E.Ir. [calb]; from Lat. [calva],
  scalp, [calvus], bald.  H.S.D. gives as a meaning "promontory",
  and instances "Aoineadh a' Chailbh Mhuilich", which surely
  must be the Calf of Mull; and Calf is a common name for
--page 67
  such subsidiary isles - from Norse [ka/lfr], Eng. [calf].  Cognate
  with Lat. [calva], [calvaria] (St. Lec.).
<calbh>, a shoot, osier, twig, Ir. [colbha], plant stalk, sceptre, hazel
  tree, E.Ir. [colba], wand; see [colbh].
<calbh>, gushing of water or blood (H.S.D.) from above?>>
<calbhair>, greedy of food (Suth.); from [ca\il]?
<calc>, drive, ram, caulk, Ir. [calcaim]; from Lat. [calco], [calx], the heel,
  Eng. [in-culcate].
<caldach>, sharp, pointed (Sh., M`L.):
<calg>, awn, beard of corn, bristles, Ir. [calg], [colg], E.Ir. [colg], a
  sword, O.W. [colginn], aristam, W. [cola], beard of corn, sting,
  [caly], penis, Br. [calc'h] (do.), [kalgo-], [*kolgo-]; Gr. @G[kolobo/s],
  stunted; Got. [halks], poor; further is Lat. [cellere], hit, [culter],
  knife; etc.  The main root is [qel], [qla^], hit, break; see
  [claidheamh], [cladh].  The Caledonian hero [Calgocos] derives
  his name hence.  Hence <calg-dhi\reach>, direct, "sword-straight"
  to a place.
<call>, loss, Ir. [caill], E.Ir. [coll], W. [coll], Cor. [colled], jactura, M.Br.
  [coll], [*koldo-]; Eng. [halt], Got. [halts], O.H.G. [halz], lame; root
  [qel], as above in [calg], q.v.
<calla>, <callda>, tame, <callaidh> (M`A., also Sh., who gives the
  meaning "active" to the last form); cf. W. [call], wise; from
  Lat. [callidus]?
<callag>, <calltag>, the black guillemot, diver; compare Eng. [quail],
  Fr. [caille].
<callaid>, a partition, fence; the same as [tallaid], q.v.?
<caillaid>, a wig, cap (M`F.); from Eng. [calott], skull-cap.
<callan>, a noise, Ir. [calla/n], [callo/ich]; from Eng. [call]?
<calltuinn>, hazel, Ir. E.Ir. [coll], W. [collen], Cor. [coll-widen]. M.Br.
  [quel-vezenn], [*koslo-]; Lat. [corylus]; Norse [hasl], Eng. [hazel].
  [*coll]+[tann].
<Calluinn>, New Year's Day, Ir. [calla/in], Calends, or first day of the
  month, E.Ir. [callaind], the Calends, particularly the first
  Jan., W. [calan], Calends; from Lat. [calend@ae] (Eng. [Calends]).
<calm>, a pillar (M`A.), Ir. [columhan], [colbh]; from Lat. [columna], etc.
<calm>, <calma>, brave, Ir., E.Ir. [calma].  Cf. W. [celf], skill, art,
  [celfydd], skilled, O.Br. [celmed], efficax.  The root [cal] is to be
  compared with that in Ger. [held], hero, [*haleth] or [*calet].  The
  I.E. root is [qel], as in Lat. [celsus], high, [columna], column, Eng.
  [excel].
<calman>, dove; see [calaman].
<calmarra>, the pike (Wh.)?
<calpa>, the calf of the leg, so Ir., E.Ir. [calpda], bonus pes (Corm.),
  [colpa], tibia; from the Norse [ka/lfi], whence also Eng. [calf].
--page 68
<calpa>, principal set to interest, Sc. [calpa], dath-duty payable to
  the landlord, from N. [kaup], stipulation, pay.
<calum>, hardness on the skin (H.S.D.; <cathlum> in M`D.); from
  Lat. [callum], [callus].  It is not the obsolete <caladh>, hard,
  E.Ir. [calad], W. [caled], O.Br. [calat], [*kaleto-], root [kal], hard;
  Got [hallus], stone, Norse [helle], [hallr]; Skr. [c@,ila^], stone.
<cam>, crooked, one-eyed, Ir. [cam], O.Ir. [camm], W. [cam], Br. [kam],
  Gaul. [cambo-], root [kemb], wind; Gr. [ko/mbos], a band, bond; Lit.
  [kinge@?], door-bar.  It has been refered to the root of Gr.
  @G[skambo/s], crooked (se [ceum]), and to Lat. [camera], whence Eng.
  [chamber].  Hence <camag>, club, <camas>, bay.
<camag-gharuidh>, hoow above the eye, Ir. [camo/g-ara], "the bend
  of the [ara]", O.Ir. [aire], G. [arach], tempus; Gr. @G[pareia/], cheek.
<camart>, wry-neck:
<camastrang>, quarrelsome disputation (M`D.):
<camhach>, talkative; [*com-ag-ach], root [ag] in [adhan]?
<camhal>, a camel, Ir. [camhall], E.Ir. [camail], W. [camyll]; from Lat.
  [camelus].
<camhan>, a hollow plain, Ir. [cabha/n] (County [Cavan]); from the
  Lat. [cavus].
<camhanaich>, break of day, twilight, Ir. [camhaoir]; (M`A. [sgamhanaich],
  "lights"):
<camlag>, a curl:
<camp>, <campa>, a camp, Ir., M.Ir. [campa]; from the Eng. [camp].
<campar>, vexation, grief; from Sc. [cummar], Eng. [cumber].
<can>, say, sing, Ir. [canaim], O.Ir. [canim], W. [cana], sing. Br. [kana];
  Lat. [cano], sing; Gr. @G[kana/zw]; Eng. [hen].
<cana>, porpoise, young whale, Ir. [cana] (O'R.), [ca/na] (O'B.), whelp,
  pup, M.Ir. [cana] (do.); from Lat. [canis]?
<canach>, mountain down, cotton Ir. [canach], O.Ir. [canach], lanugo;
  Gr. @G[knc@nkos], thistle, @G[kneko/s], yellow; Skr. [ka@-ncanas], golden, a
  plant; [*qonak-].  Stokes refers it to [*casnaka], Lat. [ca^nus],
  white ([*casno-]), Ag.S. [hasu], grey, Eng. [hare].
<ca\nain>, language, Ir. [ca/namhuin].  Seemingly a long-vowel form
  of the root [qan], cry.  See [cainnt].
<canal>, cinnamon; see [caineal].
<canan>, a cannon; from the Eng.
<canastair>, a canister; from the Eng.
<cangaruich>, fret; from Sc. [canker], fret, Eng. [canker].
<cangluinn>, trouble, vexation; from Sc. [cangle].
<canna>, a can, so Ir., E.Ir. [cann]; from Eng. [can].
<cannach>, pretty, kind; [*cas-no-], root, [qas], Lat. [ca@-nus], white ([casnus]),
  Ag.S. [hasu], grey, Eng. [haze]?  Or it may be allied to
  Lat. [candidus], white, Skr. [cand], shine.
--page 69
<canntaireachd>, articulate music, chanting, Ir. [cantaireachd], singing,
  [ca/ntaire], a singer; from Lat. [cantor], [cano], I sing.
<ca\nran>, wrangling, grumbling, muttering, Ir. [cannra/n]; from [can],
  say, sing.
<cantal>, grief, weeping (Sh., M`L.), Ir. [cantlamh]:
<caob>, a clod, a bite, Ir. [caob], clod, M.Ir. [coep], E.Ir. [caip], [ca/ep],
  clot, lump, O.Ir. [caebb oo], jecur.
<caoch>, empty (as a nut), blind, so Ir., O.Ir. [caech], W. [coeg], foolish,
  Cor. [cuic], [*kaiko-s]; Lat. [caecus]; Got. [haihs], one-eyed.
<caoch>, <caothach>, rage; see [cuthach].
<caochan>, a streamlet; from [caoth], blind?
<caochail>, change, die, <caochladh>, a change, Ir. [caochluighim],
  O.Ir. [caoimchla/im co/em-chlo/im]: [imchloud], [imchlo/ad], inversio;
  for [co-imm-clo/im]; from [clo/im], muto: see [claoidh].  The aspiration
  of the [mn] of [imb] is unusual, but the history of the word
  is also unusual, for it actually appears as [claemchlo/d] in E.Ir.
  oftener than once, and Ir. [claochlo/dh], [claochladh].
<caod Chaluim-chille>, St John's wort (Sh.):
<caog>, wink; apparently from Eng. [cock] (the eye).  Cf. Norse
  [kaga], keek; Sc. [keek]; Shet. [caog], peep slily.
<caogad>, fifty, so Ir., O.Ir. [co/ica(t)], [*qenqekont]; Lat. [quinquaginta];
  Gr. @G[pentc/konta].  See [co/ig].
<caoidh>, lamentation, Ir. [caoi], [caoidh], E.Ir. [co/i], [ca/i], inf. to [ci/im],
  ploro, [*keio^], root [qei], which appears in [caoin], q.v., and in
  Eng. [whine], [whisper], etc.  Bezzenberger suggests [*keipo^], and
  compares Lit. sze@"ptis, grimace, Ch.Sl. [o-sipna@?ti], raucescere.
  A former derivation of Stokes' is repeated by Rhys ([Manx.Pray.]
  @+[2], 26): [*qesi], root [qes] as in Lat. [questus].
<caoillean>, a twig or osier for wicker, M.Ir. [co/elach]; from [caol],
  slender.
<caoimheach>, a bedfellow (Sh.), Ir. [caoimhthech], E.Ir. [com-aithech],
  neighbour; see [aitheach].  Also <caomhach>, friend, bedfellow.
  The latter seems from, or influenced by, [caomh].
<caoimhneas>, kindness.  This word is supposed by folk etymology
  to be from [caomh], kind, whereas it is really allied to O.Ir.
  [coibnes], affionitas, [*co-ven-estu-], root [ven] of [fine], q.v.
<caoin>, kind, mild, so Ir., O.Ir. [ca\in], kind, beautiful [[W. [cain]?]]:
  [*koini-], root [koi], [kei] of [caomh], q.v.  Stokes gives base as
  [kaini-], and Bezzenberger compares Gr. @G[kai/nusqai], excel, Ch.Sl.
  [sina@?ti], gleam forth.  If the base idea were "beauty", Eng.
  [shine] might be compared.
<caoin>, the exterior surface of cloth, right side, rind, sward; from
  [caoin], gentle, polished?
--page 70
<caoin>, weep, so Ir., O.Ir. [co/inim], [ca/inim], O.W. [cuinhaunt],
  deflebunt, Br. [couen], [queiniff], [*koinio^]; [qein], [qi^n]; Eng. [whine],
  Norse [hvi/na], whirr; Gr. @G[kinuro/s], wailing.  See [caoidh].
<caoinich>, dry, make dry (as hay by the sun), <caoin>, seasoned;
  from the adj. [caoin]?
<caoir>, a blaze, stream of sparks, a coal, Ir. [caor], E.Ir [ca/er], [*kairo],
  Eng. [hoar] ([*kairo-]), Teut. root [hai] in Norse [hei@dh], atmospheric
  clearness, O.H.G. [hei], heat, Eng. [heat]; Skr. [ke^tus], light.
  More near are Gr. @G[ki/ris] (lamp, Hes.), Skr. [kira/n@.a], a ray,
  clear, has been also suggested.  <caoran>, a peat ember.
<caoirean>, a plaintive song; also <caoi-ra\n>, moaning (H.S.D.).  The
  root word is [caoidh]; possibly [ra/n], roar, forms the latter part.
<caoirnean>, a drop of sheep or goats' dung, a drop or globule; cf.
  Ir. [caoiri/n], a little berry, little sheep, from [caor], berry, [caora],
  sheep.  The two ideas seem confused in Gaelic.  In Argyle,
  [gaoirnean]; (Arg. [ao] here is northern [ao]).  From [skar], [sharn]?
<caol>, slender, so Ir., O.Ir. [co/il], W., Cor. [cul], O.Br. [culed], macies,
  [*koilo-]; Lett. [ka/ils], naked; Lat. [caelebs], single?  Gr. @G[ko@nilos],
  hollow?  Hence <caol>; <caolas>, a firth or Kyle.
<caolan>, gut, intesting, Ir. [caola/n], E.Ir. [coela/n], O.W. [coilion], exta;
  from [caol].
<caomh>, tender, kind, so Ir., E.Ir. [coem], O.Ir. [co/im], W. [cu], O.W.
  [cum], Br. [cuff], [cun], debonnaire, [*koimo-], root [kei], lie; Gr.
  @G[koima/w], put to rest, @G[ke@nimai], lie; Got. [ha/ims], a village, Ag.S.
  [ha/m].  Eng. [home].  The idea is "restful".
<caomhach>, bedfellow, friend, Ir. [caomthach], friend; see [caoimheach],
  and cf. Ir. [caomhaighim], I protect, cherish, from [caomh].
<caomhain>, spare, save, <caomhnadh>, sparing, Ir. [caoimhnaim],
  preserve, keep, protect, [caomhaighim], [caomhnuighim], preserve.
  The last form seems the most original, if we refer the root to
  O.Ir. [anich], protegit, [aingim], I protect ([a-nak]), root [nak] and
  [nank], as in [adhlac], [thig], etc.  The form [nak] is more particularly
  allied to Skr. [na/c@,ati], reach, Lit. [neszu\], draw.  The G.
  verb may have been [*com-anich-].  It is possible to derive it
  from [caomh] with [caomhuin] as an inf. form which usurped the
  place of the present stem.
<connag>, strife, tumult, Ir. [caonno/g], strife, a next of wild bees:
  [*cais-no-], root [kais], [kai], heat, Eng. [heat], G. [caoir]?
<caor>, berry of the rowan, a mountain berry, Ir. [caor], O.Ir. [ca/er],
  bacca, W. [cair], berries, [ceirion], berry [*kaira^].  It is seemingly
  the same word as [caoir], blaze, the idea arising probably from
  the [red] rowan berries.
--page 71
<caora>, a sheep, Ir. [caora], g. [caorach], O.Ir. [ca^er], [*cairax], from
  [*ka(p)erax], alliet to Lat. [caper], a goat, Gr. @G[ka/pros], a boar,
  Eng. [heifer].  Cf. W. [caeriwrch], roebuck.
<caorrunn>, the rowan tree, Ir. [caorthann], E.Ir. [caerthann], W.
  [cerddin], Br. [kerzin], [*cairo-tann], from [caor], berry, and [*tann],
  tree, Br. [tann], oak, Cor. [glas-tannen].  The connection with
  O.H.G. [tanna], fir, oak, M.H.G. [tan], wood, Ger. [tanne], fir,
  Eng. [tan], [tanner] (Gr. @G[qa/mnos], bush?) is doubtful; it would
  necessitate the idea of borrowing, or that the Celtic word was
  [dann].  Ogam [Maqui Cairatini], McCaorthainn.  Rhys says
  W. is borrowed from Gadelic (C.F.L. 292).
<ca\pa>, a capl from the Eng. [cap].
<ca\praid>, drunken riotousness (Dial.); from Lat. [*cra^pula].
<capull>, a horse, mare (more commonly), so Ir., E.Ir. [capall], Br.
  [caval]; from Lat. [capallus], whence Eng. [cavalry], etc., [caple] (M.Eng.
  [capil], from Celt.)  Norse [kapall], nag, seems borrowed
  from Gaelic.  The W. is [ceffyl], with remarkable vocalisation.
  [capal-coille]?
<car>, turn, twist, Ir. [cor], M.Ir. [cor] (=[cuairt], (O'Cl.)), O.Ir. [curu],
  gyros, W. [cor-wynt, turbo, M.Br. [coruent], [*kuro-]; Lat. [curvus];
  Gr. @G[kurto/s], curved.  See [cruinn].
<ca\r>, friendly, related to, Ir. [ca/ra(d)], a friend.  See [caraid] for the
  usual root.
<ca\radh>, condition, usage; from [ca\irich], mend.
<caraich>, move, stir, Ir. [corruighim], from [corrach], unsteady.  The
  G. confuses this with [car], turn.
<caraid>, a friend, so Ir., O.Ir. [cara], g. [carat], [*karant-]; O.Ir. verb
  [carim], [caraim], I love, W. [caraf], amo, Br. [quaret], amare, Gaul.
  [carantus], [Caractacus], etc.; Lat [ca^rus], dear, Eng. [charity], etc.;
  Got. [ho^rs], meretrix.
<ca\raid>, a pair, couple, Ir. [co/raid], E.Ir. [co/rait]:
<carainnean>, refuse of threshed barley, Ir. [carra], bran; see
  [carthuinnich].
<caraist>, catechism; from Sc. [carritch], a corruption of [catechise].
<caramasg>, contest, confusion (Arm. M`F.): from [car] and [measg]?
<caramh>, beside; see [caruibh].
<ca\ramh>, <ca\radh>, condition, treatment:
<carathaist>, compulsory labour, <cairiste>, <cairbhist>, which last see.
<carbad>, a chariot, so Ir., O.Ir. [carpat], W. [cerbyd], O.Br. [cerpit],
  Gaul. [carpentoracte], [Carbantia], [*karbanto-]; Lat. [corbis], a
  basket; Norse [hrip], pannier for peats on horse-back.  Lat.
  [carpentum] (Eng. [carpenter], etc.), seems borrowed from Gaulish.
  The root idea is "wicker", referring to the basket character
  of the body of these chariots.
--page 72
<carbad>, jaw, jaw-bone, so Ir., W. [car yr e^n] (car of the mouth), Br.
  [karvan].  The idea is "mouth chariot", from the resemblance
  between the lower jaw and the old wicker chariots.  Loth
  cfs. W. [carfan], beam, rail, row.
<carbh>, engrave, carve; from the English.
<carbh>, a particular kind of ship or boat (Islay); from Norse
  [karfi], a galley for the fiords.
<carbhaidh>, carraway-seed; from the English.
<carbhanach>, a carp, Ir. [carbha/n], Manx, [caroo]; from Norse [karfi],
  Eng. [carp].
<carcair>, a prison, sewer in a cow-house, Ir. [carcar], prison, E.Ir.
  [carcair] (do.); from Lat. [carcer], prison, barrier.  [cacair] in
  Glenmoriston.
<carcais> a carcase; from the English.
<ca'rd>, card wool, Ir. [cardaighim]; from the Eng. [card].
<cargo>, a cargo, load; from the English.
<Carghus>, Lent, torment, Ir. [Corghas], M.Ir. [corgus], W. [garawys];
  from Lat. [quadragessima].
<ca\rla\g>, a lock of wool (Sh., H.S.D.), <carla>, a wool-card (Sh. Coneys
  for Ir.); [*card-la-], from [card] of Eng.  For phonetics, cf.
  [o\irleach].
<ca\rlas>, excellence, Ir. [carlamh], excellent, [*co-er-lam-], [erlam],
  clever, [*air-lam]?  For [lam], see [ullamh].
<ca\rn>, heap of stones, cairn, Ir. [carn], E.Ir., W. [carn], Br. [karn],
  [*kar-no-], root [kar], be hard; Gr. @G[kranao/s], rock (@G[kra-], @G[kar]);
  further Eng. [hard], [harsh].  See [carraig].
<ca\rn>, a horning.  The G. seems a confusion between [co\rn], horn,
  Eng. [horn], put to the [horn], and [ca\rn].  M`F. gives <a\ir cha\rn>
  for "outlawed", <ca\rn-eaglais>, excommunication.
<ca\rn>, a sledge, cart, peat cart, Ir. [carr], dray, waggon, E.Ir. [carr],
  biga, W. [carr], biga, O.Br. [carr], vehiculum (gl.), Gaul.
  [chariot], [career], [carry], [cargo], charge]); from Celt. [karso-]; Lat.
  [currus] ([quors-]), from [qr@.s]; Eng. [horse], [hurry].
<carnaid>, red; from Eng. [carnation].
<ca\rnag>, (1) a she-terrier, (2) a small fish found in stony shores at
  ebb-tide.  The first meaning from [ca/rn], cairn.  Terriers were
  used for cairn hunting.
<carr>, the flesh of the seal and whale (Heb.; Carmichael); founded
  on obsolete [carn], flesh?
<ca\rr>, the itch, mange, superficial roughness, Ir. [carr]; <carrach>,
  scabby, M.Ir. [carrach], [*karsa^ko-], from [kars], be rough, hard;
  ([*kors-ta-); further root [kar], to be hard, rough.  For <ca\rr>,
  rocky shelf, Ir. [carr], rock, see [carraig].
--page 73
<carrachan>, a frog-fish, called "cobler", Ir. [carracha/n], the rock
  fish called cobler (Coneys).  From [carr], a rock.  Also the
  word means "the wild liquorice root" - [carra-meille], q.v.
<carragh>, a pillar stone, Ir. [carrthadh], [cartha], E.Ir. [corthe].  The
  root, despite the vocalic difficulty caused by the E.Ir. form,
  is likely the same as in [carraig]; yet cf. [kor] of [cuir], set.
<carraid>, conflict; from the root [kars] in [ca\rr], "rough-work"?
<carraig>, rock, so Ir., O.Ir. [carric], W. [careg], O.W. [carrecc], Br.
  [karrek], [*karsekki-] (so Rhys, R.C.@+[17] 102, who thinks W.
  borrowed), from root [kars], hard, rough; Norwegian, [herren],
  hard, stiff, [harren], hard, Eng. [harsh], [hard] (root [kar]).  See
  [ca\rr].
<carra-meille>, wild liquorice, wood pease, Ir. [carra-mhilis].  The
  name is explained as "knots of honey", the [carra] being the
  same as [ca\rr], and [meille] the gen. of [mil].  Hence Sc. [carmele], etc.
<carran>, spurrey, spergula arvensis, Ir. [carra/n], scurvy grass.  From
  the root [kars] of [ca\rr].  <carran> also means a "shrimp", and is
  of the same origin.
<carran-creige>, the conger; see [carran] above.
<carrasan>, hoarseness, wheezing, Ir. [carsa/n]; from the root [kars], be
  rough.  See [ca\rr].  Cf. @G[ko/rnza], catarrh, [rotz].
<ca\rt>, a quart, Ir. [ca/rt]; from the Eng. [quart], Lat. [quartus].
<cartan>, a small brown insect that eats into the flesh, Ir. [carta/n], a
  small brown insect that eats into the flesh, a crab.  A
  Gadelicised form of [partan], q.v.
<carthannach>, affectionate, charitable, Ir. [carthannach]; from Lat.
  [caritas].
<carthuinnich>, dwell apart as in a cave, separate (M`F.).  Cf.
  <caruinnean>, refuse of threshed corn, <caruinnich>, winnow.
  Possibly from the root [kar], separate, a form of the root of
  [sgar], q.v.
<caruibh>, <an caruibh>, beside, near.  This is the dat.pl. of [car].
<cas>, foot, leg, Ir. [cos], O.Ir. [coss], W. [coes], [*koksa^]; Lat. [coxa], hip;
  M.H.G. [hahse], bend of the knee; Skr. [ka/kshas], armpit.
<cas>, steep, sudden, Ir. [casach], an ascent, M.Ir. [cass], rapid, [*kasto-];
  Eng. [haste].
<cas>, curled, Ir., M.Ir. [cas], curly, [casaim], flecto; [&qasto-], root [qas];
  Norse [haddr] ([has-da-]), hair, Eng. [hair]; Lit. [kasa], hair-plait,
  Ch.Sl. [kosa], hair (Kluge).  Stokes compares it with Lat.
  [quasillum], a basket, root [quas].
<cas>, gnash the teeth, Ir. [cais], hate, W. [ca^s], hate, Br. [cas], [*cad-s-to-];
  Eng. [hate], Ger. [hass], Got. [hatis].  Of the same ultimate origin
  as [cas], sudden (Strachan).
--page 74
<cas>, fire (as a stone) (Suth.), seemingly founded on Eng. [cast].
  Cf. [casadh ar a che/ile] = met (Ir.).
<ca\s>, a difficulty, Ir. [ca/s]; from Lat. [casus] (Eng. [case]).
<casach>, fishing tackle (part attached to hook): from [cas].
<casad>, <casad>, a cough, Ir. [casachdach], W. [pa^s], [peswch], Br. [pas],
  [*qasto-]; Eng. [host], Ag.S. [hvo/sta], Ger. [husten]; Lit. [ko/siu];
  Skr. [ka^sate], coughs.
<casag>, cassock, Ir. [caso/g]; from the Eng.  The E.Ir. word is
  [casal], from Lat. [casula].
<casaid>, a complaint, accusation, Ir. [casoid], O.Ir. [cosso/it].  The
  word is a compound, beginning with [con], and seemingly of
  the same origin as [faosaid], q.v.  Stokes thinks that the word
  is borrowed from the Lat. [causatio]; this is not likely, however.
  Root [sen], W. [cynhenn], quarrel.
<casair>, sea drift, Ir. [casair], a shower, E.Ir. [casair], hail, W. [cesair]
  (do.), Br. [kazerc'h] (do.), [*kassri-], [*kad-tri-]; from root [cad] as
  in Lat. [cado], fall.  The Ir. and G. (?) [casa/ir], phosphorescence,
  seems to be the same word.
<casan>, a path, Ir. [casa/n]; from [cas], foot.
<casan>, a rafter, roof-tree; from [cas]?
<casgair>, slay, butcher, so Ir., O.Ir. [coscar], victory, destruction;
  [*co-scar]; see [sgar].
<casnaid>, chips of wood (Arm.), Ir. [casnaidh]; [*co-]+[snaidh], q.v.
<caspanach>, parallel (Sh.), Ir. [cospanach] (O'R.); [*co-spann]; see
  [spann].
<castan>, a chestnut; from Lat. [castanea], through M.Eng. [castane],
  [chestnut].
<castaran>, a measure for butter (quarter stone); from the Eng. [castor].
<castreaghainn>, the straw on a kiln below the grain (Arm., not
  H.S.D.):
<cat>, a cat, so Ir., E.Ir. [catt], W. [cath], Cor. [kat], Br. [kaz], Gaul.
  [Cattos]; Lat. [catta], perhaps also [catulus]; Eng. [cat], Ger. [katze],
  etc.  It is a word of doubtful origin; possibly, however,
  Celtic, and applied first to the wild cat, then to the tame
  Egyptian cat introduced in the early centuries of the Christian
  era.
<cata>, <ca\ta>, sheep-cot, pen; from Eng. [cot].
<catadh>, <catachadh>, taming, <ca\tadh> (M`F.); cf. [tataich].
<catag>, potatoe cellar (Dialectic); see [cata].
<catas>, refuse at carding of wool, Ir. [cada/s], cotton, scraping of
  linen rags; from Eng. [caddis].  See further under [caiteas].
<cath>, battle, Ir., O.Ir. [cath], W. [cad], O.W. [cat], Cor. [cas], Gaul.
  [catu-]; O.H.G. [hadu-], fight, Ag.S. [hea@dho-], Ger. [hader], contention;
  Skr. [c@,atru], enemy; Gr. @G[ko/tos], wrath.
--page 75
<ca\th>, chaff, husks of corn, Ir., O.Ir. [ca/ith], W. [codem], a bag, husk,
  pod (?), [*ku^ti-], root [ka^t], [kat], as in [caith], spend, cast.
<cathachadh>, provoking, accusing, fighting, Ir. [cathaighim]; from
  [cath], fight.
<cathadh>, snow-drift, Ir. [ca/thadh], snow-drift, sea-drift; cf. M.Ir.
  [cu/a], gen. [cu/adh], W. [cawod], O.Cor. [cowes], nimbus, Br. [kaouad],
  [*kavat] (Stokes); allied to Eng. [shower].  It is possible to
  refer the G. word to the root of [caith], [ca\th].
<cathair>, a city, Ir., E.Ir. [cathair], O.Ir. [cathir] (*kastrex], W.
  [caer], Br. [kaer], [*kastro-]; Lat. [castrum], fort (Stokes).  The
  root seems to be [cat], [cats]; the phonetics are the same as in
  [piuthar], for the final part of the word.
<cathair>, a chair, Ir. [cathaoir], E.Ir. [catha/ir], W. [cadair], Br. [kador];
  from Lat. [cathedra], whence also, through Gr., Eng. [chair].
<cathan>, a wild goose with black bill (Heb.); see [cadhan].
<cathan-aodaich>, a web (M`D.):
<ca\thar>, mossy ground; see [ca\ir].
<cathlunn>, a corn (Sh.; not in H.S.D.); formed on Lat. [callum].
  See [calum].
<catluibh>, cudwort; see [cadhluibh].
<ce\>, <ce\ath>, cream, M.Ir. [ceo/], milk; cf. Br. [koavenn], which suggests
  a form [keivo-] (cf. [gle/] from [gleivo-]), root [kei], [skei], shade, cover,
  as in Gr. @G[skia/], shadow, Ger. [schemen (do.)?  The Br. [koavenn]
  has been refered to [*co+hufen], W. [hufen], cream.  Cf. [ceo\],
  mist, "covering".
<ce/>, the earth, used only in the phrase <an cruinne ce/>, the (round)
  earth, Ir., E.Ir. [ce/], [for bith che/], on this earth.  The [ce/] is
  supposed to be for "this", from the pronomial [kei], Gr.
  @G[kei@nnos], he, Lat. [ce], [cis], Eng. [he].  The root [kei], go, move (Lat.
  [cio], Gr. @G[ki/w]), has also been suggested.
<ce\>, give?
<ce\>, spouse (Carm.), Ir. [ce/]:
<ceaba>, <ceibe>, the iron part of a spade or other delving instrument;
  see [caibe].
<ce\abhar>, a fine breeze (Heb.):
<ceabhar> (Carm.), sky, (Prov.) [ci'ar]:
<ceach>, an interjection of dislike; see the next word.
<ceacharra>, dirty, mean, obstreperous (Carm.), Ir. [ceachair], dirt,
  M.Ir. [cecharda], [*kekari-]; from [kek], the [e] form of the root
  [kak] seen in [cac], q.v.
<ceachladh>, digging, Ir. [ceachlaim], O.Ir. [ro-cechladatar], suffoderunt,
  [*ce-clad-], a reduplicated or perfect form of the root [clad] of G.
  [cladh], q.v.
<cead>, permission, so Ir., O.Ir. [cet], [*ces-do-]; Lat. [ce@-do], I yield (for
  [ces-do^]).
--page 76
<ceadan>, bunch of wool, Ir. [ceadach], cloth, coarse cloth, W. [cadach],
  clout.  Rhys regards W. as borrowed from Ir.  For all, cf.
  [cadadh], [caiteas].
<ceadha>, the part of the plough on which the share is fixed.  Also
  <ceidhe>.  Both words are used for Eng. [quay].
<ceafan>, a frivolous person (Dialectic):
<cea\ird>, a trade, E.Ir. [cerd]; see [cea\rd].
<ceal>, stupor, forgetfulness, Ir. [ceal], forgetfulness; from the root
  [qel] of [ceil], conceal.  Cf. E.Ir. [cel], death.  [ceal], end (Carm.).
++<ceal>, same, similar hue (Carm.):
<cealaich>, the fire-place of a kiln:
<cealaich>, eat (Kirk), Ir. [cealaim]; root [qel] as in Lat. [colo]?
<cealair>, a virago (Badenoch):
<cealg>, guile, treachery, so Ir., E.Ir. [celg], [*kelga^]; Arm. [ke??ch??],
  hypocrisy.  The further root is [qel] of [ceil].
<ceall>, g. <cille>, a church, so Ir., E.Ir. [cell]; from Lat. [cella], a cell,
  a hermit's cell especially, whence the Gadelic use.  Hence
  <cealloir>, superior of a cell, and the name Mackellar.  "A
  retired spot" (Hend.).
<cealtar>, broad-cloth, Ir. [cealtair], clothes, E.Ir. [celtar], [celt], raiment;
  from [qel], cover, as in [ceil], q.v.
<ceana>, whither, for [c'iona], [c'ionadh]?  Cf. Ir. [ca/ h-ionad].  See
  [ionadh].
<ceanalta>, mild, kind, so Ir.; from [*cen], as in [cion], ++[cean], love,
  desire.  See [cion].
<ceangal>, a tie, binding, so Ir., E.Ir. [cengal], W. [cengl]; from Lat.
  [cingulum], vb. [cingo], I bind, Eng. [cincture].
<ceann>, head, so Ir., O.Ir. [cend], [cenn], W., Br. [penn], Gaul, [Penno-],
  [*qenno].  Perhaps for [qen-no-], root [qen] (labialised), begin,
  Ch.Sl. [koni], beginning, as in [ceud], first.  The difficulty is
  that the other labialising languages and the Britonic branch
  otherwise show no trace of labialisation for [qen].  Windisch,
  followed by Brugmann, suggested a stem [kvindo-], I.E. root
  [kvi], Skr. [c@,vi], swell, Gr. @G[Pi/ndos], Pindus Mount; but the root
  vowel is not [i], even granting the possible labialisation of [kvi],
  which does not really take place in Greek.  Hence <ceannag>,
  a bottle of hay, <ceannaich>, buy (="heading" or reckoning
  by the head; cf. Dial. <ceann>, sum up), <ceannaich>, head-wind
  (Hend.), <ceannas>, vaunting (Hend.).
<ceannach>, a purchasing, so Ir., E.Ir. [cennaigim], I buy, O.Ir.
  [cennige], lixa, [caingen], negotium.
<ceannairc>, rebellion, turbulence, so Ir.; [*ceann+arc]; for root
  [arc], see [adharc].  For meaning cf. Eng. [head]strong, W.
  [pen]ffest (do.).
--page 77
<ceannard>, commander, chief, Ir. [ceanna/rd], arrogant, commanding,
  "high-headed", from [ceann] and [a\rd]; M. [kinnoort], Ir. [ceannphort],
  commander, authority, head post or city: [ceann]+[port].
<ceannrach>, <ceannraig>, (Cam.), a brindle or horse's head-gear, Ir.
  [ceannrach]; from [ceann]+[rach].  For [rach] (root [rig]), see
  [cuibhreach], [a\rachas].
<ceannsaich>, subdue, tame, Ir. [ceannsaighim]; from [ceannas], superiority,
  "head-ness", from [ceann] and the abst. termination [as].
  Similarly [ceannsal], rule.
<ceap>, a block, shoemaker's last, so Ir., E.Ir. [cepp], W. [cyff], Br. [kef];
  from Lat. [cippus].
<ceap>, catch, stop.  This word seems borrowed from the Sc. [kep], of
  like meaning, a bye-form of Eng. [keep].  The Ir. [ceap], bound,
  bind, stop (?), seems from [ceap] above.
++<ceapach>, a tillage plot, Ir. [ceapach].  This Stokes refers to a
  Celtic [keppo-], garden, root [kep], [ka@-], Lat. [campus], Gr. @G[ke@npos],
  garden, Ger. [hube], piece of land.  Satisfactory though the
  meaning be, the derivation is doubtful as involving the preservation
  of [p], even though flanked by a second [p] (or [-no/],
  i.e. [kep-no/-], which is still more doubtful).  Hence the common
  place name <Keppock>.
<ceapag>, a verse, an impromptu verse, carelessly sung verse, E.Ir.
  [cepo/c], a chorus song: a rare word in Ir., and said to be Sc.
  Gaelic for Ir. [aidbsi], great chorus.  From [ceap], catch?  cf.
  Eng. [catch], a chorus verse.  Zimmer suggests that it stands
  [Ce Po/c], "kiss here", (?) sung by the girls as a refrain at
  gatherings!
<ceapaire>, bread covered with butter, etc. Ir. [ceapaire]; from [ceap],
  a block.  Cf. <ceapag>, a wheel-barrow wheel.
<cearb>, piece, article of clothing, so Ir., E.Ir. [cerp], cutting, [cerbaim];
  [*kr@.bh], [skr@.bh]; Gr. @G[ka/rfos], twig, Eng. [shrub]; [*(s)ker], cut,
  divide.  Cf. W. [carp], rag, cerpyn.  Bezzenberger cfs. M.H.G.
  [herb], asper.  St. now [skerb], Eng. [sharp].
<cearc>, a hen, so Ir., M.Ir. [cerc], [*cerca^]; from I.E. [qerqo], to sound,
  hence "a noise-making bird"; Gr. @G[ke/rkos], a cock, @G[kre/x], a
  fowl; Lat. [querquedula], a teal, O.Prus. [kerko], a diver; Skr.
  [kr@.ka-va^kus], a cock.
<cearcall>, a hoop, so Ir.; from L.Lat. [circulus], [circullus], a hoop,
  from [circulus], a circle.
<cea\rd>, a craftsman, Ir. [ce/ard], E.Ir. [cerd], W. [cerdd], art; Lat. [cerdo],
  craftsman; Gr. @G[ke/rdos], gain.
<cea\rdach>, a smithy, Ir. [ce/ardcha], O.Ir. [cerddchae]; from [cerd]+[cae],
  the latter word [cae] meaning a house in Ir., a Celtic [kaio-n],
  allied to Eng. [home].
--page 78
<ceard-dubhan>, scarab@aebus, dung-beetle, hornet (H.S.D. for form),
  <ceardaman> (M`A.); see [cearnabhan].  [cearr-dubhan] (Carm.),
  "wrong-sided little black one".
<cearmanta>, tidy (Arm.); [cearmanaich], make tidy (Perth):
<cea\rn>, a corner, quarter, Ir. [cearn], [cearna], angle, corner, E.Ir. [cern];
  evidently an [e] form of the stem found in [corn], horn, q.v.
<cearnabhan>, a hornet, Ir. [cearnabha/n]; from [*cerno-].  Cf. Eng.
  [hornet] ([*kr@.s-en-]), Lat. [crabro].
<cea\rr>, wrong, left (hand), E.Ir. [cerr], [*kerso-]; Lat. [cerritus], crazed;
  Gr. @G[e@'gka/rsios], slantwise; Lit. [skersas], crooked.
<cea\rrach>, a gamester, Ir. [cearrbhach], a gamester, dexterous
  gambler.  Cf. G. <cea\rrbhag>, <cearrag>, the left-hand, the use
  of which was considered in plays of chance as "sinister".
<ceart>, right, so Ir., E.Ir. [cert]; Lat. [certus], certain, sure, [cerno],
  discern; Gr. @G[kri/nw], judge, @G[krite/s], a judge, Eng. [critic].
<ceasad>, a complaint (M`F.), Ir. [ceasacht], grumbling, M.Ir.
  [cesnaighim], complain, [ces], sorrow, [*qes-to-]; Lat. [questus],
  [queror], I complain, [querela], Eng. [quarrel].
++<ceasg>, floss (Carm.), animal with long flossy hair or wool, Ir.
  [ceaslach], long hair or wool on fleece legs.  See [Ceus].
<ceasnaich>, examine, catechise, Ir. [ceasnuighim]; from Lat. [qu@aestio],
  [qu@aestionis], Eng. [question].  Stokes (Bk.of Lis.) has suggested
  that the Lat. and Gadelic are cognate; though possible ([qais],
  [qis] may become by umlaut [ces] in G.), it is improbable from
  the stem form in [n] persisting in the G. verb.
<ceathach>, mist; this is really the old stem of [ceo\], mist, E.Ir.
  [ciach], q.v.  Ir. [ceathach], showery, is from [cith], a shower.
<ceathairne>, yeomanry, the portion of a population fit for warfare;
  see [ceatharn].
<ceatharn>, a troop, so Ir., E.Ir. [ceithern], [*keterna^]; Lat. [caterua],
  troop, [cate^na], a chain; O.Sl. [ceta], company (Stokes).  It
  has also been regarded as borrowed from Lat. [quaternio],
  which in the Vulg. means a "body of four soldiers", quaternion.
  Hence Eng. [cateran], [kern].
<ceidhe>, quay, coulter-place, Ir. [ceigh], quay.  See [ceadha].
<ceig>, a mass of shag, clot, <ceigein>, a tuft, a fat man.  From
  Scandinavian [kagge], round mass, [keg], corpulent man or
  animal, whence Eng. [keg]; Norse, [kaggi], cask, Norwegian,
  [kagge], round mass.
<ceig>, a kick; from the Eng.
<ceil>, conceal, Ir., [ceilim], O.Ir. [celim], W. [celu], I.E. [qel]; Lat. [ce^le],
  Eng. con-[ceal]; Ag.S. [helan], hide, Eng. [Hell]; Gr. @G[kalu/ptw],
  hide; Skr. [ka/la], darkness.
<ce/ile>, spouse, fellow, so Ir., O.Ir. [ce/le], socius, W. [cilydd] ([y gilydd]
  = [a che/ile] of G. = [eguille] of Br.), [*keiljo-], "way-farer", from
--page 79
  [kei], go (Lat. [cio], move, Gr. @G[ki/w], go, [ki/ne/w], move, [kinetics].
  The idea is the same as in Ir. [se/tig], wife, from [se/t], way.
  Strachan thinks that G. and W. demand a stem [ceglio-]; and
  Dr Stokes thinks that, if [ce/le], servus, is different from [ce/le],
  fellow, it must come from [kak-lio-] (better [keklio-]), and be
  allied to Lat. [cacula], a servant.  Hence <ce/ilidh>, a gossiping
  visit or meeting.
<ceileach>, martial (H.S.D.), Ir. [ceallach], war, M.Ir. [cellach], war;
  Teut. [hildi-], war, Lat. [per-cellere], hit.
<ceileir>, chirping of birds, Ir. [ceileabhar], [ceileabhrach], musical,
  M.Ir. [ceilebradh eoin] singing of birds, E.Ir. [celebrad], a
  celebrating or observance, a welcome of joy; from Lat.
  [celebratio].
<ce/illidh>, wise, sover, Ir. [ce/illidhe]; from [ciall].
<ceilp>, kelp; from Eng.
<ce/in>, remote; really the oblique form of [cian], q.v.
<ce/ir>, wax, Ir., M.Ir. [ce/ir], W. [cwyr], O.W. [kuyr], Cor. [coir], Br. [coar];
  from Lat. [ce^ra], wax.
<ce/ir>, <ce/ire>, the buttock; see [pe/ire].
<ceireanaich>, fondle, make much of (Perth); cf. [ceirein], plaster.
<ceirein>, a plaster, a "clout", Ir., M.Ir., [ce/iri/n], a plaster; from
  [ce/ir], wax.  Eng. [cerate].
<ceirtle>, a clew, ball of yarn, Ir. [ceirsle] (so G. too), [ceirtli/n], O.Ir.
  [certle], glomus, [*kertillia^]; from I.E. [qert], wind, bend; Skr.
  [kart], spin; Lat. [cartilago], Eng. [cartilage]; Gr. @G[ka/rtalos],
  basket; Eng. [hurdle].
<ce/is>, a case, hamper; from Eng. [case]. Ir. [ceis], basket, M.Ir. [ceiss],
  is a different word, possibly allied to, if not borrowed from,
  Lat. [cista] (Stokes).  From Ir. [ceis] comes <ceis-chrann>, polypody,
  given in H.S.D. from O'R.  Cf. O.Ir. [cass], basket,
  Lat. [quasillus].
<ceisd>, a question, so Ir., E.Ir. [ceist]; from Lat. [qu@aestio].  Hence
  <ceisdein>, a sweetheart, founded on "ceisd mo chridhe" -
  darling (i.e., question, anxiety) of my heart.
<ce/iseach>, large, corpulent woman; see [ceo\s].
<Ce/itein>, May, O.Ir. [ce/tam] (g. [ce/taman]), [cetsoman] ([cetshaman]) in
  Cor.Gl., where it is explained as [ce/t-sam-si/n], the first weather-motion
  of [sam] or summer.  The word means the "first of
  summer" - [ce/t+sam-], the [sam] of [samhradh], q.v.  The termination
  is possibly influenced by other time words.  See
  [Samhainn].
<ceithir>, four, Ir. [ceathair] (n.), [ceithre] (adj.), O.Ir. [cethir], W.
  [pedwar], Cor. [peswar], Br. [pevar], Gaul. [petor-], [*qetveres], I.E.
  [qetvo^r]; Lat. [quatuor]; Gr. @G[te/ttares]; Got. [fidvo^r], Eng. [four];
  Lit. [keturi]; Skr. [catva^ras].
--page 80
<ceo\>, mist, Ir. [ceo/], E.Ir. [ceo/], g. [ciach], [*cevox], g. [*gevocos], I.E.
  [sqevo-], Lat. [obscu@-rus], Norse [sky/], cloud, Eng. [sky].  The idea
  is "covering".
<ceo\b>, a dark nook, corner:
<ceo\ban>, small drizzle; [ceo\]+[boinne] or [-bainne], "mist-drop".  The
  Ir. is [ceo/bhra/n], for [ceo\]+[braon].  This last is G. <ciu\ran>, q.v.
  Hence <ceo\pach> (for <ceo\bnach>?).  Also <ceo\pan>.  Ir. [ciabhra/n],
  drizzle, fog, M.Ir. [ciabor], mist.
<ceo\l>, music, Ir., E.Ir. [ceo/l], g. [ciu/il], [*kipolo-], a Gadelicised form of
  [*pipolo]; onomatopoetic root [pi@-p], Lat. [pi^pilo], chirp, [pipilum],
  outcry, [pi^po], chirp, Ag.S. [pi/pe] , Eng. [pipe] (hence W. [pib], G.
  [pi\ob], etc.).  Stokes and Rhys have given a Celtic [qeqlo-] for
  stem, allied to W. [pib], pipe.  For phonetics, see [feo\il].  Stokes
  now suggests alliance with Ger. [heulen], hoot, howl, O.H.G.
  [hiuwilo^n].
<ceo\s>, the hip, podex; see [ceus], poples.  Hence <ceo\sach>, broad-skirted,
  bulky, clumsy.
<ceo\san>, burr or light down of feathers; see [ceus], wool of legs, etc.
<ceud>, first, Ir. [ce/ad], O.Ir. [ce/t], W. [cynt], formerly, [cyntaf], first, Br.
  [kent], [kenta] (do.), Gaul. [Cintu-], [*kentu-]; allied to W. [cann],
  with Gr. @G[kata/], down, against (=[kn@.ta]); Lat. [contra].  Further
  allied is possibly ([and this is the usual derivation]) I.E. [qen],
  begin, Lat. [re-[cens]), Eng. [recent]; Gr. @G[kaino/s] (=@G[kanio/s]), new;
  Skr. [kana/], young; Ch.Sl. [koni], beginning.  Some again have
  compared Teut. [hind] as in Eng. [hindmost].
<ceud>, a hundred, so Ir., O.Ir. [ce/t], W. [cant], Cor. [cans], Br. [kant],
  [*kn@.to-n]; Lat. [centum]; Gr. @G[e@`kato/n] (=[se-kn@.ton]); Got. [hund],
  Eng. [hund]-red; Lit. [szi\mtas]; Skr. [c@,ata/m].
<ceudfadh>, sense, Ir. [ce/adfadh], O.Ir. [ce/tbaid], W. [canfod], to perceive,
  [*cant-buti-], "with-being", from [ceud], with first, and [bu], be.
<ceudna>, the same, so Ir., O.Ir. [ce/tna], [*centinio-s]; from [ceud], first.
<ceum>, a step, Ir. [ce/im], O.Ir. [ceimm], W., Cor. [cam], O.W. [cemmein],
  gradibus, Br. [kam], [*kn@.gmen-], verb [*kengo^], I go, Ir. [cingim],
  Gaul. [Cingeto]-rix, "king of marching men" - of warriors:
  I.E. [khen@g], limp; Ger. [hinken], limp; Skr. [khan@~j], limp.
<ceus>, ham, polpes: [*cencso-]; Lit. [kenkle], hough, bend of the knee,
  [kinka], knee joint; Ag.S. [ho/h] (=[han@G[h]]), Eng. [hough] (Strachan
  for Lit.).  The gen. is <ceo\is>, whence [ceo\s], etc.
<ceus>, the coarse part of the wool on sheep's legs (Heb.), M.Ir.
  [ce/slach]; from [ceus], ham.
<ceus>, crucify, Ir. [ce/asaim], [ceusaim], O.Ir. [ce/ssaim], suffer, [*kentso^],
  suffer: I.E. [qentho]; Gr. @G[pe/nqos], @G[pa/qos], suffering, Eng. [pathos];
  Lit. [kenczu\], suffering
<ceutach>, becoming; see [ciatach].
--page 81
<cha>, <cha'n>, not, Ir. [nocha n-], O.Ir. [ni/ con] aspirating.  The
  particle [no] or [nu] is no part of this negative: only [ni/] and [con],
  "non quod", [con] being the same as [gu'n].  Aspirating power
  of it is as yet unexplained.  Ulster Ir. [cha].
<chaidh>, went, ivit, Ir. [cochuaidh], O.Ir. [docho/id], he went, [*coud-];
  Skr. [codati], make haste, [codayati], drive, [co/da], a goad; Eng.
  [shoot].  See [deach].
<chaoidh>, for ever, Ir. [choidhche], E.Ir. [chaidche], [coidchi]; for [co-aidche],
  [gu oidhche], "till night".
<cheana>, already, Ir. [cheana], E.Ir. [chena], in sooth, quidem, jam,
  [ol chena], [ar chena], O.Ir. [cene], [olchene]; from [cen-e/], "without
  this", root in [gun], without, [cion], want.
<chi>, will see, Ir. [chidhim], [chi/m], O.Ir. [atchi/], videt, [*ad-cesio^],
  [*kesio^]; Skr. [caksh], see, for [*ca-kas]; Lat. [canus] ([*cas-no-]?),
  grey; Ag.S. [hasu], grey, Eng. [hare].  See [chunnaic], [faic].  The
  aspiration of [chi\] is due to the lost [ad-] initial, which is
  confused with the verbal particle [do], [a].
<cho>, <co>, as, so, Ir. [comh], W. [cyn]; from [com], with.  See [comh-].
  Gaelic "Cho dubh ri feannaig" = Welsh "Cyn ddued a'r fra^n".
<chon>, to; dialectic form of [gu].  The [n] belongs to the article.
  Also [thun]; q.v.  Compare [chugad] and [thugad] to [chon] and
  [thun] in phonetics.
<chuala>, heard, Ir. [do chuala], O.Ir. [rochu/ala], W. [cigleu], [*kuklova];
  root [kleu] as in [cluinn], q.v.
<chugad>, towards thee, so Ir., O.Ir. [chucut], [*cu-cu-t], where the
  prep. [cu] or [gu], to, is reduplicated.  See [gu].  The [t] or [-ut] is
  for [tu], q.v.  So with <chuga>, <chuige>, etc.
<chum>, <chu\m>, <a chum>, to, for, in order to, Ir. [chum], [do chum], O.Ir.
  [dochum n-], [dochom n-]; an idiomatic use of [com], side?  Cf.
  Eng. [side], [beside].
<chun>, to, until; see [chon].
<chunnaic>, saw, Ir. [chonacadar], they saw, O.Ir. [conaca], vidi; from
  [con]+[faic]; for [con], see [comh-], and see [faic].  The old past was
  <chunnairc>, still used in Ir. as [chonnairc], from [con]+[dearc], q.v.
<cia>, who, what, Ir. [cia], O.Ir. [ci/a], W. [pwy], Cor. [pyu], Br. [piu], [*qei];
  Lat. [qui] (Old Lat. [quei]).  See further under [co].
<ciabh>, a lock of hair, so Ir., E.Ir. [ciab]: [*kes-abu-], [kes] of [cas]?
<Ciadaoin>, <Di-ciadaoin>, Wednesday, Ir. [Ce/adaoin>, O.Ir. [ce/ta/in],
  first fast, "Day of the First Fast".  The first weekly fast
  was the latter half of Wednesday, the next was Friday -
  [Di-h-aoine].  Thursday is the day "Between two fasts" -
  [Diardaoin], q.v.  See further under [Di-].
<ciagach>, sly-jumoured (Dialectic):
<cial>, side or brim of a vessel; see [ciobhull].
--page 82
<ciall>, sense, understanding, Ir., O.Ir. [ciall], W. [pwyll], Cor. [pull],
  Br. [poell], [*qeisla^]: I.E. [qei], observe, see, shine; Gr. @G[pinuto/s],
  wise; Skr. [cetati], perceive, [cittam], thought, [cino@-ti], discover;
  further Ger. [heiter], clear.
<ciamhair>, sad (Sh., Arm.), Ir. [ciamhair], [ciamhaire] (O'Cl., O'Br.):
<cian>, remote, so Ir., O.Ir. [ci/an], [*keino-]; from the pronominal
  root [kei], there, Gr. @G[ke@ninos], ille, Lat. [cis], [citra], Eng. [he].  Others
  have referred it to root [qei], [qi], Skr. [ciras], long, Got. [hveila],
  time, Eng. [while].  Hence <cianail>, sad, lonesome, Ir. [cianamhuil].
<cianog>, a small measure of arable land (Heb.: H.S.D.); see [cionag].
<ciar>, dusky, Ir., E.Ir. [ci/ar], [*keiro-s], "shadowy"; root [sqhei], Gr.
  @G[skiero/s], shady, @G[skia/], shadow, Skr. [cha^ya@-/], shadow, Ag.S.
  [scimo] (do.).  It has been compared to Eng. [hoar], Norse [ha/rr],
  but the vowels do not suit.
<cias>, g. <ceo\is>, border, skirt, fringe:
<ciatach>, <ciatfach>, elegant, becoming, Ir. [ce/adfadhach], discreet,
  belonging to the senses; from [deudfadh], q.v.
<cibein>, rump (of a bird, M`D.), Ir. [cibi/n], the rump (Con.).  Cf. Ir.
  [giob], a tail.
<ci\beir>, a shepherd; from Sc., Eng. [keeper].
<cidhis>, a mask, vizard (M`D.), <luchd cidhis>, masqueraders; from
  Sc. [gyis], a mask, [gysars], masqueraders, M.Eng. [gi@-sen], to
  dress, Eng. [guise], [disguise]; all from O.Fr. [guise], modus,
  [desguiser], disguise.  The Sc. was directly borrowed in the
  Stuart period.
<cigil>, tickle (Sh.); see [ciogail].
<ci\leag>, a diminutive, weakly person (Arg.):
<ci\leag>, a diminutive, weakly person (Arg.):
<ci\lean>, a large codfish; from Norse [keila], gadus longus or "long
  cod".  Also <cilig> (Sutherland).
<cill>, a church; locative case of [ceall], q.v., used for the most part
  in place-names.
<cillein>, a concealed heap, repository, Ir. [cilli/n], a purse or store of
  hoarded cash (O'B.), dim of [ceall], cell, church, q.v.
<cineal> offspring, clan, Ir. [cineul], O.Ir. [cene/l], W. [cenedl], O.W.
  [cenetl], Corl [kinethel], [*kenetlo-n]: I.E. [qen], begin; Gr. [kaino/s],
  new (@G[kanjo/s]); Lat. re-[cens], Eng. [recent]; Ch.Sl. [koni], beginning;
  Skr. [kana/], young.
<cinn>, grow, increase, spring from, Ir., E.Ir. [cinim], spring from,
  descend of; root [qen] of [cineal], q.v.  Also <cinnich>, grow,
  increase.
<cinneadh>, <cinne>, tribe, clan, Ir. [cineadh], [cine], E.Ir. [ciniud]
  (g. [cineda]); from root [qen] in [cineal], q.v.  Hence <cinnich>,
  gentiles, Ir. [cineadhach], a gentile.
--page 83
<cinneag>, a spindle (Sutherland):
<cinnseal>, need, desire (Arm.), contact, origin (M`A.).  In the first
  sense, the word is from [cion], want; in the second, from [cinn].
  In the sense of "contact", as exemplified by M`A., the Sc.
  [kinches], correspondence, etc. ("to kep kinches wi' one"), has
  to be remembered, a word apparently from [kin].
<cinnte>, certain, so Ir., O.Ir. [cinnim], definio, [e/cintech], infinitus;
  from [ceann], head, q.v.
<ci\ob>, bite, wound (Bib. Gl.); see [caob].  [ci\bidh] (Hend.).
<ci\ob>, coarse mountain grass, tow, Ir. [ci/ob], coarse mountain grass,
  scirpus c@aespitosus.  Club rush, flaky peat (Carm.).
<ciobhull>, the jaw (M`D., who writes "na ci/obhuill"), <ciobhal>
  (Sh.), more properly <giall> (Arm.), q.v.  H.S.D. gives the
  pl. as <cibhlean>.
<ci\och>, a woman's breast, Ir. [ci/och], E.Ir. [ci/ch]; cf. W. [cig], flesh,
  M.Br. [quic] (do.), [*ki^ka^] ([ke^ka^]?).  Bez. suggests (with query)
  connection with Bulg. [cica], teat, Polish [cyc].
<ci\ocras>, hunger, longing, Ir. [ci/ocras], hunger, greed, ravenousness:
<ciod>, what, Ir. [cad], O.Ir. [cate], [cote], lit. "quid est", [co]+[ta], q.v.
  Ir. [caide/] (North [goide/], O.Ir. [cate/], what is it, O.Ir. [ite/], it is.
<ciogail>, tickle, Ir. [giglim]; see [diogail].  In the Heb. <ciogailt>,
  tickling, also signifies terror, a crisis of timerous determination
  (H.S.D.).
<ciom>, a comb, wool-card, Ir. [ciomam], I comb (O'B., Sh.); from
  M.Eng. [kemb], to comb.  H.S.D. has not the word.
<ciomach>, a prisoner, Ir. [cimidh], O.Ir. [cimbid], [*km@.biti-] (Stokes),
  root [kemb], wind; Lat. [cingo], surround; Gr. @G[ko/mbos], band,
  Norwegian [hempa] (do.).  See [ceangal], from the same I.E.
  root [qen@g].
<ciombal>, bell, cymbal, so Ir.,; from Lat. [cymbalum], Eng. [cymbal].
<ciomboll>, a bundle of hay or straw (Heb.); from Norse [kimbill], a
  bundle [kimbla], to truss, Sc. [kemple], fory bottles of hay or
  straw, [kimple], a piece (Banffshire).
<cion>, want; from the root [ken] of [gun], without.
<cion>, love, esteem, Ir. [cion], [cean], M.Ir. [cen], O.Ir. [fochen], welcome;
  root [qino-], [qi], I.E. [qei], notice, as in [ciall].  Further, Gr. @G[timc/],
  honour, @G[ti/w], honour, @G[ti/nw], pay penalty.  The sense of honour
  and punishment is combined in the same word.  See [ciont].
<cionag>, a small portion of land, one-fourth of a [cleitig] or one-eighth
  of a "farthing" land (Heb.), Ir. [ciono/g], a small coin, a
  kernel; cf. W. [ceiniog], a penny.
<cionar>, music (Arm.; Sh. has <cionthar>; H.S.D. has <cion'thar>
  from A.M`D., querulous music):
<cionn>, <os cionn>, etc.; this is the old dat. of [ceann], head ([*qenno@-]).
--page 84
<cionarra>, identical, idem; Ir. [cionda] (dial. Gaelic <ci\onda>), for
  [ceudna], by metathesis of the [n].  The G. [-arra] is an adjectival
  form of the [-ar] in [aon-ar], etc.
<cionnas>, how, Ir. [cionnus], O.Ir. [cindas] = [co]+[indas]; see [co] and
  [ionnas].
<ciont>, guilt, Ir. [cionnta], O.Ir. [cintach], injustice, [cin], guilt
  ([*cin-at-]), dat.pl. [cintaib]; also G. ++<cion>; I.E. [qin], Gr.
  @G[ti/numai], punish, @G[poinc/], punishment, Lat. [p@oena], punishment,
  Eng. [pain].  See [cion].
<ciora>, a pet lamb or sheep, <cireag>, a petted sheep, <ciridh>, the
  call to a sheep to come to one: all from a shorter form of
  the root [ka'er] or [kair] (i.e. [kir]) of [caora], q.v.
<cioralta>, cheerful, <ciorbail>, snug; from Eng. [cheerful].  Cf. [ti\orail].
<ciorram>, hurt, damage, wounding, Ir. [ci/orrbhadh], E.Ir. [cirriud],
  [cirud], [*cir-thu-], root [ker], destroy, Lat. [caries], decay, Gr. @G[kc/r],
  death, Skr. [c@,r@.na^ti/], smash.  [ro cirrad], was mutilated.
<ci\osaich>, subdue: "make tributary"; from [ci\s], tribute, tax.
<ciosan>, a bread basket, corn-skep (M`D.), Ir. [cisean], [cis], basket,
  M.Ir. [ceiss], possibly allied to (if not borrowed from) Lat. [cista]
  (Stokes).  See [ce/is].  Sc. [cassie].
<ciotach>, left-handed, sinister, so Ir., W. [chwith], [*sqi^ttu-] (Stokes),
  [*sqit-tu-], and [sqit] is an extension of [sqi], [sqai] in Gr. @G[skaio/s],
  Lat. [scaevas] ([*sqai-vo-]), left.
<ciotag>, a little plaid, shawl, O.Ir. [ce/taig], acc. case (Bk.of Armagh);
<ci\r>, a comb, Ir. [ci\or], O.Ir. [ci/r], [*kensra^]; cf. Gr. @G[kte/is], g. @G[kteno/s],
  (from [skens]), Ch.Sl. [ceslu@u], Lit. [kasy/ti], scratch (Stokes,
  Strachan), root [qes], shave, scratch; cf. Gr. @G[xe/w], @G[xuro/n].  Zimmer
  refers it to the root [qers], to furrow, Skr. [karsha], a scratch,
  etc.; but [qers] would give a G. [cerr].  A Celtic [ce^ra] would be
  the ideal form, suggesting Lat. [ce^ra], wax, "honey-[comb]".
<ci\r>, cud, Ir., E.Ir. [ci/r], Manx [keeil], W. [cil], Br. [das-kiriat], ruminer.
  Perhaps identical with the above >>(Windisch).  [cir], [ciridh],
  sheep (Carm.).
<ci\s>, tribute, tax, Ir. [ci/os], O.Ir. [ci/s]; from Lat. [census], whence Eng.
  [census].
<cisd>, <cist>, a chest, Ir. [cisde], M.Ir. [ciste], W. [cist]; from Lat. [cista],
  Ir. [cis], piece of basket work of osiers.  Cf. O.Ir. [cass], basket,
  Lat. [quasillus].
<ci\sean>, hamper (Islay); from [ce\is].
<ciseart>, a light tweed (N.Lochaber).
<cistin>, a kitchen; from the Eng.
<cith>, a shower, Ir. [cith], [cioth], g. [ceatha], E.Ir. [cith], O.Ir. [cithech],
  flebilium; [*citu-]:
--page 85
<cith>, rage, ardour; [*ketu-], cf. [cuthach]: <an cith>, attuned, where
  [cith] seems from Eng. [key], mood.
<cithean>, a complaining; see [caoin].
<cithris-chaithris>, confusion (M`L.): "hurly-burly"; an onomatopoetic
  word.
<ciu\bhran>, <ciu\ran>, <ciu\rach>, small rain, drizzle, Ir. [ceo/bhra/n].  See
  [ceo\ban].  M.Ir. [ciabor], mist.
<ciuchair>, beautiful, dimpling (Sh., Arm.; not H.S.D.):
<ciu\charan>, <ciu\cran>, a low-voiced plaint: from Norse [kjo@"kra],
  whine, [kjo@"kr], a voice stifled with tears.
<ciu\in>, mild, Ir. [ciu/in], [*kivo-ni-], I.E., [kivo-], [keivo-], akin, dear; Lat.
  [civis], Eng. [civil]; Norse [hy/rr], mild, Ag.S. [heo/re], Ger. [ge-heuer],
  safe; Ch.Sl. [po-c@,ivu@u], benignus; Skr. [c@,iva/], friendly.
<ciu\rr>, hurt, Ir. [ci/orrbhaigim], I maim, wound: see [ciorram].  Cf.,
  however, O.Ir. [dufiurrsa], adteram, [du-furr], attriveris,
  [iu/rthund], to hurt, root [org] as in [tuargan].
<clab>, an open mouth, Ir. [clab]; from Eng. [clap], a clap, noise, the
  human tongue.  Hence <claban>, a mill-clapper.
<claban>, top of the head, brain-pan (H.S.D.); cf. W. [clopen], G.
  [claigionn], q.v.  Possibly Pictish?
<cla\bar>, filth, mire, clay, Ir. [cla/bar] (whence Eng. [clabber]); cf. [la\ban].
<clabar-nasg>, the clasp of wooden cow collar (Arg.):
<clabog>, a good bargain, great pennyworth:
<clach>, a stone, Ir., E.Ir. [cloch], W. [clwg], a rock, detached rock,
  [clog], a rock, [clogan], a large stone, [*kluka^]; root [kal], [kl-], hard;
  Got. [hallus], stone, Norse [hella], flat stone, Skr. [c@,ila^], a stone.
  Usually correlated with Lat. [calculus], a pebble, Eng. [calculate].
<clachan>, kirk or kirk town, Ir. [clocha/n], monastic stone-cells singly
  or in group; also G. and Ir. "stepping stones".
<cla\d>, comb wool, <cla\d>, a wool comb; from Sc. [claut], [clauts], wool
  comb, also a "clutching hand, a hoe or scraper"; from [claw].
<cladach>, a shore, beach, so Ir., [*claddo-], "a score, shore"; from
  [clad] of [cladh], q.v.
<cla\dan>, a burr, a thing that sticks, Ir. [clada/n], burr, flake; from
  [cla\d].
<cladh>, churchyard, Ir. [cladh], a bank, ditch, E.Ir. [clad], a ditch,
  W. [cladd], [clawdd], fossa, Cor. [cledh] (do.), Br. [cleuz] (do.),
  [*klado-], [*kla^do]; root [kela], [kla], break, split, hit; Gr.
  @G[kladaro/s], easily broken; Lat. [cla^des]; Russ. [kladu], cut.  See
  further [claidheamh], sword.  Hence <cladhaich>, dig.
<cladhaire>, a poltroon, so Ir.; "digger, clod-hopper", from [cladh]?
<clag>, a bell, Ir. [clog], O.Ir. [clocc], W., Cor. [cloch], Br. [kloc'h], [*klokko-],
  [*kloggo-]; root, [klog], [klag], sound; Lat. [clango], Eng. [clang];
  Gr. @G[kla/zw], @G[klaggc/], clang; Lit. [klage@?ti], cackle.  Bez. suggests
--page 86
  Bul. [klu@ucam], hit, giving the stem of [clag] as [*klukko-].  Hence
  Eng. [clock], etc.
<cla\ideag>, a lock, ringlet; see [cla\d], [cla\dan].
<claidheag>, the last handful of corn cut on the farm, the "maiden"
  (Badenoch); Sc. [claaik-sheaf] (Aberdeen, etc.), from [claaick],
  the harvest home; the state of having all the corn in.
<claidheamh>, a sword, Ir. [clo/idheamh], O.Ir. [claideb], W. [cleddyf],
  Cor. [cledhe], Br. [kleze], [*kladebo-s]; root [klad], Skr. [kladga]:
  Gr. @G[kla/dos], a twig; Ch.Sl. [kladivo], a hammer.  Further root
  [kela], [kla^], hit, split; Lat. [culter], per-[cellere], etc.  See [cladh].
<claidhean>, better <cla\idhean>, the bolt of a door, Ir. [claibi/n]; from
  the same source as [claidheamh].  H.S.D. gives it in supp. as
  [cla\imhean].
<claidreach>, a damaging, shattering: [*claddo-]; root [clad] of [claidheamh].
<claigionn>, a skull, Ir. [cloigionn], M.Ir. [cloicend], W. [clopen], Br.
  [klopenn], [*cloc-cenn], from [clag] and [ceann], "bell-head, dome-head".
  Stokes considers the Ir. borrowed from the Welsh.
  Cf. [claban].
<clais>, a furrow, ditch, so Ir., E.Ir. [class], W. [clais], [*clad-s-ti-]; from
  [*clad] of [cladh].  Br. [kleus], pit.
<cla\istinn>, hearing, listening; from [*clo^sta^], ear; see [cluas].
<cla\iteachd>, gentle rain (Arran):
<clambar>, wrangling, Ir. [clampar]; from Lat. [clamor].
<clamhan>, a buzzard:
<clamhradh>, a scratching, so Ir.: [*clam-rad]; see [cloimh], itch.
<clamhsa>, an alley, close, so Ir.,; from Eng. [close].
<cla\mhuinn>, sleet:
<clann>, children, clan, so Ir., O.Ir. [cland], W. [plant], [*qlanata^]: I.E.
  root [qel]; Gr. @G[te/los], company; O.Slav. [celjadi@u], family, Lit.
  [kiltis] = Lett. [zilts], race, stock; Skr. [ku/la], race.  Some have
  added Lat. [populus].  Usually regarded as borrowed from
  Lat. [planta], a sprout, Eng. [plant], whence G. <clannach>,
  comatus.
<claoidh>, vex, oppress, Ir. [claoidhim], O.Ir. [clo/im], W. [cluddio], overwhelm,
  [*cloid]; I.E. [klei], incline, as in [claon], q.v.  Windisch
  and Stokes refer it to [*clovio^], root [qlov], [qlav], [qlu], shut in,
  Lat. [claudo], close, [claudus], lame, Gr. @G[klei/s], @G[kleido/s], key.
<claon>, inclining, squint, oblique, Ir. [claon], O.Ir. [clo/in]: [*kloino-];
  Lat. [cli@-no], [accli@-nis], leaning, Eng. [incline]; Gr. @G[kli/nw] (@G[i] long),
  incline; Eng. [lean]; Lit. [szle@"/ti], incline; Skr. [c@,rayati] (do.).
<clap>, <clapartaich>, clap, clapping; from the Eng. [clap].
<cla\r>, a board, tablet, Ir., O.Ir. [cla/r], W. [claur], O.W. [claur]; Gr.
  @G[klc/ros] (for @G[kla@nros]), a lot, @G[kla/w], break; root [qela], [qla^], break,
--page 87
  etc., as in [claidheamh], [coille], q.v.  Hence, [inter alia], <cla\rach>,
  a woman of clumsy figure, "board-built".
<cla\rsach>, a harp, Ir. [cla/irseach]; from [cla/r].  Cf. for meaning
  [fiodhcheall], chess-play, "wood-intelligence".
<clasp>, <claspa>, a clasp, Ir. [clasba]; from the Eng.
<cla\tar>, mire (Dial.); from Sc. [clart].
<clathna\ire>, bashfulness (M`D., who writes <cla\thna\ire>.  H.S.D.
  gives the form in the text): [clath]+[na\ire]; see [na\ire].  [clath]
  seems from the root [qel], hide, as in [ceil], q.v. (H.S.D.).
<cleachd>, a practice, custom, Ir. [cleachdadh], E.Ir. [clechtaim], I am
  wont, [*kl@.cto-], root [qel], as in Lat. [colo], Eng. [cultivate], Gr.
  @G[pe/lomai], go, be, etc.  Cf., however, [cleas].
<cleachd>, a ringlet, a fillet of wool, E.Ir. [clechtaim], I plait (Cam.),
  W. [pleth]; from Lat. [plecto], Eng. [plait].
<clearc>, a curl, lock of hair:
<cleas>, a play, trick, feat, so Ir., E.Ir. [cless], [*clessu-], [*clexu-]; root
  [klek], [klok], as in [cluich], q.v.
<cleath>, concealment, hiding; also <cleith> ([*kleti-s]); inf. to [ceil],
  hide, q.v.
<cleibe>, an instrument for laying hold of fish, or of sea-fowls, Ir.
  [clipe]; from Eng. [clip], a gaff or cleek, a fastener, Norse [kly/pa],
  to pinch, O.H.G. [chluppa], tongs.
<cle/ir>, the clergy, Ir. [cle/ir]; from Lat. [cle^rus].  See the next word.>>
<cle/ireach>, a clerk, a cleric, O.G. [cle/rec] (Bk.of Deer), Ir. [cle/ireach],
  E.Ir. [cle/rech], Br. [kloarek]; from Lat. [cle@-ricus], a clerk, cleric,
  from Gr. @G[klcriko/s] (do.), from @G[klc@nros], a lot, office: "the lot
  (@G[klc@nron]) of this ministry" (Acts i. 17).
<cleit>, a quill, feather, down, Ir. [cleite]:
<cleit>, a rocky eminence; from Norse [klettr], rock, cliff.  Common
  in Northern place-names.
<cleit>, bar, ridge (Carm.).
<cleith>, a stake, wattle, Ir. [cleith], [cleath], E.Ir. [cleth], tignum, W.
  [clyd], sheltering, M.Br. [clet], warm (place); root [qleit], [qlit],
  O.Sax.  [hhli^dan], cover, Got. [hlei@dhra], hut, Ch.Sl. [kleti], house.
  Hence <cleith>, roof; the E.Ir. [cle/the], roof, roof-pole, appears
  to be for [kleitio-], the same root in its full vocalic form
  (Schra@"der).
<cleith>, concealing, O.Ir. [cleith]; see [cleath].
<cleitig>, <clitig>, a measure of land - an 8th of the "penny" land:
<cleo\c>, a cloak, Ir. [clo/ca]; from the Eng.
<cleuraidh>, one who neglects work (Arran):
<cli\>, vigour:
<cli\>, left (hand), wrong, Ir. [cli/], E.Ir. [cli/], W. [cledd], O.W. [cled],
  Br. [kleiz], [*klijo]; root [klei], incline, Got. [hleiduma], left, etc.
  See further under [claon].
--page 88
<cliabh>, a basket, hamper, the chest (of a man), Ir. [cli/abh], O.Ir.
  [cliab], corbis, [*cleibo-].  Root [klei] as in [cliath].
<cliadan>, a burr; cf. [cla\dan].
<cliamhuinn>, son-in-law, Ir. [cliamhuin], G. and Ir. <cleamhnas>,
  affinity; root [klei], lean, Lat. [cliens], Eng. [client], in-[cline], [lean].
<cliar>, a poet, hero or heroes, Ir., E.Ir. [cli/ar], society, train, clergy;
  from Lat. [cle/rus], as in [cle/ir], q.v.  Hence <cliaranach>, a bard,
  swordsman.  The <Cliar Sheanachain>, (Senchan's Lot) was
  the mythic bardic company, especially on its rounds (Gaelic
  Folk Tales).  Hence <cliarachd>, singing, feats.
<cliatan>, a level plot of ground: [*cliath-t-an], a participial formation
  from [cliath], harrow - "harrowed, level".
<clath>, harrow, hurdle, Ir. [cli/ath], E.Ir. [cliath], O.Ir. Vadum [clied]
  (Adamnan), Dublin, W. [clwyd], hurdle, Cor. [cluit], Br. [kloned],
  Gaul.  [8cle^ta], whence Fr. [claie], hurdle, [*kleita^]; root [klei],
  lean; Lett. [slita], wood fence, Lit [szlite/], a rack (of a waggon).
<cliath>, tread hens, as cock:
<cliathach>, side, the side of the ribs, Ir. [cliatha/n], side, breast,
  [*kleito-], "slope", root [klei], incline; Norse [kli/@dh], a slope,
  mountain side, Gr. @G[klitu/s] ([i] long), a slope, hill-side.
<clibeag>, a trick, wile (H.S.D.); from [cleibe], [clip], as [cli\chd] from
  [cleek].
<clibist>, a misadventure; see [cliob].
<clic>, a hook, gaff: see the next word.>>
<cli\chd>, an iron hook; from Sc. [cleik], Eng. [cleek], [click].
<cli\chd>, a cunning trick; from the above.  Sc. [cleiky], ready to take
  the advantage, tricky, [cleek], inclination to cheat: "There's a
  [cleek] in 'im" (Banffshire).
<cliob>, to stumble, <cliobach>, stumbling, awkward.  Cf. Sc. <clypock>,
  a fall.  See next.
<cliob>, anything dangling, excrescence, <cliobain>, a dew-lap, Ir.
  [cliob], [clibi/n]; also Ir. [cliobach], hairy, shaggy, [clibo/g], a
  (shaggy) colt, etc.  Cf. Sc. [clype], an ugly, ill-shaped fellow:
  origin unknown (Murray); [clip], a colt, Ger. [klepper], palfrey.
  Root [ql@.@g], stumpy, Gr. @G[kolobo/s].
<cliopach>, halt in speech (H.S.D.): cf. Eng. [clip] words.
<cliostar>, a clyster; from the Eng.
<clip>, a hook, clip, Ir. [clipe], a gaff; from the Eng. [clip].  See [cleibe].
<clipe>, deceit (H.S.D.); see [clibeag].
<clis>, active, Ir., M.Ir. [cliste], ready, quick.  Cf. W. [clys], impulse:
  [*cl@.-sto-]; root [kel], as in Lat. [celer], swift, etc.?  "<Na fir chlis>",
  the Merry Dancers.  From [cleas].  Cf. Ir. and E.Ir. [deil-clis],
  staff-sling.
<clisbeach>, unsteady of foot, cripple; from [clis].  Also <clisneach>.
--page 89
<clisg>, start, Ir. [cliosg] (Meath Dial., [clist]); from [clis].
<clisinnean>, boat ribs, [clisneach], rib:
<clisneach>, the human body, carcase, outward appearance (Arm.;
  not H.S.D.):
<clisneach>, a bar-gate (H.S.D.), a rib (Wh.):
<cliu\>, renown, praise, Ir., O.Ir. [clu/], W. [clyw], sense of hearing, [clod],
  praise; Gr. @G[kle/os], fame; Skr. [c@,rava/s], I.E. [kleu], hear.  See
  further under [cluinn].
<cliu\chd>, mend nets:
<cliu\d>, a slap with the fingers; from the Sc. [clout], Eng. [clout], a
  cuff, "clout".
<cliu\d>, a small or disabled hand; from Sc. [cloot], hoof, half-hoof?
<clo\>, <clo\th>, broad-cloth; from Eng. [cloth], [clothing], etc.
<clo\>, a print, printing press, M.G. [clo/] (Carswell), Ir. [clo/], [clo/dh]
  ([clodhuighim], Coneys; E.Ir. [clod], mark?); cf. the next word.>>
  Also <clo\dh>.
++<clo\>, a nail, Ir., E.Ir. [clo\], W. [clo], key, Br. [klao], tool, [*klavo-];
  Lat. [cla^vus], nail, [clavis], key; Gr. @G[klei/s], key, etc.  See [claoidh].
<clo\-chadail>, slumber; see [clo\th].
<clobha>, a pair of tongs; from Norse [klofi], a fork (of a river), a
  forked mast, snuffers, [klof], fork of the legs, "cloven, cleft".
  The Ir. [clobh(a)] in Con. and Fol., and the [clomh] of Lh., seems
  a Scottish importation, for Coneys says the vernacular is
  [tlobh].  In fact, the Ir. word is [tlu/], [tlu/gh]: "lifter"; root [tl@.-]
  as in Lat. [tollo]?
<clobhsa>, a close, lane, farm-yard, Ir. [clamhsa], W. [claws]; from Eng.
  [close].  Also, [clamhsa], q.v.
<clochranaich>, wheezing in the throat (M`F.; Sh. has <clochar>, and
  <clochan>, respire); from Sc. [clocher], wheezing, [cloch], cough
  feebly.  It is an onomatopoetic word, like Eng. [cluck], [clock].
<clod>, a clod, turf; from the Eng.
<clogad>, <clogaid>, a helmet, Ir. [clogad], M.Ir. [clogat], [at chluic], E.Ir.
  [clocatt]; from [ad], hat, q.v., and ++<clog>, head, which see in
  [claigionn].
<clogais>, a wooden clog; from Eng. [clogs].
<cloidhean>, the pitch of the box-tree or any shrub tree (Arm.; not
  H.S.D.).  Cf. [glaoghan].
<cloimh>, scab, itch, Ir. [clamh], scurvy, E.Ir. [clam], leprosus, W.
  [clafr], leprosy, [claf], diseased, Cor. [claf] (do.), M.Br. [claff] (do.),
  Br. [klanv], [*klamo-], sick; Skr. [klam], weary; Gr. @G[klamaro/s],
  weak (Hes.); Lat. [cle^mens].
<clo\imh>, wool, down of feathers, Ir. [clu/mh], down, feathers, E.Ir.
  [clu/m], pluma, W. [pluf], plumage; from Lat. [pluma] (Eng.
  [plumage]).
--page 90
<clo\imhdich>, rub or scratch as itchy; same as [clamhradh] in meaning
  and root.
<clo\imhein>, icicle, snot; from [clo\imh]
<clois>, the herb "stinking marsh, horse tail", Ir. [clo/is], [clo-uisge]
  (O'R.), "water nail" (Cameron).
<cloitheag>, a shrimp, prawn (M`D.), Ir. [cloitheo/g].  Possibly for
  [claidh-], [*cladi-], root [clad] of [cladh]: "a digger".  M`L. has
  instead [cloidheag], a small shore-fish.
<clomh>, counteract, subdue (Carm.).  See [caochail].
<clomhais>, cloves; from the Eng.
<clos>, rest, sleep, stillness; [*clud-to-], root [klu], [klav]; see [claoidh].
<closach>, a carcase; from [clos], q.v.
<clo\said>, a closet, Ir. [closeud]; from the Eng.
<clo\th>, mitigate, still; from the root [klav], of [claoidh], q.v.
<cluain>, a green plain, pasture, Ir. and E.Ir. [cluain]: [*clopni-]; Lit.
  [szlapti], become wet, [szlapina], a wet spot; Gr. @G[kle/pas] (Hes.),
  a wet muddy place (Strachan).
<cluaineas>, <cluain>, intriguing, deceit, Ir. [cluainearachd], [cluain],
  [*clopni]; Gr. @G[kle/ptw]; steal, Eng. [lift], [cattle lifting] (Strachan).
  [cluain] = sense (Glenmoriston).
<cluaran>, a thistle; cf. W. [cluro], whisk.
<cluas>, ear, Ir., O.Ir. [cluas], W. [clust], [*klousta^], root [kleus], [klus],
  [kleu], hear; O.Sax. [hlust], hearing, Eng. [listen], etc.  See [cluinn].
<clu\d>, a patch, clout, Ir. [clu/d], W. [clwt]; from the Eng. [clout], Ag.S.
  [clu/t] (Rhys, Murray).
<cluich>, play, Ir. [cluiche], a game, E.Ir. [cluche], a game, O.Ir.
  [cluichech], ludibundus: [*klokjo-]; Got. [hlahjan], Eng. [laugh],
  Ger. [lachen] (Windisch, Stokes).  [placere]?
<cluigein>, a little bell, anything dangling; from [clag].
<cluinn>, hear, Ir., E.Ir. [cluinim], W. [clywed] hearing, Cor. [clewaf],
  audio, Br. [klevet], audire, [*klevo^], I hear; Lat. [clueo], am
  reputed, in[clustus], famous; Gr. @G[klevo^], hear; Eng. [loud], [listen];
  Skr. [c@,ru], hear, [cra^vas], sound.  Hence [cliu\], [cluas], etc.
<cluip>, cheat: hardly [*kloppi-]; Gr. @G[kle/ptw].
<clupaid>, the swollen throat in cattle:
<cluthaich>, cover, clothe, Ir. [cluthmhar], sheltered, warm.  Cf. E.Ir.
  [clithaigim], I shelter, [clith], clothing, W. [clyd], sheltering; root
  [qel] of [ceil], q.v.  Ir. [clu/daim], I clothe, cover, from Eng. [clothe],
  has possibly influenced the vowel both in G. and Ir.
<cluthaich>, chase, Ir. [cluthaighim]: [*kluto-], [*klu]; see [claoidh]?
<cnab>, pull, haul; see [cnap].
<cnabaire>, an instrument for dressing flax, Ir. [cna/ib], hemp; see
  [cainb].
<cnag>, a crack, Ir. [cnag]; from the Eng. [crack].
--page 91
<cnag>, a pin, knob, Ir. [cnag]; from the Eng. [knag], a peg, Dan.
  [knag], a peg, Sw. [knagg], a knag.
<cna\id>, a scoff, Ir. [cna/id]:
<cna\imh>, bone, Ir. [cna/imh], O.Ir. [cna/im], [*kna^mi-s]; Gr. @G[knc/mc], leg;
  Eng. [ham].
<cnaimhseag>, a pimple, bear-berry:
<cna\mh>, chew, digest, Ir. [cnaoi], [cnaoidhim], E.Ir. [cna/m], gnawing,
  W. [cnoi]; Gr. @G[knw/dwn], a tooth, @G[kna/w], scrape; Lit. [kandu/], bite;
  Skr. [kha^d], chew.  Root [qne@-], [qen].  Hence <cnamhuin>,
  gangarene.
<cna\mhaiche>, matured person (M`D.):
<cnap>, a knob, Ir. [cnap], E.Ir. [cnapp]; from Norse [knappr], a knob,
  M.Eng. [knap].  Hence also G. and Ir. <cnap>, a blow, Sc. [knap],
  Eng. [knappe], blow.
<cnapach>, a youngster; from [cnap].  But cf. Norse [knapi], boy,
  varlet, Eng. [knave].
++<cnarra>, a ship, Ir. [cnarra]; from Norse [kno@"rr], g. [knarrar], Ag.S.
  [cnear].
<cnatan>, a cold: [*krod-to-]; Ger. [rotz], catarrh; Gr. @G[ko/ruza] (do.).
  Also <cneatan>.
<cnead>, a sigh, groan, so Ir., E.Ir., [cnet]; from the root [can] of [can],
  say, sing.
<cneadh>, a wound, so Ir., E.Ir. [cned], [*knida^]; Gr. @G[kni/zw], sting,
  @G[kni/dc], nettle; Ag.S. [hni/tan], tundere.  Cf. Teut. [hnit], hit;
  Gr. @G[knizw], stick, cut; [cneidh-ghalar], painful complaint.
<cneap>, a button, bead; see [cnap].
<cneas>, skin, waist, Ir. [cneas], E.Ir. [cnes]; from [cen] of [cionn], skin;
  see [boicionn]; Corn. [knes], body, W. [cnawd], human flesh.
<cneasda>, humane, modest, Ir. [cneasda]; from [cen] as in [cineal], kin.
<cne\atag>, fir cone, shinty ball:
<cneisne>, slender (M`D.); from [cneas].
<cniadaich>, caress, stroke:
<cno\>, a nut, Ir. [cno/], O.Ir. [cnu/], W. [cneuen], pl. [cnau], Cor. [cnyfan],
  Br. [knaouenn], [*knova^]; Norse, [hnot], Ag.S. [hnutu], Eng. [nut],
  Ger. [nuss].
<cnoc>, a hillock, Ir, [cnoc], O.Ir. [cnocc], O.Br. [cnoch], tumulus, Br.
  [kreac'h], [krec'henn], hill, [*knokko-]; from [knog-ko-], Norse, [hnakki],
  nape of the neck, Ag.S. [hnecca], necl, Eng. [neck].  Some
  have given the stem as [*cunocco], and referred it to the root
  of Gaul. [cuno-], high, W. [cwn], height, root [ku], be strong,
  great, as in [curaidh], q.v.  Cf. Ag.S. [hnoll], O.H.G. [hnol],
  vertex, head.  See [ceann].
<cno\caid>, a young woman's hair bound up in a fillet.  Founded on
  the Sc. [cockernonny].
--page 92
<cnod>, a knot, Ir. [cnota]; from the Eng.
<cno\d>, a patch, piece on a shoe; cf. Sc. [knoit], [knot], large piece.
<cno\daich>, acquire, lay up, Ir. [cno/dach], acquiring (O'R.); see [cno\d].
<cno\dan>, the gurnet, Ir. [cnu/da/n] (Fol.); cf. Sc. [crooner], so-called
  from the [croon] or noise it makes when landed.  The G. seems
  borrowed from Sc. [crooner], mixed with Sc. [crout], croak.
<cno/id>, a sumptuous present (Heb.); <cro\id>:
<cnoidh>, tooth-ache, sever pain; see [cnuimh].
<cnomhagan>, a large whelk, buckie; cf. [cno\], nut.
<cnot>, unhusk barley; from <cnotag>, the block or joint of wood
  hollowed out for unhusking barley.  The word is the Eng.
  [knot]?
<cnuachd>, head, brow, temple, Ir. [cruaic] (O'R.); cf. W. [cnuwch],
  bushy head of hair, [cnwch], knuckle, [cnuch], joint, [*cnoucco-],
  "a prominence"; root [kneu], [knu]; Norse [hnu/kr], [hnju/kr], knoll,
  peak, [hnu@dhr], a knob.  Hence <cnuachdach>, shrewd: "having
  a head".
<cnuas>, gnash, chew, crunch; for [cruas], [cruais], founded on Eng.
  [crush], [crunch]?
<cnuasaich>, ponder, collect, Ir. [cnuasuighim], [cnuas], a collection,
  scraping together, G. and Ir. <cnuasachd>, reflection, collection,
  [*knousto-]; root [knu], [knevo], scrape, Gr. @G[knu/w], scratch, Norse
  [hno@"ggr], niggard, Eng. niggard, Ag.S. [hnea/w], sparing.  The
  idea is "scraping together": a [niggard] is "one who scrapes".
  Stokes (Dict.) gives the root as [knup], and compares Lit.
  [knupsyti], oppress.  St. now, possibly, [*knoud-to], Norse,
  [knu/@dhr], ball.  Cf. [cruinnich], for force.
<cnuimh>, a worm; wrong spelling for [cruimh], q.v.
<cnumhagan>, a handful (Heb.); for [crobhagan], from ++<crobh>, the
  hand?  See [cro\g].
<co>, <co\>, who, O.Ir. [co-te], now G. [ciod], q.v.;  W. [pa], Cor. [py], [pe], Br.
  [pe], quia, root [qo-], [qa], [qe]; Lat. [quod]; Gr. @G[po/-qi], etc.; Eng. [who].
<co>, <cho>, as, so; see [cho].
<co\b>, plenty (Sh.); from Lat. [copia].  Ir. [co/ib], party, followers.
<cobhair>, assistance, so Ir., O.Ir. [cobir], [*cobris], [co]+[ber], root [bher],
  carry, see [beir]; and cf. for meaning Gr. @G[sumfe/rei], it is of use.
<cobhan>, coffer, box, Ir. [cofra]; from Eng. [coffin], [coffer].
<cobhar>, foam, Ir. [cubhar], E.Ir. [cobur]: [co]+[bur]; for [bar], see [tobar],
  well.
<cobhartach>, spoil, booty:
<cobhlach>, fleet.  See [cabhlach].
<coc>, cock, to cock; from the Eng.
<co\caire>, a cook, Ir. [co/caire], M.Ir. [cocaire], Cor. [peber], pistor; from
  the Lat. [coquo], I cook.
--page 93
<cochull>, also <coich> (Carm.), husk, hood, Ir. [cochal], O.Ir. [cochull],
  W. [swcwll], hood, cowl; from Lat. [cucullus], Eng. [cowl].
<cocontachd>, smartness (A.M`D.); see [coc], [gog].
<codaich>, share, divide; from [codach], gen. of [cuid].
<co\dhail>, a meeting; see [comhdhail].
<cogadh>, war, so Ir., O.Ir. [cocad]: [*con-cath], "co-battle"; see [cath].
<cogais>, conscience, Ir. [cogus], O.Ir. [concubus]: [con]+[cubus]; and
  O.Ir. [cubus], conscience, is for [con-fis], [co] and [fios], knowledge, q.v.
<cogan>, a loose husk, covering (H.S.D.), a small vessel; see [gogan]
  for latter force.
<cogull>, tares, cockle, Ir. [cogal]; borrowed from M.Eng. [cackel],
  [cokkul], now [cockle].
<coibhneas> proper spelling of [caoimhneas], which see.
<coibhseachd>, propriety, so Ir. [coibhseach], becoming; cf. M.Ir.
  [cuibdes], fittingness, from [cubaid]; see [cubhaidh].
<coicheid>, suspicion, doubt:
<co/ig>, five, Ir. [cu/ig], O.Ir. [co/ic], W. [pump], E.W. [pimp], Cor. [pymp],
  Br. [pemp], Gaul. [pempe], [*qenqe]; Lat. [quinque]; Gr. @G[pe/nte]; Lit.
  [penki]; Got. [fimf]; Skr. [pa/n@~ca].
<coigil>, spare, save, so Ir., E.Ir. [coiclim], [cicill] (n.); [*con-cel], root
  [qel], as in Lat. [colo], etc.  Also <cagail>.  The E.Ir. [cocell],
  concern, thought, is for [con-ciall]; [ciall], sense.
<coigreach>, a stranger, Ir. [coigcrigheach], [co/igcri/och], [*con-cri/ch-ech],
  "provincial", E.Ir. [cocri/ch], province, boundary.  See [cri\och].
  The meaning is, "one that comes from a neighbouring province".
<coilceadha>, bed materials, ++<coilce>, a bed, Ir. [coilce], a bed, E.Ir.
  [colcaid], flock bed, O.W. [cilcet], now [cylched]; from Lat.
  [culcita], a pillow, Eng. [quilt].
<coilchean>, a little cock, water spouting; from [coileach], q.v.
<coileach>, a cokc, so Ir., O.Ir. [cailech], W. [ceiliog], Cor. [celioc], Br.
  [kiliok], [*kalja/kos], the "caller"; rrot [qal], call; Lat. [calare],
  summon, Eng. [Calends]; Gr. @G[kale/w], call; Lit. [kalba], speech,
  etc.
<coileag>, a cole of hay; from the Sc. [cole], a cole or coil of hay.
  See [go/ileag].  <co\ileag> (Perth.).
<coileid>, a stir, noise (Heb.); cf. Eng. [coil], of like force.  The G.
  seems borrowed therefrom.
<coileir>, a collar, Ir. [coile/ar]; from the Eng.
<coilionn>, a candle; see [coinneal].
<coi'lige> (Dial.), race, course (Hend.): [coimhliong].
<coiliobhar>, a kind of gun; see [cuilbheir].
<coille>, <coill>, wood, Ir. [coill], O.Ir. [caill], W. [celli], Cor. [kelli], [*kaldet-],
  Gr. @G[kla/dos], a twig; Eng. [holt], Ger. [holz].  Further root [qla],
  [qela], split, hit, as in [cladh], [claidheamh], q.v.
--page 94
<coileag>, a cockle (M`D.), Ir. [coilleo/g] (O'R.), Cor. [cyligi]:
<coilleag>, a rural song, a young potato, a smart blow:
<coileag>, <coileig> (accent on end syllable; Perth.), a smart stroke:
<coilpeachadh>, equalizing cattle stock (Heb.); [colpach].
<coilpein>, a rope:
<coimeas>, comparison, co-equal, Ir. [coimheas], E.Ir. [coimmeas]:
  [com]+[meas].  See [meas].
<coimh->, <co->; see [comh-].
<coimheach>, strange, foreign, cruel, Ir. [coimhtheach], [co/imhthigheach],
  [co/imhightheach], strange, M.Ir. [comaigthe], foreign, O.Ir.
  [comaigtech], alienigena; for [comaitche] (Stokes).  See [tathaich].
++<Coimhde>, God, Ir. [Co/imhdhe], God, the Trinity, O.Ir. [comdiu],
  gen. [comded] (Bk.of Deer), Lord, [*com-medio^s], "Providence",
  root [med], think as in G. [meas], esteem, Lat. [modus], [mediator],
  [mediate].  See [meas].  The fanciful "Coibhi, the Celtic arch-druid",
  is due to a confusion of the obsolete [Coimhdhe] with
  the Northumbrian Coifi of Bede.
<coimhead>, looking, watching, Ir. [co/imhe/ad], O.Ir. [come/t], [*com-entu-].
  For [entu], see [di\dean].
<comhearsnach>, a neighbour, Ir. [co/mharsa], gen. [co/mharsan], E.Ir.
  [comarse]; from [com] and [ursainn], a door-post (Zimmer).  See
  [ursainn].
<comheart>, a comparison; [*com-be/rt], root [ber], of [beir].  Cf. Lat.
  [confero].
<coimheirbse>, wrangling: [com]+[farpauis], q.v.
<coimhirp>, rivalry, striving (Arg.); same root as [oidhirp].
<coimhliong>, a race, course, also <coi'lige> (Dial.); Ir. [co/imhling];
  from [com] and [lingim], I leap.  For root, see [leum].
<coimsich>, perceive, Ir. [coimighim]: [com-meas]; see [meas].
<coimirc>, mercy, quarter, so Ir.; see [comairce].
<coimpire>, an equal, match; from Eng. [compeer] or Lat. [compar].
<coimrig>, trouble; from Sc., Eng. [cumber], [cumbering].
<coimseach>, indifferent (Sh.); from [coimeas], co-equal.
<coindean>, a kit (Arm.: not in H.S.D.):
<co\ineag>, a nest of wild bees (M`L.); from [co\inneach], moss.  See
  [caonnag].
<coinean>, a rabbit, coney, Ir. [coini/n], W. [cwning]; from M.Eng.
  [cuinin], from O.Gr. [connin], [connil], from Lat. [cuniculus], whence
  Eng. [coney], through Fr.
<coingeis>, indifferent, same as, no matter; [con-geas], from [geas],
  desire, etc.  Cf. [a\illeas], from [ail-ges].
<coingeal>, a whirlpool (H.S.D.):
<coingheall>, a loan, Ir. [coinghioll], obligation; [con]+[giall], q.v.
<coingir>, a pair (Sh.):
--page 95
<coinlein>, a nostril; see [cuinnean].
<coinn>, fit of coughing; a nostril (Hend.):
<coinne>, a supper, a party to which every one brings his own provisions
  (Heb.).  Cf. E.Ir. [coindem], [coinmed], coigny, conveth,
  quartering, [*kond], eat, as in [cna\mh], q.v.
<coinne>, woman (Hend.); from N. [kona], [kvenna] (gen. pl.), woman,
  Eng. [queen].
<coinne>, <coinneamh>, a meeting, Ir. [coinne], E.Ir. [conne], [*con-nesia^];
  root [nes], come, dwell, Gr. @G[ne/moi], go, @G[nai/w], dwell; Skr. [nas],
  join some one.  Stokes seems to think that [kon-de^-] is the
  ultimate form here, [de^] being the I.E. [dhe^], set, Gr. @G[ti/qcmi], etc.
  <coinneamh>, when used as adverb = [coinnibh], dat.pl.?
<co\inneach>, moss, Ir. [caonach], M.Ir. [cu/nnach], O.Ir. [coennich],
  muscosi:
<coinneal>, candle, so Ir., E.Ir. [candel], W. [canwyll], O.W. [cannuill],
  Cor. [cantuil]; from Lat. [candela], whence Eng. [candle].
<coinneas>, a ferret; [*con-neas], "dog-weasel"?  See [neas].
<coinnseas>, conscience (Hend.):
<coinnlein>, a stalk, Ir. [coinli/n], M.Ir. [coinnlin], O.Ir. [connall],
  stipula, [*konnallo-]; Lat., [canna], a rood, Gr. @G[ka/nna].  Stokes
  also joins W. [cawn], reed, [*ka^no].
<co\ir>, just, right, Ir., O.Ir. [co/ir], W. [cywir]: [*ko-ve^ro-], "co-true",
  from [ve^ro-], now [fi/or], q.v.  Hence <co\ir>, justice, right, share.
  Also in the phrase <'n an co\ir>, in their presence; see [comhair].
<coirb>, cross, vicious, Ir. [corbadh], wickedness, E.Ir. [corpte], wicked;
  from Lat. [corruptus].  Also see [coiripidh].
<coirceag>, a bee-hive (Sh., O'R.):
<coire>, fault, so Ir., O.Ir. [caire], O.W. [cared], W. [cerydd], Br. [carez],
  [*karja^]; Lat. [carinare], blame, abuse; Let. [karina/t], banter,
  Ch.Sl. [karati], punish.
<coire>, a cauldron, so Ir., E.Ir. [core], [coire], W. [pair], Cor., Br. [per],
  [*qerjo]; Norse [hverr], kettle, Ag.S. [hwer]; Skr. [caru/]; Gr.
  @G[ke/rnos], a sacrificial vessel.
<coireal>, coral, from the Eng.
<coireall>, a quarry, Ir. [coireul], [coile/r] (F.M.); from Fr. [carriere],
  with dissimilation of [r]'s (Stokes).
<coireaman>, coriander, so Ir.; founded on the Lat. [coriandrum],
  Gr. @G[kori/annon].
<coirioll>, a carol; from the Eng.
<coiripidh>, corruptible; from Lat. [corruptus].
<co\irneil>, a colonel, Ir. [curnel], [corniel] (F.M.); from the Eng.
<coirpileir>, a corporal; from the Eng.
<coiseunuich>, bless (Sh.); [con]+[seun] or [sian], q.v.
<coisich>, walk, Ir. [coiseachd] (n.); from [cas], [coise], q.v.
--page 96
<coisinn>, win; see [cosnadh].
<coisir>, a festive party, chorus, Ir. [coisir], feast, festive party, [co/isir]
  (O'R., O'B., and Keat.), feasting, "coshering":
<coisrigeadh>, consecration, O.G. [consecrad] (Bk.of Deer), Ir. [coisreagadh],
  O.Ir. [coisecrad]; from Lat. [consecratio].
<coit>, a small boat, Ir. [coit], E.Ir. [coite].  Cf. Lat. [cotta], species
  navis, Norse [kati], a small ship, Eng. [cat].  Stokes suggests
  that the G. and Ir. are from the Low Lat. [cotia], navis Indica.
  Hence Eng. [cot].  Now from [*quontio]; Gaul. [ponto], whence
  Eng. [punt].
<coitcheann>, common, public, so Ir., O.Ir. [coitchenn]: [*con-tech-en]?
<coiteir>, a cottar, Ir. [coiteo/ir]; from the Eng. [cottar].
<coitich>, press one to take something: [*con-tec-], root [tek], ask, Eng.
  [thig]; see [atach].
<col>, an impediment, Ir. [colaim]; root [qela], [qla^], break, split?  See
  [call]; and cf. Gr. @G[kwlu/w], hinder, which is probably from the
  same root.
<col>, sin, Ir., E.Ir. [col], W. [cwl], O.Br. [col], [*kulo-]; Lat. [culpa], [colpa],
  fault.  Stokes hesitates between referring it to the root of
  Lat. [culpa] or to that of Lat. [scelus], Got. [skal], Eng. [shall], Ger.
  [schuld], crime.
<colag>, a small steak or collop (Arg.); from Eng. [collop].
<colaiste>, a collage, Ir. [colaisde]; from the Eng.
<colamoir>, the hake (Sh., O'B.), Ir. [colamo/ir]; cf. Sc. [coalmie],
  [colemie], the coal-fish.
<co\lan>, a fellow-soldier, companion; cf. [co\mhla], together.  The
  Ir. [co/mhlach] is for [com-lach], the [lach] of [o\glach].
<colann>, <colainn>, a body, so Ir., O.Ir. [colinn], gen. [colno], W. [celain],
  carcase, O.W. [celein], cadaver, [*colanni-] (Brugmann); root
  [qela], break, the idea being "dead body"?  Cf. for meaning
  Gr. @G[ne/kus], corpse, from [nek], kill.
<colbh>, pillar, Ir. [colbh], E.Ir. [colba], W. [celff], Br. [kelf]; Lat. [columna],
  Eng. [column]; root [qel], high.  G. <colbh>, plant stalk, Ir. [colmh],
  is allied to Lat. [culmus].  The Celtic words, if not borrowed
  from, have been influenced by the Lat.
<colc>, an eider duck (Heb.); from Sc., Eng. [colk], E.Fris. [kolke], the
  black diver.
<colg>, wrath, Ir., [colg]; a metaphorical use of [calg] (i.e. [colg]), q.v.
<colg>, sword (ballads).  See [calg].
<collachail>, boorish (H.S.D.; O'R. quoted as authority), Ir. [collach-amhuil];
  from Ir. [collach], boar.  See [cullach].
<collaid>, a clamour, Ir. [collo/id]; see [cole/id].
<collaidh>, carnal, sensual, so Ir., E.Ir. [collaide]; for [colnaide], from
  [colann], body, flesh.
--page 97
<collaidin>, <codalan>, white poppy (H.S.D.; O'R. only quoted), Ir.
  [collaidi/n], [codala/n]; from [colladh], [codal], sleep.
<collainn>, a smart stroke; also <coilleag>.
<colman>, a dove; see [calman].
<colpack>, a heifer, steer, Ir. [colpack], M.Ir. [calpach]; apparently
  founded on Norse [ka/lfr], a calf.  Hence Sc. [colpindach].
<coltach>, like; for [co-amhuil-t-ach].  See [amhuil], [samhuil].
<coltar>, a coulter, Ir. [coltar], E.Ir. [coltar]; from M.Eng. [cultre],
  Lat. [culter].
<columan>, a dove, Ir. and O.Ir. [colum], W. [colomen], [cwlwm], Corn.
  [colom], Br. [coulm]; from Lat. [columbus], [columba].
<co/m>, the cavity of the chest, Ir. [com], [coim], chest cavity, waist,
  body.  The G. is allied to W. [cwm], a valley, "a hollow",
  [*kumbo-]; Gr. @G[ku@nfos], Lat. [cumbere]; Ger. [haube], hood;
  root [kumbo-], bend.  The O.Ir. [coim], covering, is from the
  root [kemb], wind, as in [ca/m], q.v.
<coma>, indifferent, so Ir., E.Ir. [cuma], O.Ir. [cumme], idem, [is cumma],
  it is all the same; from root [me], measure: "equal measure".
<comaidh>, a messing, eating together, E.Ir. [commaid], [*kom-buti-s],
  "co-being", from [*buti-s], being.  See [bi\], be.
<comain>, obligatino, Ir. [comaoin], O.Ir. [comma/in]: [*com-moini-]; Lat.
  [communis].  See [maoin].
++<comairce>, protection; see [comraich].
<comanachadh>, celebration of the Lord's Supper; from [comann] or
  [comunn], society, Lat. [communio], Eng. [communion].
<comannd>, a command; from the Eng.
++<comar>, a confluence, Ir. [comar], [cumar], E.Ir. [commar], W. [cymmer],
  Br. [kemper], confluent, [*kom-bero-]; Lat. [con-fero].  Root [bher],
  as in [beir].
<comas>, <comus>, power, Ir. [cumas], E.Ir. [commus], [*com-mestu-],
  [*mestu-], from [med], as in [meas] (Zimmer, Brugmann).
<combach>, a companion; a shortened form of [companach].
<combaid>, company (Dial.):
<combaiste>, <compaiste>, a compass, Ir. [compa/s]; from the Eng.
<comh->, prefix denoting "with, com-, con-", Ir. [comh-], O.Ir. [com-],
  [*kom-]; Lat. [cum], [com-], [con-], Eng. [com-], [con-], etc.  It appears
  as [comh-], [com-] (before [m] and [b]), [con-] (before [d], [g]), etc.
<comhach>, prize, prey: [*com-agos-]; root [ag], drive?
<comhachag>, owl, W. [cuan], Br. [kaouen], O.Br. [couann]; L.Lat.
  [cavannus] (from the Celtic - Ernault), Fr. [chouette], O.Fr.
  [choue].  Cf. Ger. [schugu], [uhu].  An onomatopoetic word
  originally.
<co had>, a comparison (Sh.); [comh]+[fada], q.v.
<co haib>, contention about rights (M`A.):
--page 98
<comhaich>, dispute, assert, contend:
<comhailteachd>, a convoy, Ir. [comhailtim], I join; from <comhal>, a
  joining, so Ir., E.Ir. [accomallte], socius, O.Ir. [accomol], conjunctio,
  W. [cyfall], [*ad-com-ol].  For [ol], see under [tional], alt.
<comhair>, presence, e regione, etc., Ir. [co/mhair], E.Ir. [comair], W.
  [cyfer], O.W. [cwer]: [com]+[air], the prep. [comh] and [air], q.v.
  (Asc.).  Cor. [kever].  Cf. [comhghar] of Ir.
<comhairc>, an outcry, appeal, forewarning, Ir. [co/mhairce], E.Ir.
  [comaircim], I ask: [com]+[arc].  For [arc], see [iomchorc].
<comhairle>, advice, Ir. [co/mhairle], O.Ir. [airle], [air]+[le].
  This [le] is usually referred to the root [las], desire, Skr. [lash],
  desire, Lat. [lascivus], wanton.  Ascoli suggests the root [la@-] of
  O.Ir. [la/aim], mittere, Gr. @G[e@'lau/nw].
<comhal>, a joining - an Ir. word; see [comhailteachd].
<comhalta>, a foster-brother, Ir. [co/mhalta], E.Ir. [comalta], W. [cyfaillt],
  friend, [*kom-altjos], root [al], rear, Lat. [alo].  See [altrum].
<comharradh>, a mark, Ir. [co/mhartha], O.Ir. [comarde]; from [com] and
  O.Ir. [airde], signum, W. [arwydd], M.Br. [argoez], [*are-video-];
  root [vid], as in Lat. [video], here [pr@oe-video], etc.
<comhart>, the bark of a dog; from [comh] and [art], O.Ir. [artram],
  latratus, W. [cyfarth], [arthio], to bark, O.Br. [arton].  Cf. Ir.
  [amhastrach], barking.
<co\mhdach>, clothing, covering, Ir. [cu/mhdach], veil, covering, defence,
  E.Ir. [comtuch], [cumtach], covering, "shrine": [*con-ud-tog];
  root [teg], [tog], as in [tigh], q.v.  Cf. [cu/intgim], peto: [*com-di-segim].
<co\mhdaich>, allege, prove: [*com-atach]; see [atach]?
<co\mhdhail>, a meeting, Ir. [co/mhdha/il>, E.Ir. [comda/l]: [com]+[da/il];
  see [da/il].
<co\mhla>, together, Ir. [co/mhla/mh]: [com]+[la\mh], "co-hand, at hand".
  See [la\mh].
<co\mhla>, door, door-leaf, Ir. [co/mhla], E.Ir. [comla], gen. [comlad]:
  [*com-la@-], root [(p)la@-], fold, groove (cf. Lat. [sim-plu-s], O.H.G.
  [zwi^fal], two-fold); root [pal], [pel], as in [alt], joint.
<comhlann>, a combat, Ir. [co/mhlann], E.Ir. [comlann]: [*com+lann];
  see [lann].
<comhluadar>, conversation, colloquy, Ir. [co/mhluadar], company,
  conversation; from [luaidh], speak ([*com-luad-tro-]).  See
  [luaidh].
<co\mhnadh>, help, Ir. [cu/ngnamh], O.Ir. [congnam], inf. to [congniu], I
  help: [com]+[(g)ni\], "co-doing".  See [ni\], do [gni\omh], deed.
<co\mhnard>, level, Ir. [co/mha/rd]: [com]+[a\rd], "co-high, equally high".
<co\mhnuidh>, a dwelling, Ir. [co/mhnuidhe], a tarrying, dwelling, E.Ir.
  [comnaide], a waiting, delay, (also [irnaide]): [*com-naide]; root
--page 99
  [nes], [nas], dwell; Gr. @G[nai/w], dwell, @G[ne/omai], go, @G[nae/tes], inhabitant;
  Skr. [nas], join any one.
<co\mhradh>, conversation, Ir. [co\mhradh]; [com]+[ra\dh]; see [ra\dh].
<co\mhrag>, a conflict, Ir. [co/mhrac], E.Ir. [comrac], battle, O.Ir.
  [comracc], meeting, W. [cyfrang], rencounter, [*kom-ranko-]; root
  [renk], assemble; Lit. [ri\nkti], assemble, [surinki\mas], assembly.
<comhstadh>, a borrowing, loan: [*com-iasad-]; see [iasad]?  Cf. E.Ir.
  [costud], consuetudo.
<compa\irt>, partnership, Ir. [co/mpa/rtas]; from [com-] and [pa\irt], q.v.
<companach>, companion, Ir. [co/mpa/nach], M.Ir. [companach]; from
  E.Eng. [compainoun], through Fr., from L.Lat. [compa^nio^],
  "co-bread-man", from [pa^nis], bread.  Dialectic <combach>.
<comradh>, aid, assistance:
<comraich>, protection, sanctuary, Ir. [co/mairce], [comruighe], E.Ir.
  [comairche], M.Ir. [comairce]; from the root [arc], defend, as in
  [teasairg], q.v.
<comunn>, society, company, Ir. [cumann]; from Lat. [communio], Eng.
  [communion].
<con->, with; see [comh-].
<cona>, cat's tail or moss crops (Sh.); see canach.  Cf. [gonan], grass
  roots.
<conablach>, a carcase, so Ir.; for [con-ablach]; see [con-] and [ablach].
  "Dog's carcase" (Atkinson).
<conachag>, a conch (M`A.); from the Eng.
<concachair>, a sick person who neither gets worse nor better (M`A.),
  uproar (M`F.):
<cona-ghaothach>, tempest, raging gale (Hend.):
<conair>, a path, way (Sh., O'B.), so Ir., O.Ir. [conar]:
<conaire>, the herb "loose-strife", Ir. [conair] (O'R.); see [conas].
<conal>, love, fruitage (Carm.):
<conalach>, brandishing (Sh.; not H.S.D.); cf. the name [Conall],
  [*Cuno-valo-s], roots [kuno] (see [curaidh]) and [val], as in [flath], q.v.
<conaltradh>, conversation, Ir. [conaltra] (O'R.; Sh.): [*con-alt-radh]?
  For [alt], see [alt], joint.
<conas>, a wrangle, so Ir. (O'R., Sh.); from [con-], the stem of [cu\],
  dog: "currushness"?
<conas>, <conasg>, furze, whins, Ir. [conasg] (O'R., Sh.): cf. [conas] above.
  Manx [conney], yellow furze.
<condrachd>, <contrachd>, mischance, curse, E.Ir. [contracht]; from
  Lat. [contractus], a shrinking, [contraction].
<confhadh>, rage, Ir. [confadh], M.Ir. [confad]: [con]+[fadh]; for [fadh],
  see [onfhadh].
<co\nlan>, an assembly, Ir. [conla/n].  H.S.D. gives as authorities for
  the Gaelic word "Lh. et C.S.".
--page 100
<conn>, sense, so Ir., E.Ir. [cond]: [*cos-no-], root [kos], [kes], as in G. [chi\],
  see; Gr. @G[konne/w], understand, @G[ko/smos], array ("what is seen"),
  world.  See further under [chi/] for [kes].  Stokes equates [cond]
  with Got. [handngs], wise; but this is merely the Eng. [handy].
  It has been suggested as an ablaut form to [ceann], head.  Got.
  [hugs], sense, has also been compared; [*cug-s-no-] is possible.
<connadh>, fuel, so Ir., O.Ir. [condud], W. [cynnud], Cor. [cunys],
  [*kondutu-]; rrot [kond], [kn@.d]; Lat. [candeo], [incendo]; Gr.
  @G[ka/ndaros], coal.
<connan>, lust:
<connlach>, straw, stubble, so Ir. O.Ir. [connall], stipula: [konnallo-];
  Lat. [cannula], [canna], a reed, [canalis], Gr. @G[ka/nna], reed.  See
  [coinnlein].
<connsaich>, dispute; see under [ionnsaich].
<connspair>, a disputant: [*con-desbair]; see [deasbair].
<connspeach>, a wasp, Ir. [connspeach] (Fol.); see [speach], wasp.
<connspoid>, a dispute, Ir. [conspo/id]; from a Lat. [*consputatio], for
  [*condisputatio].  See [deasbud].
<connspunn>, <conspull>, <co\nsmunn>, a hero, Ir. [conspullach], heroic
  (O'R.):
<constabal>, the township's bailiff (Heb.); from Eng. [constable].
<contraigh>, neaptide, O.Ir. [contracht]; from Lat. [contractus],
  shrinking (Zeuss, Meyer).  See <condracht> and <traogh>.
<contran>, wild angelica, Ir. [contran] (O'R.):
<conuiche>, a hornet (H.S.D.), <co\nuich> (Arm.), <conuibhe>, <connuibh>
  (M`L., M`A.); used by Stewart in the Bible glosses.  Same
  root as [conas].
<cop>, foam, M.Ir., E.Ir. [copp]; from Ag.S., M.Eng. [copp], vertex,
  top, Ger. [kopf], head.
<copag>, docken, Ir. [copo/g], [capo/g]; M.Ir. [copo/g].  Founded on the
  Eng. [cop], head, head-dress, crest, tuft; W. [copog], tufted.
  The same as [cop], q.v.
<copan>, a boss, shield boss, cup; from the Norse [koppr], cup, bell-shaped
  crown of a helmet, Eng. [cup].
<copar>, copper, Ir. [copar]; from the Eng.
<cor>, state, condition, Ir. [cor], O.Ir. [cor], positio, "jactus", [*koru-],
  vb. [*korio^], I place.  See [cuir].
<co\ram>, a faction, a set (M`A.); from the Eng. [quorum].
<corc>, a cork, so Ir.; from the Eng.
<corc>, a knife, gully, dirk, Ir. [corc]: [*korko-], [*qor-qo-], root [qor], [qer]
  cut; Lit. [kirwis], axe; Gr. @G[ke/rma], a chip, @G[kei/rw], cut.  Allied
  to the root [sqer] of [sgar], q.v.
<corc>, oats, Ir. [coirce], M.Ir. [corca], W. [ceirch], Br. [kerc'h], [*korkjo-].
  Bezzenberger suggests connect with Lettic [kurki], small
  corn.  Possibly for [kor-ko-], where [kor], [ker] is the root which
--page 101
  appears in Lat. [Ceres], Eng. [cereal], Gr. @G[ko/ros], satiety, Lit.
  [sze/rti], feed.  The meaning makes connection with Gr.
  @G[ko/rkoros], pimpernel, doubtful.
<corcur>, crimson, Ir. [corcur], scarlet, O.Ir. [corcur], purple, W.
  [porphor]; from Lat. [purpura] (Eng. [purple]).
<co\rd>, a rope, Ir. [corda]; from Eng. [cord], Lat. [corda].
<co\rd>, agree, Ir. [cord]; from obsolete Eng. [cord], agree, bring to an
  agreement, from Lat. [cord-], the stem of [cor], heart, whence
  Eng. [cordial], etc.  The Sc. has the part. as [cordyt], agreed.
<cordaidhe>, spasms (Sh.): "twistings", from [co\rd].
<co\rlach>, bran, refuse of grain (M`D.; O'R has [corlach]), <co\rrlach>,
  coarsly ground meal, over-plus.  A compound of [co\rr],
  "what is over"?
<co\rn>, a drinking horn, Ir., E.Ir. [corn], W. [corn], Br. [korn], [*korno-];
  Lat. [cornu]; Eng. [horn]; Gr. [ke/ras], horn.
<co\rnuil>, retching, violent coughing: [*kors-no-]?  For [kors], see
  [carrasan].
<coron>, a crown, Ir., E.Ir. [coro/in], [coro/n], W. [coron]; from Lat.
  [corona] (Eng. [crown]).
<corp>, a body, Ir., O.Ir. [corp], W. [corff], Br. [korf]; from Lat. [corpus]
  (Eng. [corpse], Sc. [corp]).
<corpag>, tiptoe (Arm.); seemingly founded on [corr] of [corrag].
<corr>, a crane, Ir., E.Ir. [corr], W. [crychydd], Cor. [cherhit], O.Br.
  [corcid], ardea, [*korgsa^], [korgjo-s]; Gr. @G[ke/rhw], be hoarse, @G[kerhnc],
  a hawk, O.Sl. [kraguj], sparrow-hawk.  Cf. W. [cregyr], heron,
  "screamer", from [cregu], be hoarse; Ag.S. [hra/gra], Ger.
  [reiher], heron, Gr. @G[kri/zw], @G[kri/ke], screech.
<co\rr>, excess, overplus, Ir. [corr]; G. <corr>, odd, Ir. [cor], [corr], odd;
  also Ir. [corr], snout, corner, point, E.Ir. [corr], rostrum, corner.
  The E.Ir. [corr], rostrum, has been referred by Zimmer and
  Thurneysen to [corr], crane - the name of "beaked" bird doing
  duty for "beak".  The modern meanings of "excess,
  odd" (cf. [odd] of Eng., which really means "point, end")
  makes the comparison doubtful.  Refer it rather to [kors-], stick
  out, point, head; Gr. @G[ko/rsc], head; stem [keras-]; Lat. [crista],
  Eng. [crest]; further is Gr. @G[ke/ras], horn, Lat. [cerebrum], Norse
  [hjarsi], crown of the head; and also [corn], horn, q.v.  Hence
  <corran>, headland.
<corra-biod>, an attitude of readiness to start; from [co\rr], point,
  and [biod] = [biog], start.  <corra-beaga> (M`A.).
<corrach>, abrupt, steep, Ir., M.Ir. [corrach], unsteady, wavering;
  "on a point", from [corr], point, odd?
<corra-chagailt>, glow-worm-like figures from raked embers, Ir.
  [corrchagailt]; from [co\rr], a point, and [cagailt].
--page 102
<corradhuil>, first effor of an infant to articulate.  An onomatopoetic
  word.
<corrag>, a forefinger, finger; from [co\rr], point, etc.
<corra-ghriodhach>, a heron, crane, Ir. [corr-ghrian], heron; from
  [co\rr], and (E.Ir.) [grith], a cry, scream, [*gr@.tu-], root [gar], of
  [goir], q.v.
<corran>, a sickle, Ir. [corra/n], [carra/n], M.Ir. [corra/n], [*korso-], root
  [kors], [kers], an extension of I.E. [qero], Gr. @G[kei/rw], etc., as in [corc],
  q.v.  Cf. I.E. [qerpo], cut, from the same root, which gives
  Lat. [carpo], cull, Gr. @G[karpo/s], fruit (Eng. harvest), Lit. [kerpu],
  cut, Skr. [kr@.pana], sword.  G. may be from a [korpso-], [korso-].
  The Gaelic has also been referred to the root [kur], round, as
  in [cruinn], Ir. [cor], circuit (O'Cl.).
<corran>, headland; see [co\rr].
<corran>, a spear, barbed arrow (Ossianic Poems); from [corr], a
  point, q.v.
<corranach>, loud weeping, "coronach", Ir. [cora/nach], a funeral cry,
  dirge: [co]+[ra\n-ach], "co-weeping"; see [ra/n].
<corrghuil>, a murmur, chirping (Heb.); see [corradhuil].
<co\rrlach>, coarsely ground meal, overplus; see [co\rlach].
<corruich>, anger, rage, Ir. [corruighe], vb. [corruighim], stir, shake;
  from [corrach].  The striking resemblance to M.Eng. [couroux],
  O.Fr. [couroux] (from Lat. [corruptus]), has been remarked by
  Dr Cameron (Rel.Celt. II, 625).
<co\rsa>, a coast; from the Eng. [course].  Cf. <co\rsair>, a cruiser.
<cor-shi\omain>, thraw-crook; from [cor] or [car], q.v., and [si\oman], q.v.
<cos>, a foot, leg; see [cas].
<co\s>, a cave, Ir. [cuas], topographically [Coos], [Coose], M.Ir. [cuas], a
  cave, hollow: [*cavosto-], from [cavo-], hollow; Lat. [cavus].  It is
  possible to refer it to [*coud-to], [koudh], hide, Gr. @G[keu/qw], Eng.
  [hide], [hut].  The Norse [kjo/s], a deep or hollow place, is not
  allied, but it appears in Lewis in the place-name [Keose].
<cosanta>, industrious; see [cosnadh].
<cosd>, cost, Ir. [cosdus] (n.), M.Ir. [costus], W. [cost]; from O.Fr. [cost],
  Eng. [cost].
<cosgairt>, slaughtering; see [casgairt].
<cosgaradh>, valuation of the sheep and cattle which a crofter is
  entitled to; Norse [kost-gor@dh], state of affairs (Lewis).
<cosgus>, cost; a by-form of [cost].
<coslach>, like, <coslas>, likeness, Ir. [cosmhuil], like, O.Ir. [cosmail],
  [cosmailius] (n.): [con]+[samhail], q.v.
<cosmhail>, like; see the above.>>
<cosmal>, rubbish, refuse of meat, etc. (M`A.):
--page 103
<cosnadh>, earning, winning, Ir. [cosnamh], defence, O.Ir. [cosnam],
  contentio, [*co-sen-], root [sen], Skr. [san], win, [sangias], more
  profitable, Gr. @G[e@'\nara], booty.  M.Ir. [aisne], gain, [*ad-senia],
  Skr. [sanati], Gr. @G[a@'/numi].
<costag>, costmary; from the Eng.
<cot>, a cottage; from Eng. [cot].
<co\ta>, a coat; Ir. [co/ta]; from the Eng.
<cota-ba\n>, a groat:
<cotan>, cotton, Ir. [cotu/n]; from the Eng.
<cothachadh>, earning support, Ir. [cothughadh], M.Ir. [cothugud],
  support; from [teg], [tog], as in [tigh]?
<cothaich>, contend, strive; from [cath], battle?
<cothan>, pulp, froth; see [omhan].
<cothar>, a coffer, Ir. [co/fra]; from the Eng.
<cothlamadh>, things of a different nature mixed together:
<cothrom>, fairplay, justice, Ir. [co/mhthrom], equilibrium, E.Ir.
  [comthrom], par: [com]+[trom], q.v.
<cra\bhach>, devout, Ir. [cra/bhach], O.Ir. [cra/ibdech], [crabud], fides, W.
  [crefydd], [*krab], religion; Skr. [vi-c@,rambh], trust.
<cracas>, conversation; from Sc., Eng. [crack].
<cra\dh>, torment, Ir. [cra/dh], E.Ir. [cra/d], [cra/idim] (vb.).  Ascoli has
  compared O.Ir. [tacra/th], exacerbatione, which he refers to a
  stem [acrad-], derived from Lat. [acritas].  This will not suit the
  [a\] of [cra\dh].  Possibly it has arisen from the root [ker], cut,
  hurt ([ker], [kra^]).
<cra\-dhearg>, blood-red, E.Ir. [cro/-derg]; see [cro\].
<crag>, <crac>, a fissure; from the Eng. [crack].
<craicionn>, skin, Ir. [croiceann], O.Ir. [crocenn], tergus, Cor. [crohen],
  Br. [kroc'hen], [*krokkenno-], W. [croen], [*krokno-] (?)  From
  [*krok-kenn]: [krok] is allied to Ger. [ru@cken], back, Eng. [ridge],
  Norse [hryggr]; and [kenn] is allied to Eng. [skin].  For it, see
  [boicionn].
<craidhneach>, a skeleton, a gaunt figure, <craidhneag>, a dried peat;
  for root, see [creathach], [cri\on] ([*krat-ni-]).
<cra\igean>, a frog, from [cra\g], [cro\g], q.v.: "the well-pawed one".
<craimhinn>, cancer, Ir. [cnamhuinn]; from [cna\mh], q.v.
<cra\in>, a sow, Ir. [cra/in], M.Ir. [cra/nai] (gen. case): [*cra@-cnix],
  "grunter", root [qreq], as in Lat. [cro@-cio], croak, Lit. [kro@~kti],
  grunt.
<cra\iteag>, a niggard woman; likely from [cra\dh].
<cra\lad>, torment; from [cra\dh-lot], [cra\dh] and [lot], q.v.
<cramaist>, a crease by folding (Skye):
--page 104
<cramb>, a cramp-iron, Ir. [crampa]; from the Eng.
<crambadh>, <crampadh>, a quarrel:
<cra\laidh>, crawl, crawling; from the Eng.
<crann>, tree, a plough, Ir. [crann], a tree, lot, O.Ir. [crann], W. and
  Br. [prenn]: [*qrenn-]; cf. Gr. @G[kra/non], cornel, Lat. [cornus], Lit.
  [ke/ras], tree stump, O.Pruss. [kirno], shrub (Bezzenberger).
  Windisch correlated Lat. [quernus], oaken, but this form,
  satisfactory as it is in view of the Welsh, rather stands for
  [quercnus], from [quercus], oak.
<crannadh>, withering, shrivelling, Ir. [crannda], decrepit; from
  [crann]: "running to wood".
<crannag>, a pulpit, a wooden frame to hold the fir candles, Ir.
  [cranno/g], a hamper or basket, M.Ir. [crannoc], a wooden vessel,
  a wooden structure, especially the "crannogs" in Irish lakes.
  From [crann]; the word means many kinds of wooden
  structures in Gadelic lands.
<crannchur>, lot, casting lots, Ir. [crannchar], O.Ir. [crannchur]; from
  [crann] and [cuiir].
<crannlach>, the teal, red-breasted merganser; from [crann] and [lach],
  duck, q.v.
<craobh>, tree, so Ir., E.Ir. [cro/eb], [cra/eb], [*croib]? "the splittable",
  root [krei], [kri], separate; as [tree] of Eng. and its numerous
  congeners in other languages is from the root [der], split; and
  som other tree words are from roots meaning violence of
  rending or splitting ([kla/dos], [twig], e.g.).  For root [kri], see
  [criathar].
<craoiseach>, a spear, E.Ir. [cro/isech]; from [craobh]?
<craoit>, a croft; see [croit].
<craos>, a wide, open mouth, gluttony, so Ir., E.Ir. [cro/es], [cra/es],
  O.Ir. [crois], gula, gluttony.  Zimmer cfs. W. [croesan], buffoon.
  Possibly a Celtic [krapesty-], allied to Lat. [cra@-pula], or to Gr.
  @G[kraipa/lc], headache from intoxication.
<crasgach>, cross-ways, <crasg>, an across place; for [crosg], from [cros]
  of [crois], a cross, q.v.
<crasgach>, corpulent (Sh.; H.S.D. for C.S.); from obsolete [cras],
  body (O'Cl.), Ir. [cras], for [*crapso-], [*kr@.ps], root [kr@.p] of Lat.
  [corpus]?
<cratach>, back of person, side (Skye): [crot]?
<crath>, shake, Ir. [crathadh], O.Ir. [crothim], [*kr@.to-]; perhaps allied to
  Lit. [kresti], [kraty/i], shake.  But it may be allied to [crith], q.v.
  It has been compared to Gr. @G[krada/w], brandish, which may be
  for @G[skarda/w], root [sker] in @G[skai/rw], spring, Ger. [scherz], joke.
  This would suit G. [crith], W. [cryd] and [ysgryd].
--page 105
<cre\>, clay, Ir., O.Ir. [cre/], g. [criad], W. [pridd], Cor., Br. [pry].  Its
  relation to Lat. [cre^ta], which Wharton explains as from [cre^tus],
  "sifted", from [cerno], is doubtful.  If [cerno] be for [*crino], Gr.
  @G[kri/nw], we should have the root [kri], [krei], separate, as in
  [criathar], and it is not labialised in any language (not [qrei]).
  The Celtic phonetics are not easily explained, however.
  Stokes gives the stem as [qreid-], but the modern G. has the
  peculiar [e\] sound which we find in [gne\], [ce\].  This points to a
  stem [qre@--ja^], root [qre^], which is in agreement with Lat. [cre^ta]
  without doing the violence of supposing [crino] to give [cerno],
  and this again [cre^tus].  Cf. O.Ir. [cle/], left.
<cre\>, <creubh>, body; see [creubh].
<cre\abag>, a ball for playing, fir cone:
<creach>, plunder, so Ir., E.Ir. [crech], plundering, hosting; cf. Br.
  [kregi], seize, bite, catch (as fire).  From the root [ker], cut,
  ultimately.  See [corc], knife, and [creuchd].
<creachag>, a cockle, Ir. [creach], scollop shell (O'R.); cf. W. [cragen],
  a shell, Cor. [crogen], Br. [krog].
<creachan>, <creachann>, bare summit of a hill wanting foliage, a
  mountain: "bared", from [creach]?
<creachan>, pudding mad with a calf's entrails (M`L.):
<creadhonadh>, a twitching, piercing pain (Heb.); possibly for
  [cneadh-ghonadh], "wound-piercing".
<creag>, a rock, so Ir.; a curtailed form of [carraig].  Also (Dialectically)
  <craig>.  Hence Eng. [crag].
<creamh>, garlic, Ir. [creamh], earlier [crem], W. [craf]; Gr. @G[kro/muon],
  onion; Ag.S. [hramse], Eng. [ramsons]; Lit. [kermu/sze@?], wild
  garlic.
<crean>, <crion>, quake, tear up (Carm.):
<creanair>, sedition (Arm.; not H.S.D.), so Ir. (O'R.):
<creanas>, whetting or hacking of sticks (M`F.; H.S.D. considers it
  Dialectic), neat-handed (M`L.):
<creapall>, entanglin, hindering, so Ir.; it is an Ir. word evidently,
  from Lh.; founded on Eng. [cripple].
<creapall>, a garter, <crepailld> (Skye); (Arm. [creapull]):
<creathach>, (faded) underwood, firewood, Ir. [creathach], hurdle,
  brushwood, faggots (O'R.): [*kr@.to-]; cf. [cri\on].
<creathall>, cradle, from Northern M.Eng. [credil], Sc. [creddle], Eng.
  [cradle], Ag.S. [cradol].  Further derivation at present uncertain
  (Murray).
<creathall>, a lamprey:
<creatrach>, a wilderness, so Ir. (Lh., etc.); M`A. gives the word,
  but it is clearly Ir.  Cf. [creathach].
--page 106
<creic>, sell, M.Ir. [creicc], sale, E.Ir. [creic], buying, O.Ir. [crenim], I
  buy, W. [prynn], buy; Skr. [kri^nami] (do.).  There seems a
  confusion in G. and E.Ir.with the word [reic], sell, q.v.
<creid>, believe, Ir. [creidim], O.Ir. [cretim], W. [credu], Cor. [cresy], Br.
  [cridiff], [*kreddio^], O.Ir. [cretim], W. [credu], Cor. [cresy], Br.
  [cridiff], [*kreddio^]; Lat. [cred]; Skr. [c@,rad-dadha^mi].  From
  [cred-do^], "I give heart to".
<creigeir>, a grapple (M`D.); from some derivative of Norse [kr@aekja],
  to hook, [kr@aekill], a crooked stick, Eng. [crook]?
<creim>, <creidhm>, gnaw, chew, nibble, Ir. [creimim], [creidhmim], M.Ir.
  [cre/im].  Ir. is also [creinim], W. [cnithio], [cnoi] (which also means
  "gnaw"):  from [knet], [knen], [kno@-], [ken], bite, scratch, as in
  [cna\mh], q.v.  The [n] of [kn] early becomes [r] because of the [m]
  or [n] after the first vowel.
<crein>, suffer for (W. H..  Allied to the O.Ir. [crenim], buy:
  "You will [buy] for it!"  See under [creic].
<cre/is>, grease; from Sc. [creische], from O.Fr. [craisse], [cress], from
  Lat. [crass], [crassus], thick.  Eng. [grease] is of like origin.
<creithleag>, a gadful, so Ir. (Fol.), M.Ir. [crebar], W. [cre@"yr], root
  [creb], scratch?  Cf. Lett. [kribina/t], gnaw off.  Ir. [creabhar],
  horse-fly.
<creo\th>, wound, hurt (Dialectic), Ir. [creo], a wound (O'R.); <creonadh>,
  being pained: [*krevo-] as in [cro\], blood.
<creubh>, <creubhag>, <cre/>, the body; cf. M.Ir. [cri/], [*kreivio-], flesh,
  body; Got. [hraiva-], Norse [hrae], body, O.H.G. [hreo^], corpse.
  It is possible to refer [cri/], [cre/] to [*krepi-], Lat. [corpus], O.H.G.
  [href], Ag.S. [hrif], body, Eng. mod-[riff].  Stokes: [cri/], [kr@.pes].
<creubh>, dun, crave; from the Eng. [crave].
<creubhaidh>, tender in health; seemingly from [creubh].
<creuchd>, wound, Ir. [cre/achd], O.Ir. [cre/cht], W. [craith], scar, [creithen],
  M.Br. [creizenn] (do.), [*crempto-]; root [kerp], [ker], Lit. [kerpu\],
  cut, Skr. [kr@.pana], sword (Strachan).  Stokes gives the Celtic
  as [krekto-s], and Bez. cfs. Norse [hrekja], worry.  This neglects
  the [e/] of Gadelic.
<creud>, what, Ir. [creud], [cre/ad], E.Ir. [cre/t]; for [ce re/t].  See [co] and
  [rud].
<creud>, creed, Ir. [cre/idh], M.Ir. [credo], W. [credo]; from Lat. [credo], I
  believe; the first word of the Apostles' [Creed] in Lat.
<creutair>, creature, Ir. [cre/atu/r], W. [creadwr]; from Lat. [creatura].
<criadh>, clay, so Ir.  Really the oblique form of [cre/], q.v.
<criathar>, a sieve, Ir., O.Ir. [criathar], O.W. [cruitr], Cor. [croider],
  M.Br. [croezr], [*kreitro-]; Ag.S. [hridder], [hriddel], Eng. [riddle],
  Ger. [reiter]; further Lat. [cri^brum] ([*kri-@G[q]??ro-n]); root [kri], [krei],
  separate, whence Gr. @G[kri/nw], Eng. [critic], etc.
<criachadh>, proposing to oneself; from [cri\och], end.  Cf. Eng.
  de[fine], from [finis] and [end], used for "purpose".
--page 107
<cridhe>, heart, Ir. [croidhe], O.Ir. [cride], W. [craidd], Br. [kreis], middle,
  [*krdjo-n]; Gr. @G[kradi/a], @G[kardi/a]; Lat. [cor], [cordis]; Eng. [heart],
  Ger. [herz]; Lit. [szirdis].
<cri\lein>, a small creel (M`E.), a box, small coffer (H.S.D.), <crilein>
  (Arm., M`L.), a box, Ir. [crili/n], E.Ir. [criol], coffer, [*kre^polo].
  <criol> (Arran, Perth).  Stokes gives the stem as [kre^po-],
  and Bez. adds Skr. [c@,u@-/rpa], winnowing basket (Cf. for
  phonetics [li\on], and Skr. [pu^rna], full).  Sc., Eng. [creel], which
  appears about 1400, is usually derived hence; but as the
  G. form itself is doubtful, and, from all appearance, taken
  from Lh., it is best to look elsewhere for an etymology for
  [creel], as, through Fr., from Lat. [craticula].  The G. [criol]
  exists only in Sh., who found it in Lh.  See [croidhleag].
<cri\och>, end, Ir. [cri/och], O.Ir. [cri/ch], [*kri^ka],from the root [krei],
  separate, as in [criathar], q.v.  Stokes and Bezzenberger join
  W. [crip], a comb, and compare Lit. [kreikti], strew, and, for
  sense, appeal to the Ger., Eng. [strand], "the strewed",
  O.Slav. [strana], side.  It has also been referred to the root
  of Lat. [circus], circle, Gr. @G[kri/kos].
<criom>, nibbling, <criomag>, a bit; see [creim].
<cri\on>, little, withered, Ir. [cri/on], E.Ir. [cri/n], W. [crin], fragile, dry,
  Br. [krin], [*kre@-no-s]; the root [kre@-] appears to belong to root [ke@-r],
  [kera], destroy, Skr. [c@,r@.n@.a@-/mi], break, rend, Lat. [caries], decay,
  Gr. @G[a@'kc/ratos], pure, untouched, Got. [hairus], sword.  Stokes
  allies it to Skr. [c@,ra^n@.a], cooked, [c@,ra^], cook, possibly a form of
  the root [kera], mix, Gr. @G[ke/ramai], mix.
<crioncanachd>, a strife, quarrelsomeness, Ir. [cri/onca/nachd]: an Ir.
  word from Lh., apparently.  Perhaps [cri/on-ca/n], "small
  reviling".
<crionna>, attentive to small things, prudent, so Ir. ([cri/onna], Con.);
  also dialectic <cri\onda>, which shows its connection with [cri\on].
  Cf. W. [crintach], sordid.
<criopag>, a wrinkle, Ir. [criopo/g]; founded on Eng. [crimp], [crumple].
  M`A. has <criopag>, a clew of yarn.
<crios>, a belt, girdle, so Ir., O.Ir. [criss], [fo-chridigedar], accingat, W.
  [crys], shirt, E.W. [crys], belt, M.Br. [crisaff], succingere, Br.
  [kreis], middle.  Bez. suggests comparison with Lit. [skrituly/s],
  circle, knee-cap, [skreiste@?], mantle.  It has been referred also
  to the root [krid] of [cridhe], heart.
<Cri\osdaidh>, a Christian, Ir. [Criosduighe], M.Ir. [cristaige]; from
  the G. [Cri\osd], Ir. [Cri/osda], Christ; from Lat. [Christus], Gr.
  @G[Hriosto/s], the Anointed One.
<criostal>, a crystal, so Ir; from the Eng.
<criot>, an earthen vessel (Dialect, H.S.D.), Ir. [criotamhail], earthen,
  made of clay (O'B.), [criot], an earthen vessel (O'R.):
--page 108
<criotaich>, caress; see <cniadaich>.
<criplich>, a cripple; from the Eng. [cripple].
<crith>, shake, quiver, Ir., E.Ir. [crith], W. [cryd], O.W. [crit], [*kritu-];
  Ag.S. [hri@dha], fever, Ger. [ritten], fever.  See [crath], to which
  [crith] has been suggested as cognate (root [kr@.t], [krot], [kret].
<critheann>, <critheach>, the aspen tree, Ir. [crann-critheach]; from
  [crith].
<cro\>, a sheep cot, pen, Ir. [cro/], M.Ir. [cro/ caerach], ovile, [cro\ na muice],
  pig-stye, W. [craw], hovel, pig-stye, Br. [kraou], [crou], stable,
  [*kra^po-s], a stye, roof; Ag.S. [hro/f], Eng. [roof], Norse [hro/f], a
  shed (Stokes).  The Norse [kro/], small pen, Sc. [croo], seem
  borrowed.
<cro\>, the eye of a needle, Ir., E.Ir. [cro/], W. [crau], M.Br. [cra@"o], Br.
  [kraouenn].
++<cro\>, blood, E.Ir. [cro/], [cru/], W. [crau], Cor. [crow], [*krovo-s]; Lat.
  [cruor], gore; Lit. [krau/jas], blood; Skr. [kravis], raw flesh; Gr.
  @G[kre/as], flesh; Eng. [raw].
++<cro\>, death, Ir., E.Ir. [cro/].  From the same origin as [cro\], blood.
  This is the Sc. [cro], the weregild of the various individuals in
  the Scoto-Celtic Kingdom, from the king downwards.
<cro\c>, beat, pound (Dialectic, H.S.D.):
<cro\c>, a branch of a deer's horn; cf. Norse [kro/kr], Eng. [crook].
<cro\can>, a crook; from the Norse [kro/kr], Eng. [crook].
<croch>, hang, Ir. [crochaim], [croch], a cross, gallows, E.Ir. [croch], cross,
  W. [crog]; from the Lat. [crux], [crucis].
<cro\ch>, saffron, Ir. [cro/ch]; from Lat. [crocus], from Gr. @G[kro/kos], [crocus],
  and its product saffron.
<crodh>, cattle, Ir. [crodh], a dowry, cattle, M.Ir. [crod], wealth
  (cattle): [*krodo-], I.E. [qordh], [qerdh]; Eng. [herd], Ger. [herde];
  Lit. [kerdz@?us], herd (man), Ch.Sl. [creda], a herd; Skr. [c@,ardhas],
  a troop.
<cro\dha>, valiant, Ir. [cro/dha], E.Ir. [cro/da], valiant, cruel, [*croudavo-s],
  "hardy";  root [croud] of [cruaidh], q.v.
<crodhan>, hoof, parted hoof, Ir. [crobha/n], a little hoof or paw,  See
  [crubh].
<crog>, an earthen vessel, <crogan>, a pitcher, Ir. [croga/n], pitcher,
  E.Ir. [crocann], olla, W. [crochan], [*krokko-]; Gr. @G[krwsso/s],
  pitcher (@G[*krwkjos]); to which are allied, by borrowing somehow,
  Eng. [crock], Ag.S. [crocca], Norse [krukka], Ger. [krug].  G.
  and W. phonetics (G. [g] = W. [ch].) are unsatisfactory.  Schrader
  derives these words from O.Ir. [crocenn], skin - a "skin"
  vessel being the original.
<crog>, an aged ewe; from the Sc. [crock]; cf. Norw. [krake], a sickly
  beast, Fries. [krakke], broken-down horse, etc.
--page 109
<cro\g>, large hand, hand in paw form, <*crobhag>, Ir. [crobh], hand
  from wrist to fingers, paw, hoof, O.Ir. [crob], hand.  See [crubh].
<crogaid>, a beast with small horns (M`A.); from [crog]?
<crogan>, a gnarled tree (Arg.); cf. [cro\can].
<cro\gan>, thornbush (Arg.), from [cro\g], W. [crafanc], claw.
<cro\ic>, foam on spirits, rage, difficulty, cast sea-weed:
<croich>, gallows, Ir. [croch], gallows, cross, E.Ir. [croch], cross, W.
  [crogbren], gallows; from Lat. [crux], [crucis].
<cro\id>, a sumptuous present (Heb.); see [cno\id].
<cro\idh>, pen cattle, house corn; from [cro\].  Dialectic for latter
  meaning is <cro/dhadh>.
<croidhleag>, a basket, amall creel; see [cri\lein].
<cro\ilean>, a little fold, a group; from [cro\].
<crois>, a cross, so Ir., E.Ir. [cross], W. [croes]; from Lat. [crux].
<crois>, a cross, so Ir., E.Ir. [cross], W. [croes]; from Lat. [crux].
<croistara>, <cranntara>, also <-ta\ra>, <-tarra>, the fiery cross: [crois]+[tara];
  see [crois] above.  As to [tara], cf. the Norse [tara], war
  (Cam.).
<croit>, a hump, hillock, Ir. [croit], W. [crwth], a hunch, harp, [croth], a
  protuberant part (as calf of leg), [*crotti-]; from [krot], [kurt],
  root [kur], round, as in [cruinn], [cruit], q.v.
<croit>, a croft; from the Eng. [croft].  In the sense of "vulva", cf.
  W. [croth], Br. [courz], which Stokes refers to [cruit], harp; but
  the G. may be simply a metaphorical use of [croit], croft.
<cro\lot>, wound dangerously; [cro\]+[lot], q.v.
<cro\m>, bent, Ir. E.Ir. [crom], O.Ir. [cromm], W. [crwm], Br. [krom],
  O.Br. [crum], [krumbo-]; from the same root as [cruinn]?  The
  Ag.S. [crumb], crooked, Eng. [crumple, Ger. [krumm], have been
  compared, and borrowing alleged, some holding that the
  Teutons borrowed from the Celts, and [vice versa].  Dr Stokes
  holds that the Celts are the borrowers.  The Teutonic and
  Celtic words do not seem to be connected at all in reality.
  It is an accidental coincidence, which is bound to happen
  sometimes, and the wonder is it does not happen oftener.
<cromadh>, measure the length of the middle finger, Ir. [cruma],
  [cromadh]; from [crom].
<croman>, kite, hawk, from [crom].
<cron>, fault, harm, Ir. [cronaim], I bewitch; cf. M.Ir. [cron], rebuking.
  The idea is that of being "fore-spoken" by witchcraft.  See
  next.>>
<cronaich>, rebuke, Ir. [cronuighim], M.Ir. [cronaigim], [cron], rebuking,
  E.Ir. [air-chron] (do.), [*kruno-]; cf. Teut. [hru], noise, Norse
  [ro/mr], shouting, Ag.S. [hre/am], a din.
<cro\nan>, a dirge, croon, purring, Ir., E.Ir. [crona/n].  O'Curry
  (Mann. and Cust. III., 246) writes the Ir. as [cro/na/n], and
  defines it as the low murmuring or chorus to each verse of
--page 110
  the [aidbsi] or choral singing.  Sc. [croon], [croyn] (15th century),
  corresponds to Du. [kreunen], groan, M.Du. [kro@"non], lament,
  M.Low G. [kronen], growl, O.H.G. [chro^nan], M.L.G. [kroenen],
  chatter (Murray, who thinks the Sc. came from Low Ger.
  in M.Eng. period).  It seems clear that the Gadelic and
  Teutonic are related to each other by borrowing; seemingly
  the Gadelic is borrowed.
<cropan>, deformed person (Suth.); from Norse [kroppinn], deformed.
  See under [cru\b].
<crosach>, crossing, thwarting, Ir. [crosanta]; also G. <crosan> (and
  <crostan>), a peevish man; all from [cros], the basis of [crois],
  cross, q.v.
<crosanachd>, from [crosan], poet, chorister.
<crosda>, perverse, irascible, so Ir.; from the G. base [cros] of [crois],
  cross.
<crotal>, lichen, especially for dyeing, cudbear: [*crottal]; [*crot-to-],
  from [krot], cf. Gr. @G[krotw/nc], an excrescence on a tree.  Hence
  Sc. [crottle].  M.Ir. [crotal] means "husk" (which may be G.
  <crotal> above), "kernel, cymbal".  In the last two senses the
  word is from the Lat. [crotalum], a rattle; the Irish used a
  small pear-shaped bell or rattle, whence the Ir.Eng. [crotal]
  (Murray).
<cruach>, a pile, heap, Ir., E.Ir. [cruach], W. [crug], Cor. [cruc], O.Br.
  [cruc], [*krouka^]; Lit. [kra/uti], to pile, [kru/vi], heap; Norse [kru/ga],
  heap.  Others have compared the Norse [hraukr], a small
  stack, Ag.S. [hrea/c], Eng. [rick].
<cruachan>, <cruachainn>, hip, upper part of the hip, E.Ir. [cruachait];
  from [cruach], heap, hump.  Stokes translates the Ir. as
  "chine", and considers it like the corresponding Ger. [kreuz],
  derived from Lat. [cru^cem], cross.  The Gaelic meaning is
  distinctly against this.
<cruaidh>, hard, Ir. [cruaidh], O.Ir. [cruaid], [*kroudi-s]; root [kreva], to
  be blood, raw, whence [cro\], blood, q.v.; Lat. [cru^dus], Eng.
  [crude].  Hence <cruailinn>, hard, rocky.
<cru\b>, squat, crouch, Ir. [cru/badh], to bend, crook; also G. <cru\bach>,
  cripple, Ir. do.; from Norse [krju/pa], to creep, kneel (Eng.
  [creep], etc.), [kroppinn], crippled, root [kreup], [krup], as in Eng.
  [cripple], Sc. [cruppen thegether], contracted, bowed.  Cf. W.
  [crwb], bent.
<cru\b>, bed recess (Carm.):
<cru\ban>, the crab-fish, Ir. [cru/ban], W. [crwban].  From [cru\b] above.
<crubh>, a horse's hoof, Ir. [crobh], paw, hoof, E.Ir. [cru\], [*kruvo-],
  hoof; Zend [c@,rva], [c@,ruva], nail, horn; further Gr. @G[ke/ras], horn,
  and [corn], q.v. (Stokes).
<crudha>, horse shoe, Ir. [cru/dh]: seemingly from the above word.>>
--page 111
<cru\idein>, the king-fisher, Ir. cruidi/n>:
<cruidhean>, paw (Arm.) = [cru\ibhean].
<cruimh>, a worm, Ir. [cnuimh], O.Ir. [cruinn], W., Cor. [pryf], Br. [prenv],
  [*qr@.mi-]; Lit. [ki??rmis], Lett. [se/rms]; Skr. [kr@.mis], [kri/mis].
<cruinn>, round, so Ir., O.Ir. [cruind], W. [crwn], Br. [krenn], [*krundi-s];
  root [kuro-], circle, turn, as in [car], q.v.  Cf. Lat. [curvus]; Gr.
  @G[kurto/s], bunt, @G[korw/nc], ring, Lat. [corona], Eng. [crown].  Bezzenberger
  cfs. the form [crundi-] from [kur] to Lat. [rotundus] from
  [rota].
<cru\isgein>, a lamp, jug, Ir. [cru/isgi/n]; from M.Eng. [cruskyn], from
  O.Fr. [creusequin], from Teut. [kru^s], whence Eng. [cruse].
<cru\isle>, <cru\idse>, mausoleum, hollow vault of a church; from
  M.Eng. [cruddes], vault, crypt, [crowd], by-form of Eng. [crypt].
<cruit>, a harp, so Ir., O.Ir. [crot], W. [crwth], fidicula, Late Lat. (600
  A.D.) [chrotta], [*krotta]: [krot-ta-], from [krot], [kurt], root [kur], as in
  G. [cruinn], round, q.v., Gr. @G[kurto/s] (do.): "the curved
  instrument".  Stokes refers it to the root [krot], strike, as in
  Gr. @G[krote/w], rattle, clap.  Hence Eng. [crowd].
<cruithneachd>, <cruineachd>, wheat, Ir. [cruithneachd], O.Ir. [cruithnecht]:
  [*kr@.t-on-], root [kert], [ker], cut, "that which is cut"; Lit.
  [kertu\], cut; Gr. @G[kei/rw], Lat. [curtus], etc. (Rhys).  It has been
  compared to the Lat. [Ceres], Eng. [cereal], and Lat. [cresco], [creo],
  as in [cruth].
<cru\laist>, a rocky hill (H.S.D., from MSS.); from [cruaidh]?  Cf.
  [cruailinn].
<crumag>, the plant skirret; Sc. [crummock].  From Gaelic [crom]
  (Cameron).
<cruman>, the hip bone, Ir. [cruma/n], hip bone, crooked surgical
  instrument; from [crom].
<cru\n>, crown, Ir. [cru/n]; from M.Eng. [crune], from O.Fr. [coronne],
  from Lat. [corona].
<crunnluadh>, a quick measure in pipe music: [cruinn]+[luath].
<crup>, crouch, contract, Ir. [crupaim]; founded on the M.Eng.
  [cruppel], cripple, a root [crup], appearing in Sc. [cruppen],
  contracted.  See [cru\bach].
<cru\sbal>, crucible (Hend.).
<cruscladh>, wrinkling:
<cruth>, form, figure, O.Ir. [cruth], W. [pryd], [*qr@.tu-s], root [qer],
  make; Lat. [cerus], creator, [creo], Eng. [create]; Lit. [kuriu\], build;
  Skr. [kar], make, [kr@.tas], made.
<cruthach>, placenta of mare:
<cu\>, a dog, Ir., O.Ir. [cu/], g. [con], W. [ci], pl. [cwn], Cor., Br. [ki], pl. Br.
  [koun], [*kuo^], g. [*kunos]; Gr. @G[ku/wn]; Lat. [canis]; Eng. [hound];
  Skr. [c@,va^], g. [c@,u/nas].
--page 112
<cuach>, a cup, bowl, Ir. [cuacho/g], O.Ir. [cu/ach]: Lat. [caucus], Gr.
  @G[kau@nka]; Skr. [koc@,a].  It is generally held that [cuach] is borrowed
  from the Lat., though phonetically they may be cognate.
  Thw W. [cawg] is certainly borrowed.
<cuach>, curl, so Ir.; from the above.
<cuag>, an awkward curve, kink, an excrescence on the heel; also
  <guag> (Dialectic): [*kougga^], [*kouk-ga^]; root [qeuq], bend; Skr.
  [kuc], bend.  Lit. [kuku], hook?
<cu'ag>, <cubhag>, cuckoo, Ir. [cuach], O.Ir. [cu/ach], W. [co^g], of onomatopoetic
  origin - from the cuckoo's cry of [kuku], whence Eng.
  [cuckoo], Lat. [cucu^lus], Gr. @G[ko/kkux], Skr. [ko^kilas], [koka].
<cuailean>, the hair, a lock, curl, Ir. [cuailen] (Stokes).  This Stokes
  refers to a stem [*koglenno-], and cfs. Gr. @G[ko/hlos], a spiral-shelled
  shell-fish, @G[kohli/as], spiral-shelled snail, Lat. [cochlea].
  As the Gr. may be for [ho/hlos], the derivation is uncertain.
  Ir. [cuaili/n], a bundle, faggot, suggests that a similar derivation
  from [cual] was used metaphorically for a "bundle or cord of
  hair".
<cuaille>, a club, bludgeon, Ir., E.Ir. [cuaille], [*kaullio-]; Gr. @G[kaulo/s],
  stalk; Lat. [caulis], stalk; Lit. [ka/ulas], a bone (Stokes).  It
  may, however, be for [*coud-s-lio-], from [qoud], Lat. [cu^do], strike.
<cuairsg>, roll, wreathe, so Ir.; from [cuairt], with the termination
  [-sqo^].
<cuairt>, circuit, so Ir., O.Ir. [cu/airt].  Stokes gives the stem as
  [kukr@.ti], from [kur], circle, as in [cruinn].
<cual>, a faggot, burden of sticks, Ir. [cual], [M.Ir. [cual], heap, [*kuglo-],
  root [kug], [qeu@g]; Eng. [heap]; Lat. [cumulus] (=[cub-lus]?); Lit.
  [ku/gis], heap.
<cuallach>, herding or tending cattle:
<cuallach>, society, family, Ir. [cuallaidheachd], society, [cuallaidhe], a
  companion:
<cuan>, the ocean, Ir., M.Ir. [cuan], harbour, [copno-]; Norse [ko@"fn],
  Ger. [hafen], Eng. [haven].
<cuanal>, <cuantal>, a company, a band of singers, flocks (Carm.),
  E.Ir. [cu/an], host, [*koupn-], Lit. [kupa], heap, Eng. [heap](?).
<cuanna>, <cuannar>, handsome, fine, Ir. [cuanna]; also <cuanta>, robust,
  neat: [*kaun-navos], from [kaun], [skaun]; Ger. [scho@"n].
++<cuar>, crooked, Ir. [cuar], E.Ir. [cu/ar], [*kukro-], root [kuc], bend; Skr.
  [kucati], bend, Lit. [kuku@?], hook (Strachan).  But cf. [cuairt].
<cuaradh>, paining, tormenting; cf. W. [cur], pain, care, [curio], beat.
  The Dictionaries refer the word to [ciu\rr], as a Dialectic form.
<cuaran>, a brogue, sock, Ir. [cuaro/g], M.Ir. [cu/ara/n], W. [curan], a
  covering for the foot and leg [*kourano-], "mocassin": [*keu-ro-];
  root [keu], [ku], as in Lat. [cu-tis], skin, Eng. [hide], Ag.S.
  [hy/d] (*ku^ti/-]).
--page 113
<cuartach>,a fever (Arg.); from [cuairt].
<cuartag>, ringworm (Hend.):
<cuas>, a cave; see [co\s].
<ciat>, sweetheart (Carm.):
<cu\b>, a tumbril, box-cart; from Sc. [coop], [coup], box-cart, etc.,
  probably the same as Eng. [coop], basket.  Dialectic <coba>.
<cu\baid>, pulipt; ultimately from Lat. [pulpitum], a speaking platform,
  whence Eng. [pulpit], Sc. [poopit].  Dialectic <bu\baid>.
<cu\bair>, a cooper; from the Eng.
<cubhag>, cuckoo; see [cu'ag].
<cubhaidh>, fit, so Ir., O.Ir. [cobaid], fit, [cubaithiu], concinnior: [*convedo-],
  "suiting"; root [ved], bind, as in [feadhainn].
<cu\bhraidh>, fragrant, Ir. [cumhra], [cu/mhra], M.Ir. [cumra], [cumrae],
  E.Ir. [cumrai] (i n-aballgort chumrai); [*com-rae]:
<cubhraig>, <cubhrainn>, a coverlet; founded on the Eng. [cover],
  [coverlet].  Dialectic <cuibhlig>.
<cuchailte>, a residence (Arm.; not H.S.D.), Ir., [cuclaidhe]; [*concladh-];
  from [cladh], q.v.
<cudaig>, the fish cuddy, young of the coalfish, Ir. [cudo/g], [co/dog],
  haddock, [*cod-do-]; Eng. [haddock]?  Sc. [cuddy], [cudden], may
  be of G. origin (Murray).  A.so <cudainn>.
<cu\dainn>, a large bushel or tub; cf. Norse [ku/tr], cask, Sc. [coodie],
  [quiddie], small tub.  M.Ir. [cuidin], [coithin], cati^nus, is
  probably from a Celt. [koti^no-], Gr. @G[kotu/lc], cup, Lat. [cati^nus],
  a dep vessel.
<cudrom>, <cudthrom>, weight: [*con-trom-], "co-heavy"; O.Ir.
  [cutrumme], similis.  See [trom].  Dialectic <cuideam>.
<cugann>, delicacy, "kitchen", E.Ir. [cuicen]; from Lat. [coquina].
<cugan>, food (Carm.):
<cugar>, mab, or wild cat (Carm.):
<cugullach>, precarious, unstable (Carm.):
<cuibheas>, sufficiency:
<cuibheasach>, tolerable, middling, Ir. [cuibheasach], decent, pretty
  good, fairly good (in health), [cuibheas], decency, [cuibhe], decent.
  See [cubhaidh] for stem.  The Ir. [cuibhe] shows that it is
  possible to derive the word from [*con-vesu-], root [vesu] of
  [feabhas].
<cuibhle>, <cuibhill>, a wheel; from Eng. [wheel].
<cui\bhne>, deer's horn (Arm., M`L.), deer's tibia (H.S.D.):
<cuibhreach>, a bond, chain, so Ir., O.Ir [cuimrech], vb. [conriug], ligo,
  W. [rhwym], vinculum, Br. [rum], [kevre], [*kom-rigo-n]; [rigo-], a
  bond; Lat. [corrigia], shoe-lace; M.H.G. [ric], band, string.
--page 114
  Stokes (rightly) now gives root is [rek], bind, Skr. [rac@,ana],
  cord, rope, [rac@,mi] (do.).
<cuibhrig>, cover, coverlet; see [cubhraig].
<cuibhrionn>, portion, so Ir., E.Ir. [cuibrend], W. [cyfran]: [*com-rann];
  see [rann].
<cuicheineach>, coquetting, secretly hobnobbing (Arg.): [co-ceann].
<cuid>, share, part, Ir. [cuid], g. [coda], O.Ir. [cuit], W. [peth], res, pars,
  Cor. [peth], Br. [pez], [*qezdi-], [*qozdi-]; [qes], [qos], seemingly from the
  pron. root [qo], [qe] (see [co]).  Cf. Lat. [quotidie], [quota], Br. [ped],
  how much.  Bezzenberger compares Lit. [kede@?ti], burst, Sl.
  [ce@?sti], part; root [qed].  Hence Eng. [piece].  Some have
  suggested comparison with Lat. [costa], rib, Eng. [coast].
<cuideachd>, company, Ir. [cuideachda], O.Ir. [cotecht], coitio, conventus:
  [*con-techt]; see [teacht].
<cuideag>, a spider (H.S.D.), Ir. [cuideog] (O'R.):
<cuideal>, pride (Arm.), <cuidealas> (M`A.); from [cuid]?
<cuideam>, weight; see [cudrom].
<cuidh>, <cuith>, inclosure (Barra); from Norse [kue/], Orkney [quoy], a
  pen, Orkney and Shetland [quey], [quay], enclosed land.
<cuidhe>, wreath of snow; see [cuith].
<cuidhtich>, quit, requite, Ir. [cu/itighim]; from Eng. [quit]?
<cuidich>, assist, Ir. [cuidighim], M.Ir. [cuitigim], share; from [cuid].
<cuidridh>, common (Sh.; not H.S.D.), Ir. [cuidri(dh)], entertainment,
  commons: [*con-trebi-], as in [caidreabh]?
<cuifein>, the wadding of a gun; from Sc. [colfin].
<cuigeal>, a distaff, so Ir., M.Ir. [cuigel], W. [cogail], Corn. [cigel], Br.
  [kegel]; from M.Lat. [conucula], for [colucula], from [colus].  From
  Lat. [conucula] comes Ger. [kunkel], Fr. [quenouille].
<cu\il>, corner, recess, Ir. [cu/il], O.Ir. [cuil], W. [cil], [*ku^li-].  See [cu\l]
<cuilbheart>, a wile, trick; from [cu\il]+[beart].
<cuilbheir>, a gun; from the Eng. [culverin].
<cuilc>, reed, cane, Ir. [cuilc], [*kolki-]; root [kol], as in Lat. [culmus],
  stalk, Gr. @G[ka/lamos], reed, Eng. [haulm].
<cuile>, an apartment where stores are kept, O.Ir. [cuile fi/nda],
  vinaria, [*kolia^]; Gr. @G[kali/a], hut, Skr. [kula@-/ya], hut, nest
  (Stokes); from [*kol-io-], root [qel] of [ceil].
<cuileag>, a fly, Ir. and E.Ir. [cuil], W. [cylion], flies, Cor. [kelionen], Br.
  [quelyenen], [*kuli-s], [kulia^no-s]; Lat. [culex].
<cu\ileagan>, feast (in a corner) (Carm.).
<cuilean>, a whelp, Ir. [cuilea/n] (O'B.), [cuileann] (O'R.), E.Ir. [cule/n],
  W. [colwyn], Cor. [coloin], catulus, Br. [kolenn], young of quadrupeds;
  Gr. @G[ku/lla]=@G[sku/laz], whelp (Bez.).  It may be from [cu\],
  [*kun], dog.  Ernault, [*culenos]: root of @G[ku/os]; M.Br. [colen], so
  D'Arbois.  Rhys says W. borrowed.
--page 115
<cuilidh>, cellar, secret place, treasury; see [cuile].
<cuilionn>, holly, so Ir., E.Ir. [cuilenn], W. [celyn], Cor. [celin], Br.
  [kelenn] (pl.), [*kolenno-]; Eng. [holly], Ag.S. [holegn]
<cuilm>, a feast; Dialectic for [cuirm], q.v.
<cuimein>, the plant cumin, Ir. [cumi/n]; from Lat. [cuminum], Eng.
  [cumin].
<cuimhne>, rememberance, so Ir., O.Ir. [cuman], [cuimnech], memor, W.
  [cof], Cor. [cov], M.Br. [couff], [*co-men]; root [men], as in Lat.
  [memini], I remember, Eng. [mention], [mind], etc.
<cuimir>, brief, handsome, so Ir., E.Ir. [cumbair], [*com-berro-]; for
  [berr], see [bearr].
<cuimrig>, trouble; see [coimrig].
<cuimse>, a mark, aim, moderation, Ir. [cuimse]; from [com]+[meas];
  see [meas].  Cf. [eirmis].
<cuin>, when, E.Ir. [cuin], W., Br. [pan]; Lat. [quum]; Eng. [when]; see
  [co].  The Ir. [can] (O'Cl.) is allied to Lat. [quando], and more
  nearly than [cuin] to W., Br. [pan].
<cuing>, a yoke, Ir., E.Ir. [cuing]: [*con-jungi-], root [jung], [jug], as in
  Lat. [jungo], Eng. [joke].  For phonetics, see next.>>  Stokes
  since gives the stem as [ko-jungi-].
<cuinge>, narrowness, O.Ir. [cumce]; see [cumhang].
<cu\inn>, coin; from the Eng.
<cuinneag>, a pail, milk pail, Ir. [cuinneo/g], M.Ir. [cuindeog], W.
  [cunnog], [cynnog]; cf. Lat. [congius], a quart.
<cuinnean>, a nostril:
<cuinnlein>, a stalk of corn, a nostril; for the first meaning, see
  [connlach]; for the second, [cuinnean] above.
<cuinnse>, a quince; from the Eng.
<cuinnsear>, a dagger, sword; from the Eng. [whinger].
<cuip>, a whip; from Eng. [whip].
<cuir>, put, Ir., E.Ir. [cuirim], O.Ir. [cuiriur], W. [hebgor], put aside,
  [*korio^], I put.  The root is likely [ker], [kor], of [cruth], q.v.
  For meaning cf. Lat. [facio] and Gr. @G[ti/qcmi].  Bezzenberger
  compares it to Skr. [kala/yati], drive, bear, do, Lit. [karta],
  position, lie.
<cuircinn>, a particular kind of head-dress for women, Ir. [cuirci/n],
  head, crest, comb (O'R.); from [currachd]?  Sc. [courche], [curges]
  (pl.), a covering for a woman's head, Eng. [kerchief].  E.Ir.
  [cuirce], bow, knot; which makes the Sc. and Eng. comparison
  doubtful.
<cuireadh>, an invitation, so Ir.; from [cuir], q.v.
<cuireall>, a kind of pack-saddle (H.S.D. from MSS.):
<cuireid>, <cuirein>, turn, wile; from [car], q.v.
<cuirinnein>, the white water-lily (H.S.D., which quotes only O'R.),
  Ir. [cuirini/n] (O'R.):
--page 116
<cuirm>, a feast, so Ir., E.Ir. [coirm], [cuirm], M.W. [cwrwf], W. [cwrw],
  beer, Cor. [coref], Gaul. @G[kou@nrmi], [cervisia] [*kurmen]; Lat. [cremor],
  broth (Eng. [cream]; Gr. @G[kera/nnumi], mix; Skr. [c@,ra^], [c@,r@.], cook;
  I.E. [kera], [kra], mix.
<cuirnean>, a small heap of stones, dew-drop, ringlet, Ir. [cuirnea/n],
  head of a pin, brooch, ringlet.  In the first sense, it is from
  [ca/rn], and possibly also in the other two senses, the idea
  being "cluster, heap".
<cuirpidh>, wicked, corrupt; see [coirbte], [coirb].
<cu\irt>, court, Ir. [cu/irt]; from the Eng.
<cu\irtein>, a curtain, <cu\irteir>, plaiding (Dialectic); formed on Eng.
  [curtain].
<cu\is>, cause, matter, Ir., E.Ir. [cu/is], O.Ir. [co/is]; from Lat. [causa].
<cuisdeag>, the little finger (Sh., H.S.D.), Ir. [cuisdeog] (O'R.):
<cuiseag>, a stalk, kind of grass, Ir. [coisi/n], a stem, stalk, little foot;
  from [cas], foot.  But see next.>>  [di fetchoisig], "by piping".
<cuisle>, pulse, vein, pipe, Ir. [cuisle], E.Ir. [cuisli], g.pl. [cuislend], a
  pipe for music, O.Ir. [cusle], g. [cuslen], [cuislennach], a piper.  It
  has no connection with Lat. [pulsus], and its etymology is
  obscure (Stokes).  Cf. Eng. [hose].
<cuiste>, a couch, Ir. [cu/iste], [cuiste] (O'B.); from Eng. [couch].
<cuith>, a wreath of snow, a pit, Ir., E.Ir. [cuithe], a pit, W. [pydew];
  from Lat. [puteus], Eng. [pit].
<cuithe>, pen for sheep (Carm.); see [cuidh].
<cu\itich>, quit, requite; see [cuidhtich].
<cu\l>, back, Ir., O.Ir. [cu/l], W. [cil], Cor. [chil], Br. [kil], [*ku^lo]; Lat.
  [cu^lus].  Hence [cu\laist], recess.
<culadh>, a good condition of the body, <culach>, fat, sleek: "well-covered",
  from [cul] of [culaidh]?
<culaidh>, apparel, so Ir.; root [qel], [qol], cover; Ger. [hu@"lle], a
  covering, Lat. [occulo].  See [ceil].
<culaidh>, boat (Suth.):
<cu\lag>, turf for the back of the fire, sitting behind another on
  horseback, a collop; all from [cu\l].
<cu\lan>, tresses, hair; from [cu\l].
<cu\laobh>, behind, the back; E.Ir. [cu/laib] (dat.pl.), [cu/lu] (acc.pl.);
  from [cu\l].  The dat. (and acc.) pl. of [cu\l] used locatively - for
  rest (and motion).  Compare [beulaobh].
<cularan>, a cucumber, Ir. [culara/n], W. [cylor], earth nuts, Br. [coloren],
  earth nut.  Ernault makes the Celtic word to be [*carul-an-],
  and compares Gr. @G[ka/rnon], nut.
<cullach>, a boar, Ir., E.Ir. [cullach], O.Ir. [callach], [cullach], [caullach],
  Br. [kalloc'h], "entire", [qellecq], epithet for stallions and boars,
  [*kallua^ko-s], from [*kalljo-], testicle, W. [caill], testiculus, M.Br.
--page 117
  [quell]; root [kal], hard, as in [clach], q.v., Norse [hella], flat stone,
  etc.  (Bezzenberger).  Cf. Lat. [cuelleus], bag, scrotum, whence
  O.Fr. [couillon], Eng. [cullion], testicles, Sc. [culls].  Hence
  <cullbhoc>, wether-goat, Ir. [culbhoc].
<cullachas>, impotence, <cullach>, eunuch; from [coll, [call]; see [call].
<culraoi\nidh>, goal-keeper (Suth.); from [cu\l] and [raon]?
<culuran>, birth-wort, cucumber; see [cularan].
<cum>, keep, hold, Ir. [congbhaighim], inf. [congmhail], O.Ir. [congabin];
  from [con] and [gabh], take.  The G. [cum] is for [congv] or [congbh],
  and the [gv] becomes [m] as in [i\m], [ciomach], [tum], etc.
<cuma>, Mcumadh>, shape, form, Ir. [cuma], E.Ir. [cumma], vb. [cummaim]:
<cumail>, keeping, Ir. [cumail], [congmhail]; inf.to [cum], i.e., [cum-gabhail].
  <cuman>, a milking pail; Gr. @G[ku/mbc], @G[ku/mbos], cup; Ger. [humpen],
  bowl.
<cumanta>, common, Ir. [cumann]; from the Eng. [common].
<cumha>, mourning, so Ir., E.Ir. [cuma]: I.E. root [qem], [qom]; Eng.
  [hum], Ger. [hummen].
<cumha>, a stipulation, Ir. [cumha], E.Ir. [coma], bribe, gift, condition:
  [*com-ajo-], "co-saying", O.Ir. [a/i], a saying, Lat. [ajo]?  See
  [adhan].  Cf. [cunnradh].
<cumhachd>, power, so Ir., O.Ir. [cumachte], W. [cyfoeth], power, riches,
  [*kom-akto], root [ag], drive, carry, Lat. [ago], Gr. @G[a@'/gw], Eng. [act],
  etc. (Stokes).  The O.Ir. [cumang], potestas, is doubtless a
  nasalised form of the root [ag] (=[ang]); it has been referred
  to the root [ang], Lat. [angere], etc., as in [cumhang] below, but
  the meaning is unsatisfactory.  The word [cumhachd] has also
  been analysed as [co-mag-tu-], where [mag] has been bariously
  referred to I.E. [meg], great (G. @G[me/gas], Eng. [much]), or I.E.
  [me@-gh] (Eng. [may], Lat. [machina], [machine]).
<cumhang>, narrow, Ir. [cu/mhang], O.Ir. [cumang], W. [cyfang], [*kom-ango-s];
  root [ang]; Gr. @G[a@'\gw], choke, @G[a@'/ghi], near; Lat. [ango],
  [angustus]; Ger. [eng].
<cu\mhlaidean>, stipulations (Hend.):
<cu\mhnant>, covenant; from M.Eng., Sc. [conand], [couenant], Eng.
  [covenant], from O.Fr. [convenant], Lat. [convenire].  M.Br. has
  [comanant], W. [cyfammod].  Dial. plurals are <cu\mhlaichean>
  and <cu\mhlaidean>.
<cumraich>, cumber; from the Eng.
<cunbhalach>, constant, steady, Ir. [cungbhailteach], firm, miserly;
  from [cungbhail], keeping, Ir. inf. of [cum], q.v.
<cungaidh>, instrument, accoutrements: [*con-gen-], root [gen] of
  [gni\omh], deed.  See next.>>
--page 118
<cungaisich>, help, co-operate, Ir. [cunghas], co-operation, vb.
  [cungnaighim], I help, [cungantach], helpful, E.Ir. [cungnam],
  assistance: [*con+gni/om]; see [co\mhnadh].
<cunnart>, danger, M.G. [cunntabhart] (M`V.), Ir. [cuntabhairt], [contabhairt],
  danger, doubt, O.Ir. [cumtubart], [cundubart], [contubart],
  [doubt], [*con-to-bart], root [ber], of [beir], q.v. (Cam.).
<cunnradh>, <cu\nradh>, bargain, covenant, Ir. [connradh], [cunnradh],
  O.Ir. [cundrad], [cunnrath], Manx [coonrey]: [*con-ra/dh]; see [ra\dh],
  say.  Corm. derives from [ra/th], surety.
<cunnt>, count, Ir. [cunntas], [cuntas], reckoning, [cuntaim], I count;
  from the Eng.
<cunnuil>, an objection (Sh.), Ir. [cunuil] (Lh.):
<cu\p>, box-cart, coup; see [cu\b].
<cupa>, a cup, Ir. [cu/pa/n], W. [cib]; from Lat. [cu^pa], tub, Eng. [cup],
  [coop], etc.
<cupull>, a couple, Ir. [cu/pla], [cupall], W. [cwpl]; from M.Eng. [couple].
<cur>, a placing, setting; inf. to [cuir], q.v.
<curach>, a boat, coracle, Ir., E.Ir. [curach], Irish Lat. [curucis], dat.pl.
  (Adamnan), W. [corwc], [cwrwg], [cwrwgl], [*kuruko-] (Stokes);
  Armen. [kur], a boat, O.Sl. [korici], a kind of vessel.  The Lat.
  [carina] has been compared, but the vowels are unsuitable.
  Hence Eng. [coracle].
<cu\radh>, affliction, obstacle, <curabh> (Lh.), obstacle.  In the sense
  of affliction, cf. [cuaradh].
<curaideach>, frisky, cunning; see [cuireid].
<curaidh>, a champion, Ir. [curadh], E.Ir. [cur], g. [curad], [caur], W.
  [cawr], Cor. [caur], gigas, Gaul. @G[Kau/aros] (Polyb.), [Cavarillus], etc.,
  [*kauaro-s], a hero, mighty, root [keva], [ku^], be strong; Skr.
  [c@,avi^ra], mighty, [c@,u@-/ra], hero; Gr. @G[ku/rios], lord, @G[ku@nros], might.
<cu\raing>, <cu\rainn>, a coverlet (Dialectic, H.S.D.); founded on Eng.
  [covering].  M`A. has <cu\rainn>, plaiding (felt); of the same
  origin.
<cu\ram>, care, Ir. [cu/ram]; from Lat. [cura].
<curcag>, sandpiper, M.Ir. [cuirrcech], plover; from [currech], a marsh
  (K. Meyer).  See next.>>
<curcais>, bulrush, so Ir. (O'B., etc.), E.Ir. [curcas], O.Ir. [curchas],
  O.W. [cors], cannulos, W. [corsen], reed, Br. [corsenn], reed,
  [*korokasto-], [korkasto]; Lat. [ca^rex] (Stokes, Ernault).  The
  E.Ir. [currech], a marsh, is allied, [*gr@.siko-], Gaul. [*parriko-],
  A.S. [pearroc], Gr. [parc] (St.), Lat. [cursus].  Perhaps Eng.
  [hurst] (St.).
<cu\rr>, corner, pit, Ir. [curr], Keat. [curr], pit, [corr], well, cistern; cf.
  w. [cwr], corner.
<curracag>, a bubble on the surface of liquids; see [currachd].
--page 119
<currachd>, hood, cap, night-cap, Ir. [currach] (O'R.), M.Ir. [curracach],
  cuculatus (Stokes, Ir. Gl. 598, who suggested connection
  with W. [pyrchwyn], crest of a helmet).  Sc. [curch], [courchie],
  Eng. [kerchief], seem to be the origin of the G. word.
<currachdag>, peat-heap (M`A.); cf. [gurracag].
<curradh>, a crowding together (Macpherson's [Ossian]):
<curraidh>, exhausted (H.S.D.), <currtha> (Sh., O'B.), Ir. [currtha]; cf.
  [ciu\rr].
<curran>, <curral>, a carrot, root, radish, Ir. [curra/n], any kind of tap-rooted
  plant (O'R., Sh.): [*cors], head, as in [corr]?  Cf. Eng.
  [carrot], ultimately from Gr. @G[karwto/n], carrot, from @G[ka/ra], head,
  top; [*cors] and [kar] of @G[ka/ra] are ultimately from the same
  source.
<curran>, <curral>, horse-panniers for heavy loads; cf. Sc. [currack],
  [corrack] (do.), Eng. [crooks].
<currucadh>, cooing of pigeons, Ir. [curru/cadh] (O'R.), Sc., Eng. [curr],
  [curring].  The word is onomatopoetic.
<currucag>, the lapwing: see [curcag].
<currusan>, a milk-pail:
<cu\rsa>, course, manner, Ir. [cu/rsa], from the Eng. [course].
<curta>, bad (Sh.; not H.S.D.), [curtsa] (O'R.); from Eng. [curst],
  [cursed].
<cus>, sufficiency, overplus:
<cusag>, a wild mustard (Sh., Arm.; not H.S.D.):
<cusp>, a kibe:
<cuspair>, an object, mark, Ir. [cuspo/ir], M.Ir. [cuspo/ir] (Keat., Oss.@+[3]
  296).  Dialectic <cuspair>, a customer (see [cuspunn]).
<cuspunn>, custom, tribute, also <cusmunn>; founded on Eng. [custom].
<cut>, hank of yarn, Ir. [cuta], one-twelfth of a hank of yarn; from
  Eng. [cut].
<cut>, to gut (fish); from Eng. [gut].
<cutach>, bobtailed, so Ir., E.Ir. [do-chotta], they cut short, W. [cwta].
  The relationship, if any, existing between [cut], [cutach], and
  Eng. [cut], is one of borrowing; the history of Eng. [cut] is
  obscure, and the Celtic words mean "short, shorten", not "to
  cut" with a knife.  Besides, the E.Ir. appears a century and
  a half earler than the Eng. (1139 [v]. 1275).  Stokes has
  suggested a borrowing from Fr. [couteau] (= [cultellus], knife) for
  the E.Ir. form.  Rhys says W. is Eng. [cutty], borrowed.
<cuthach>, <caothach>, rage, Ir. [cuthach], [*koti-aca-]; root [kot], Gr.
  @G[ko/tos], wrath.  See [cath].  Stokes says Pict.  Skr. [kva/thati],
  seethe, Got. [hvapjan], foam.
--page 120
<da\>, two, Ir. [da/], O.Ir. [da/] (m.), [di/] (f.), [da n-] (n.), W. [dau] (m.),
  [dwy] (f.), Cor. [dou], [diu], Br. [daou], [diou], (f.), [*dva^], [*dva^u] (m.), [dvei]
  (f.), [dvabin] (dat.); Skr. [dvau], [dva^], [dve] (f., n.); Gr. @G[du/w]; Lat.
  [duo^]: Got. [tuai], Eng. [two].
<dabhach>, a vat, a measure of land (either one or four ploughgates,
  according to locality and land), O.G. [dabach] (Bk.of
  Deer), Ir. [dabhach], a vat, [*daba^ka^]; Gr. @G[qa/ptw], bury, @G[ta/fos],
  grave; root [dhabh], [dho^bh], deepen, dig out.  Cf. Lit. [du@obiu/],
  hollow out.  Bezzenberger suggests alliance with Eng. [top],
  Ger. [topf].  Eng. [tub], if allied to the Ger. [zuber], is from the
  root of [two], "a two-eared" vessel.  Also <dabhoch>, and in
  place-names <Doch->.
<da\cha>, more likely; see [do/cha].
<dachaidh>, home (adverb), a home, Ir. [do thigh], M.Ir. [dia tig],
  home, E.Ir. [dia thaig]; from [do] and [tigh].  In Ir. the phrase
  is a prepositional adverb; in Gaelc it ceases to be a phrase
  and becomes a welded noun.
<dad>, anything, aught, tittle, M.G. [dad], mote (in sunbeam), Ir.
  [dadadh], [dadamh], aught, a jot, etc., [*da-z-dho-], root [da], divide,
  Lit. [dali\s], part, Gr. @G[dasmo/s], division?  See ++[da\il].  Hence
  <dadmun>, a mote, and <dadum> = [dad].
<dag>, a pistol; from M.Eng. [dag], a pistol, from Fr. [dague], a
  dagger, whence Br. [dag].  The change of meaning from
  "dagger" to "pistol" is one which occurs in the history of
  "pistol" itself, for it originally meant "dagger".  Eng.
  [dagger] is allied.
<daibhir>, poor, Ir. [daidhbhir], M.Ir. [daidber]: [*do-adberi-], from [do-]
  and [adber], [*a/d-bhero^], Lat. [adfero].  See [saoibhir].
<da\icheil>, handsome, Ir. [do/igheamhuil], well appointed, decent; see
  [da/cha], [do/cha], [do\igh].
<daidein>, daddy, Ir. [daidi/n], [daid], M.Ir. [data/n],  foster-father, [datnait],
  foster-mother, W. [tad], Cor. [tat]; Lat. [tata]; Gr. @G[te/tta]; Lit.
  [tety/tis], Ch.Sl. [teta]; Skr. [tata/s].  Eng. [dad] is borrowed from
  the Welsh (Skeat).
<daigeil>, firm or well-built (of a man) - Arg.  Cf. [daingean].
<dail>, a wooden collar for cattle; cf. W. [dal], a hold, catch, Br. [dal],
  a holding; root [dhe^], [dho^], set?  Cf. Gr. @G[qc/kc], repository,
  @G[ti/qcmi], place, Lat. [faci^o], etc.  But see [da/il], delay.
<dail>, a dale, meadow, from Norse [dalr], Eng. [dale].
<da\il>, delay, credit, Ir. [da/il], M.Ir. [da/l], gen. [da/la], respite, [*da^li-];
  from [dvo^l], [dvel], whence Eng. [dwell], Norse [dvo@"l], delay.
--page 121
<da\il>, a meeting, so Ir., O.Ir. [da/l], O.W. [datl], forum, W. [dadl],
  sermo, O.Br. [dadlou], curi@ae, Br. [dael], [*datla^], root [dha], [dhe^],
  set, as in [dail] (Ernault).  Stokes suggests connection with
  O.Sl. [de^], dicere.
++<da\il>, ++<da\l>, portion, tribe, Ir. and O.Ir. [da/il], [da/l], Bede [daal] =
  part, [Dalreudini], later [Da/l-riata], [Dalriada], the early Scotic
  kingdom of Argyle, etc: [*da^lo-], root [da^], divide, Gr. @G[date/omai],
  divide, @G[dasmo/s], division, Lit. [dalis], a part, Skr. [da@-/ti], cut off,
  [dalas], part.  The verb <dailich>, distribute, is given in H.S.D.
  as a dialectic form; the Ir. is [da/ilim].  Zimmer thinks [da/il],
  meeting, and [da/il], part, are originally the same.
<dailgneachd>, prophetic vision.  See [tairgneachd].
<da\imh>, relationship, Ir. [da/mh], tribe, family, E.Ir. [da/m]: [*da^ma^],
  tribe, company; Gr. @G[dc@nmos], Dor. @G[da@nmos], people, tribe, Eng.
  [demo]cracy.  It is usual to compare O.W. [dauu], cliens, W.
  [daw] ([dawf]), son-in-law, M.Br. [deuff], Br. [den] (do.); but these
  words may be allied to Gr. @G[da/mar], spouse, and be from the
  root [dam], [dom], house.
<daingean>, strong, firm, so Ir., O.Ir. [daingen], W. [dengyn], barbarous,
  [*dangeno-], firm, hard, verb [*dengo^], E.Ir. [dingim], press.
  Bezzenberger compares Norse [tengja], fasten, tie together,
  Ag.S. [tengan], press, O.H.G. [gi-zengi], conjunctus.  Thurneysen
  compares W. [tengyn], obstinate, and Gr. [tangoner], press. It
  is possible to connect [daingean] with Norse [dyngja], heap,
  women's apartment, Ag.S. [ding], carcer, Lit. [dengiu], cover;
  perhaps O.H.G. [tunc], earth-house, Eng. [dung].
<da\ir>, inire vaccam, Ir. [da/ir], M.Ir. [dair], [*da^ro^], root [dhr@-@.-], [dhoro],
  Gr. @G[qrw/skw], spring, @G[qoro/s], semen viri, Skr. [dha@-/ra], stream,
  seed.
<dairireach>, rattling noise, E.Ir. [der-drethar], cries, W. [da^r], noise,
  [daredd], tumultuous noise, root [der], [dher], as in Gr. @G[qrc@nnos],
  dirge, Skr. [dhran@.], sound, Eng. [drone].  See [du\rd] and
  [stairirich].
<dais>, a heap of hay or peats, O.Ir. [ais], a heap, W. [da^s], O.W.
  [das], M.Br. [dastum], to mass, [*dasti-] (for G. and W.); Ag.S.
  [tass] (whence Fr. [tas]).  Bezzenberger and Stokes correlate it
  with Norse [des], hay heap, Sc. [dass].
<dais>, <dois>, a blockhead (H.S.D.), <daiseachan>, insipid rhymer
  (Arm.); seemingly borrowed from the Sc. [dawsie], stupid,
  [dase] stupefy.  For root, see [da\sachd].  Norse [dasi], lazy fellow.
<dais>, a musical instrument:
<daithead>, a diet; from the Eng.  See [di\ot].
<dala>, one of two; see under [dara].
--page 122
<dall>, blind, Ir., E.Ir. [dall], W., Br. [dall], Cor. [dal], [*dvalno-], I.E.
  [dhvl@.-no-]; Got. [dvals], foolish, Eng. [dull]; Lat. [fallo], cheat
  (= [dhalno/]); Gr. @G[qolero/s], turbid.  Hence [inter alia], <dallag>,
  a field shrew, a mole, Ir. [dallo/g].
<dallanach>, a winnowing fan; from [dall].
<dalma>, bold, forward, obstinate: "vigorous"?, root [dhl@.] in [duille].
<dalta>, foster-son, god-son, O.G. [dalta] (Bk.of Deer), Ir. [dalta],
  O.Ir. [dalte], [*daltaio-s], root [dhe^], [dhe^l], suck; Gr. @G[qc@nlus],
  female; Lat. [fe^lo], suck, femina; etc. (Stokes, Strachan).  See
  [deoghail].  It has been usual to refer [dalta] to the root [al] of
  [altram], the [d] being considered as the remains of [de], the
  prepositional prefix ([*de-altjo-s]).
<da\m>, a dam; from the Eng.
<da\mais>, draughts, <bord da\mais>, draught board; from the Sc.
  [dams], [dambrod], Ger. [dambrett], from Fr. [dame], dame, draughts,
  Lat. [domina].
<damh>, ox, stag, so Ir., O.Ir. [dam], Cor. [da], dama, M.Br. [dauat],
  sheep, Br. [danvad], sheep, [demm], roe, [*damo-s]; Lat. [da^ma],
  [damma], deer; Gr. @G[dama/lcs], a stier, @G[da/malis], a calf; Skr.
  [damya], untamed stier.  Allied is Eng. [tame], Lat. [domare],
  Eng. [domestic], etc.
<da\mhair>, rutting time; for [damh-dha\ir], from [damh] and [da\ir]
  (H.S.D.).
<da\mhair> (H.S.D.), <damhair> (Sh., Arm.), earnest, keen:
<damhan-allaidh>, spider, Ir. [damha/n-alla], O.Ir. [dama/n n-allaid]
  (g.pl.), "wild little deer"; see [damh] and [allaidh].
<damnadh>, cursing, condemnation, so Ir., M.Ir. [damnad]; from
  Lat. [damnatio].
<da\n>, fate, destiny, Ir. [da/n]; cf. M.Ir. [da/n], gift, W. [dawn], gift,
  talent, Lat. [do^num], root [do/], Gr. @G[di/dwmi], give, Skr. [da^], give.
<da\n>, a poem, Ir. [da/n], song, O.Ir. [da/n], g. [da/no], ars. [*da^snu-], root
  [da^s], know; Gr. @G[dc/nea], plans, arts, @G[dac/mon], skilful; Ch.Sl.
  [danhanh], wisdom; Skr. [damsa/na], miracle (Stokes).
<da\n>, bold, Ir. [da/na], O.Ir. [da/ne], [da/na], [*da^snavo-s], from the root
  of [da/n] above (Stokes).
<danns>, dance (thou), <dannsa>, <damhsa>, a dance, Ir. [damhsa], W.
  [dawns]; from the Eng.
<dao>, obstinate, O.Ir. [doe], g. [doi], tardus, [*dausio-s]; Ag.S. [dysig],
  foolish, Eng. [dizzy], O.H.G. [tusi^c], stultus, Ger. [thor], foolish
  (Stokes, Windisch).
<daobhaidh>, wicked, perverse (Heb.); see [dao].
<daoch>, strong dislike, horror, <daochan>, anger (Sh.):
<daoi>, wicked, a wicked man, Ir. [daoi], a wicked or foolish person;
  opposite of [saoi] (with [do-], [*du-]), which see for root.
--page 123
<daoimean>, a diamond; from the Eng.
<daol>, <daolag>, a beetle, Ir. [daol], E.Ir. [dael], [doel], [dail]: [*daoilo-], root
  [dei], [di], as in [dian], q.v.  Stokes connects with M.Ir. [dael],
  grightsomeness, root [dvei], fright, Gr. @G[de/os], a fright, Skr.
  [dvis], hate.
<daolair>, a lazy man, a niggard, Ir. [daol], lazy (O'R.):
<daonnan>, <daondan>, continually, always [*d'aon-tan] (?), "from one
  time".  Cf. [greis].
<daor>, enslaved, so Ir., O.Ir [do/ir]; opposite of [saor] (with negative
  (do), [*du-]), which see for root.
<daor>, dear, Ir. [daor], [daoradh], making dear (Four Masters); from
  M.Eng. [deere], [deore], dear (Stokes).
<daorach>, intoxication; cf. Sc. [deray], mirthful noise at a banquet,
  M.Eng. [derai], disorder, from Fr. [desroi], dis-[array].
<dar>, when (conj.), Northern form for <'n uair>; probably [d'uair] =
  [do-uair].
<dara>, second, so Ir.; M.G. [darle] (Oss. Ballad, Fernaig MS),
  [*ind-araile], "the other", from [ind] = [an], the, and O.Ir. [araile],
  alius = [ar]+[aile], [air]+[eile], q.v., [alalijos], Br. [arall].  Also <an dala>,
  the one of two, O.Ir., [indala], from [ind] and [aile], that
  is [an] and [eile].  Further, <da\rna> (= [dala]), E.Ir. [indarna],
  [*ind-araile n-ai], the one of them (two), O.Ir. [indala n-ai],
  where [a/i], eorum, is the pl. of [a], his.
<darach>, oak, Ir. [dair], [darach], E.Ir. [dair], gen. [darach], W., Cor.
  [dar], [*darik-]; Lat. [larix], Eng. [larch]; Gr. (Maced.) @G[da/rullos],
  oak, @G[dru@ns] (do.), [do/ru], spear; Eng. [tree], etc.  Hence <darach>,
  body of a boat.
<darcan>, the hollow of the hand (Dialectic, H.S.D.); cf. [dea\rna].
<darcan>, a teal:
<da\rna>, one of two; see under [dara].
<darnaig>, darn, darning; from the Eng. [darning], which is itself
  from W. [darn], piece, patch (root [dera], split, Eng. [tear]).
<da\sachd>, rage, madness, M.G. [da/sacht] (M`V.), Ir. [da/sachd], O.Ir.
  [da/sacht], insania; Ag.S. [dwa/es], foolish, Sc. [dawsie], Du. [dwaas],
  senseless (Strachan).
<dath>, colour, Ir., E.Ir. [dath], [*datu-]; from the root [dha], [dhe^],
  place, as in [dail], etc.?
<da\th>, singe, Ir. [doghaim], E.Ir. [do/thim], inf. [do/ud], [daif] (n.), Br.
  [deuiff], to burn, [*davio^], I burn; Gr. [dai/w], burn; Skr. [du],
  [duno/ti], burn, [davas], a brand.
<dathas>, fallow deer; <damhasg>, <dabhasg>; from [damh]+[seasg] (?).
<de>, of, Ir. [de], O.Ir. [de], [di], O.W. [di], W. [y], Cor. [the], Br. [di], [*de],
  [*di], [*de^]; Lat. [de^]; from [dve^], a case-form from [dvo^], two.
  Gaelic and Irish confuse this prep. with [do], to; a confusion
--page 124
  which even extends to O.Ir. in pre-accentual [de] compounds.
  Hence <do> of the past tenses: [do chaidh], went, i.e., [deach]; [do rinn],
  did, from [do-gni/u], I do, etc.
<de/>, what; also <gu de/>; a curtailed form of [ciod e\], "what is it";
  from [ciod] and [e\], q.v.  Ir [caide/], Galway [gode/].
<de/>, <an de/>, yesterday, Ir. [ane/], ([ande/]), O.Ir. [indhe/], W. [y ddoe], Br.
  [deac'h], M.Br. [dech], [*sendi-gesi], art. [an] and [*gesi]; Lat. [heri]
  (= [*hesi^]); Gr. @G[hqe/s]; Eng. [yesterday].  The Celtic forms are
  all influenced by the word for "to-day", G. [an diu], O.Ir.
  [indiu], W. [heddyw], [dyw]; from [diu], [*divo], day, q.v.  Zimmer
  in fact refers the word to the root of [diu] (Zeit.@+[30] 17).  [*jesi],
  [ghjesi], [heri], etc. (St.).
<de/>: <teine de/>, M.Ir. [tene di/ait], lightning; [*deia], shine with [-anti]
  or [-anta] (n.) (St.).
<de\abh>, drain, dry up, <de\abhadh> (pronounced [de\-u], shrinking (as
  the staves of a wooden vessel), Dialectic <deo\>; I.E. [dhevo-],
  run, Eng. [dew], Gr. @G[qe/w], run, Skr. [dhav], run, flow.
<deacaid>, boddice, jacket; from Eng. [jacket].
<deacair>, difficult, surly, Ir. [deacair], O.Ir. [deccair]; for [di-acar]:
  prep. [de] and [acar], as in [socair], q.v.
<deach>, went; the post-particicle or enclitic form of [do chaidh], q.v.
  Ir. [deachaidh], O.Ir. [dechud].
<deachd>, dictate, so Ir., [deachdadh] (n.); from Lat. [dicto], [dictatio],
  whence Eng. [dictation].
<deagh>, good, Ir. [deagh], O.Ir. [deg-], [dag-], W. [da], Cor. [da], bonum
  (gl.), Gaul. [Dago-], [*dago-], [*dego-], "good, acceptable"; Gr.
  @G[de/hesqai], receive.  Further allied to Gr. @G[dexio/s], right, @G[de/komai]
  receive; Lat. [dexter], right, [decus], [doceo]; Gaelic [deas], O.Ir.
  [dech], best (superlative to [deagh] or [maith]).
<deaghad>, living, diet, morals (Uist); see [di\ot].
<deaghaidh>: see [de/idh].
<deal>, friendly (H.S.D., M`E.); see [di\leas].
<deal>, <deala>, a leech, Ir. [deal], a blood-sucker (O'R.); from I.E.
  root [dhe^], suck, as in [deoghail], q.v.  Cf. Lit. [de@?le@?], leech; also
  Ir. (and G. in Dict. therefrom) <deala>, teat, E.Ir. [del].
<dealaich>, separate, Ir. [dealuighim], E.Ir. [deligim], [deil], separation;
  I.E. [delo-], to split, Skr. [dali/tas], split, Gr. @G[de/ltos], tablet, Lit.
  [dalis], part.  Cf. ++[da\il], part.
<dealan>, <dealanach>, lightning, Ir. [deala/n], spark, flaming coal,
  [*dilo-]: root [di], [dei] ([de^i]), [deya] (Fick), shine; Gr. @G[de/elos]
  (= @G[de/j-elos]), conspicuous, @G[dc@nlos, clear; Skr. [di^], shine; further
  is [*dei-vo-s], whence G. [dia], etc. M.Ir. [tene-gelain], "lightning",
  now "will o' the wisp"; [tene-gelan], fireflaught.
--page 125
<dealan-de/>, butterfly, Ir. [dala/n-de/], [deala/n-de/].  The G. also means
  the phenomenon observed by shirling a stick lighted at
  the end.  Apparently the meaning is "God's fire".  For
  [de/], see [dia].
<dealan-doruis>, door-bolt (Sh., O'R.); see [deil].
<dealas>, zeal, <dealasach>, zealous; from the Eng. [zeal], [zealous].
<dealbh>, form, so Ir., O.Ir. [delb], W. [delw], Br. [-delu], [*delvo-], root
  [del]; Lat. [dolare], hew, [dolo], a pike; Gr. @G[daida/llw], embellish,
  work cunningly; O.H.G. [zol], log; Ch.Sl. [dely], vat.
<dealg>, a pin, skewer, so Ir., O.Ir. [delg], M.W. [dala], sting, fang,
  W. [dal], a catch, Cor. [delc], monile, [*delgos]; Ag.S. [telgan]
  virgultum, twig, Du. [telg], M.H.G. [zelge], Norse [tja/lgr], a
  prong; Lit. [dalgi/s], scythe (?).  Bezzenberger compares Norse
  [da/lkr], a cloak pin; cf. Ag.S. [dalc], buckle.
<dealradh>, brightness, so Ir., E.Ir. [dellrad], jubar; from [deal-], as
  in [dealan], q.v.
<dealt>, dew, Ir. [dealt], M.Br., Br. [delt], moist, damp:
<dealunn>, loud barking (H.S.D.); see [deileann].
<deamhan>, a demon, so Ir., O.Ir. [demon]; from Lat. [daemon], from
  Gr. @G[dai/mwn], Eng. [demon].
<deamhais>, <deimheis>, shears, Ir. [deimheas] (pronounced [di/os]), E.Ir.
  [demess], [*di-mess], "two-edged"; from [di] of [da], two, and E.Ir.
  [mess], edge (Cormac's Gl.), "cutter", from root [met], mow, cut,
  as in [meath], [meith], cut, prune, Lat. [meto].  Cf. Gaul, [mataris].
<de/an>, do, Ir. [de/an] (imper.), O.Ir. [de/n], [de/nim]: enclitic or post-particle
  form of O.Ir. [dogni/u], G. [ni\], I do; from [de], of, and
  [gni^] of [gni\omh], q.v.  Inf. <de\anamh> (= [de-gni^mu-]).
<deann>, haste, speed; cf. E.Ir. [denmne], haste, which Cormac
  explains as [di-ainmne], "non-patience", from [ainmne], patience;
  root [men], wait (Lat. [maneo], etc.).
<deannag>, a small pinch, a grain, <deannach>, mill dust, Ir. [deano/g],
  a pinch, grain:
<deannal>, conflict, stir, so Ir. (O'R.); from [deann].  In the sense of
  "flash" (H.S.D.), <deannal> seems a metathetical form of
  [dealan].
<deanntag>, a nettle, Ir. [neanto/g], M.Ir. [nennto/g], E.Ir. [nenaid],
  [*nenadi-], for [*ne-nadi], a reduplicated form; Ag.S. [netele],
  Eng. [nettle]; Lit. [ne/ndre@?], pipe, tube.  The [t] of G. and Ir. is
  due to the same phonetic law that gives [teine] the pl. [teintean].
<dearail>, poor, wretched, Ir. [dearo/il], E.Ir. [dero/il], feeble, O.Ir.
  [dero/il], penuria, from [der-], privative prefix (see [deargnaidh]),
  and [o/il], abundance, which Windisch has referred to [*pa^li-], a
  form of the root [pl@.], [pel], full, as in [la/n].
<dearbadan>, <dearbadan-de/>, butterfuly (M`D., H.S.D.):
--page 126
<dearbh>, certain, so Ir., O.Ir. [derb], [*dervo-]; I.E. [drevo-], whence
  Ag.S. [treo/we], Eng. [true], Ger. [treu].
<dearc>, <dearcag>, a berry, so Ir., O.Ir. [derc], [*derkes-], Skr. [dra^ksha^],
  grape, vine (Stokes); root [derk], see, the idea being "conspicuous".
  Cf. Gr. @G[dra/kwn], dragon, @G[dorka/s], gazelle, from the
  root [derk], see.  See [dearc], behold.  The O.Ir. [derucc], g.
  [dercon], glans, is, like Ger. [eichel], glans (from [eiche], oak), from
  the root of [darach], oak (Zimmer).
<dearc>, <dearc-luachrach>, a lizad, Ir. [earcluachra], the "[earc] of the
  rashes", M.Ir. [erc], speckled, red, Ir. [earc], salmon, W. [erch],
  fuscus, darkish, [*erko-s], for [perko-]; Gr. @G[perkno/s], dark-blue,
  @G[pe/rkc], a perch; Skr. [pr@.c@,nis], speckled; Ger. [forelle], a trout,
  O.H.G. [forhanna].  For meaning, cf. [breac], a trout, "the
  speckled one".  The [d] of G. [dearc] belongs to the article.
++<dearc>, an eye, a cave, hole, Ir. [dearc] (do.), O.Ir. [derc] (do.); from
  the root [derk], behold.  See verb [dearc]: "eye-pit" gives the
  meaning "cave".  Shaw has [deirc] for "pit" in Engl.Gael.
  section.
<dearc>, behold, see, Ir. [dearcaim], O.Ir. [dercaim], video, [derc], eye,
  [*derko^], I see, perfect [*dedorka] (cf. [chunnairc] = [con-darc]
  I.E. [derk], see; Gr. @G[de/rkomai], @G[de/dorka], have seen; O.H.G.
  [zoraht], bright; Skr. [darc@,], see.
<dearg>, red, so Ir., O.Ir. [derg], [*dhergo-s]; Eng. [dark], Ag.S. [deorc].
<deargad>, <deargant>, a flea, Ir. [dearga/n], [dreancuid], [deargnuid], E.Ir.
  [dergnat]: [*derg-nat], "reddener", from [dearg], red?
<dea\rgnaidh>, unlearned (Arm.; M`A. says "Irish"), Ir. [deargnaidh],
  [*der-gnadi-]; from [der-], privative prefix ([di]+[air], see [de] and
  [air]), and root [gna^], [gen], know, as in [aithne].
<dea\rlan>, brimful; [*der-la/n]; from intensive prefix [der] (= [de]+[ro])
  and [la\n], full.
<dearmad>, neglect, forgetfulness, so Ir., O.Ir. [dermet], [*der-me/t];
  from [der-], priv. particle (see [dea\rgnaidh]) and [me/t], [*mento-],
  mind; root [men], think; Lat. [mens], [mentio], [commentum]; Eng.
  [mind]; etc.
<dearmail>, anxiety (M`D.), anxious (H.S.D.):
<dea\rn>, do, Ir. [dea/rnaim], O.Ir. [derninn], facerem, [*di-ro-gni^-], a side
  form of [de\an] with infixed [ro].  See [de\an].
<dea\rna>, the palm of the hand, Ir. [de/arna], E.Ir. [derna]; cf. Gr.
  @G[dw@nron], palm, handbreadth, @G[da/ris], the distance between the
  thumb and little finger, a span (Hes.), @G[darei@`r], the distance
  between the big and little fingers (Hes.).  It is further
  referred to the I.E. root [der], split, open (Fick, Prellwitz).
<dearras>, keenness, obstinacy; see [diarras].
--page 127
<dea\rrsach>, a swig of liquor (Wh.):
<dea\rrsadh>, radiance, effulgence, Ir. [dearsgaim], [dearsgnaim], I
  polish, burnish, M.Ir. [dersnaigim], explain, make clear,
  [*de-ro-sec-], root [sec], see, Eng. [see]?  Hence <dea\rrsgnui\dh>
  burnished, brilliant.  The word ++<dea\rsgnaidh>, excellent, is
  allied to O.Ir. [dersigem], pr@aecellimus, [diro/sci], excels, [doroscai],
  pr@aestet, [*di-roscag-] (Thur.), [*roscag] = [ro-od-sec-], root [sec], pass,
  as in [seach]?  E.Ir. [dersciagthech], splendid.
<deas>, right, south, Ir. [deas], O.Ir. [dess], W. [deheu], Cor. [dyghow],
  M.Br. [dehou], [*dekso-s], [*deksivo-s] (Stokes); Lat. [dexter]; Gr.
  @G[dexio/s]; Got. [taihsva]; Lit. [deszine@?] (n.), Ch.Sl. [desi@unu@u], right;
  Skr. [daksina-s].
<deasbair>, a disputant, <deasbaireachd>, disputation, Ir. [deaspoirim]
  (O'R., Sh.); cf. [cuspair].
<deasbud>, a dispute; from the Eng. [dispute], Lat. [disputo].
<deasgainn>, rennet, barm, <deasgadh>, lees, yeast, Ir. [deasgadh], lees,
  O.Ir. [descad], faex, fermentum, leaven [*desc-a^tu] (Z. 803):
  [*disc-atu-]; cf. Lat. [faex], for [@dhaix].  Gaelic root [dik], whence
  [dik-sko], then [desc-].
<deasgraich>, a terogeneous mass (= [dreamsgal], H.S.D.):
<deasmaireas>, curiosity, <deasmas> (Sh.), Ir. [deismireach], [deismis],
  curious (O'B., O'R.):
<deasoireach>, spicy (Sh., H.S.D.):
<deat>, an unshorn year-old sheep or wedder, <deathaid>, [*det-anti-],
  "sucking one"; from [det], [de], suck.  See [deoghail].
<deatam>, anxiety; cf. O.Ir. [dethitiu], [dethiden], care.  For root, see
  [di\dean].  M`A. has also <deatamach>, necessary, which seems
  allied.
<deathach>, <deatach>, smoke, Ir., M.Ir. [deatach], O.Ir. [de/], g. [diad],
  E.Ir. [dethach], [detfadach], smoky, W. [dywy], vapour.  From
  I.E. root [dhe^u], [dheu], [dhu], [dhve], smoke, air; Lat. [fu^mus],
  smoke; Gr. @G[qumia/w], to smoke; Ch.Sl. [dymu@u] (n.); Skr.
  [dhu^mas].  Ir. [de/] is for [di@-va^], from [dhe^u], or [dhe^v]; the gen. [diad]
  is phonetically like the nom. [biad], food ([*bivoto-n]).  The
  form [deatach] is probably for [*dett-acos], [dett] being from [dhve]
  (cf. Gr. @G[qeo/s], for @G[qes-o/s], from [dhve-s-]).  The [t] (= [tt]) of [deatach]
  is difficult to account for.  For phonetics cf. [beathach].
<de/ibhleid>, a feeble or awkward person, M.Ir. [de/ble/n], E.Ir. [dedble/n],
  weakling, from [dedbul], weak; the opposite of [adhbhal], q.v.
  ([di-adbul]).  Stokes allows the alternate possibility of it
  being from Lat. [de^bilis]; see [di\blidh].
<deic> (<cha deic>), convenient; cf. O.Ir. [tecte], becoming, [anas tecte],
  quod decet:
--page 128
<deich>, ten, so Ir., O.Ir. [deich n-], O.W. [dec], W. [deg], Cor. [dek], Br.
  [dec], [*dekn@.]; Lat. [decem]; Gr. @G[de/ka]; Got. [taihun], Eng. [ten];
  Skr. [da/c@,an].  <deicheamh>, tenth, O.Ir. [dechmad], W. [decvet],
  Cor. [degves], Br. [decvet], [*dekm@.meto-s] (Brug.), an extension (by
  the superlative suffix -to-) of [*dekm@.mo-s], Lat. [decimus].
<de/ide>, <de/ideadh>, toothache, Ir. [de/ideadh].  See [deud].
<de/ideag>, a pebble, toy; cf. [e/iteag].
<de/idh>, desire; a noun formed from the adverbial phrase [an de/idh],
  after.
<de/idh>, <an de/idh>, after, Ir. [a n-diaigh], O.Ir. [i n-dead], post, E.Ir.
  [i n-diaid], from O.Ir. [de/ad], finis, W. [diwedd], finis, Cor. [deweth],
  Br. [diuez], [*de^-ved-on] (Stokes); from the root [ved], lead, as in
  [toiseach], q.v. (Stokes prefers [ved] of [feadhainn].  Also <deidh>,
  <de/igh>, the latter a bad form etymologically.  The O.Ir. had
  also the form [degaid] (= [di-agaid]), the opposite of [i n-agid],
  now [an aghaidh], against, adversus.
<deidhinn>, <mu dheidhinn>, concerning, of; cf. E.Ir. [da/gin], [daigind],
  [im da/gin], because of, because, [da/ig], [de/ig], for the sake of,
  because (prep. and conj.), O.Ir. [de/g], quia.  See [do\igh].
<deifir>, haste, speed, Ir. [deifir], [deithfir], M.Ir. [deithbhireach] (O'Cl.),
  speedy, busy; to which Stokes and Ernault compare W.
  [difrif], serious, M.Br. [adevry], seriously.
<deigh>, ice, Ir. [oighear], snow, [leac-oighir], ice, O.Ir. [aig], g. [ega],
  [aigred], W. [ia], Cor. [iey], glacies, Br. [yen], cold, [*jagi-], ice;
  Norse [jaki], piece of ice, [jo@"kull], iceberg, Ag.S. [gicel], piece of
  ice, Eng. [icicle] (= [i/s-gicel]); Lit [iz@?as], ice lump.  The [d] of G.
  is prothetic, arising from the art.: O.Ir. [ind-aig].
<deighlean>, a quire of paper (Sh., O'B.), Ir. [deighlea/n]:
<deil>, an axle, Ir. [deil], an axle, rod, turner's lathe, O.Ir. [deil], rod,
  Cor. [dele], antempna, O.Br. [deleiou], antemnarum, Br. [delez],
  [*deli-], [*deljo-]; I.E. root [del], split.  See [dealaich].  Stokes
  refers it to the root [dhel], whence Ger. [dolde], umbel, O.H.G.
  [tola], racemus, Gr. @G[qa/los], a short twig; as in [duileag], q.v.
<deil>, <dil>, keen, diligent (Arg.); formed from [dealas], zealous.
<deil>, leech; Dialectic for [deal].
<deilbh>, a forming, warping (for weaving), so Ir.; see [dealbh].
<de/ile>, a plank, deal; from the Eng. [deal].
<deileann>, loud, sharp barkings, E.Ir. [deilm], stem [delmen], noise,
  alarm:
<deileas>, a grudging, eagerness; see [dealas].
<deilgneach>, thorny, prickly, Ir. [deilgneach], thorns; from [dealg].
  <Cadal-deilgneach>, the prickly sensation in a numbed limb.
<de/ilig>, deal with, a dealing; from Eng. [dealing].
<deillseag>, a slap with the open hand, <de/iseag>:
--page 129
<deiltreadh>, gilding, lacquering; [*deilt-rad], from ++<deilt>, separation,
  root [del] of [dealaich]?
<deimheis>, a shears; see [deamhais].
<deimhinn>, certain, Ir. [deimhin], O.Ir. [demin], [demnithir], certius,
  [*demeni-], I.E. root [dhe^], set, fix, [dhemen-], setting, Gr.
  @G[qe/menai], set, @G[qe/ma], a pledge, theme, @G[qe/mis], law, "something
  laid down"; Eng. [doom], [deem]; etc.
<de/ine>, eagerness; see [dian].
<deir>, <a deir>, says (said), inquit, Ir. [deirim], O.Ir. [adbeir], dicit; [deir]
  is the root-accented fort ([*ad-be/ro^]) of [abair] (the prepositional
  accuented form, [*a/d-bero^]).  See [abair].  The [a] of [a deirim]
  belongs to the [ad-], while the [d] of it takes the place of
  [b] in the root ([ber]).
<de/irc>, alms, so Ir., M.Ir. [de/arc], [desheirc], O.Ir. [dearc], [deircc],
  [desercc] (caritas), for [de-shercc]; see [searc], love.
<deireadh>, end, so Ir., O.Ir. [dered], O.G. [derad] (Bk.of Deer):
  [*der-vedo-n], root [ved] as in [de/idh], q.v.?  Ascoli suggests that
  [der] is the basis, the opposite of [er], front, from the proposition
  [air] ([*pare]).  Hence <deireas>, injury.
<de/is>, <an de/is>, after, so Ir., O.Ir. [di e/is], retro, O.G. [daneis], after
  them ([di-an-e/is]), O.Ir. [e/is], footstep, track, [*in-sti], root [sto],
  [sta], stand, Lat. [instare]?  Strachan gives the stem as [*encsi-],
  from [eng], footstep, as in [eang], q.v.; Stokes takes it from
  [*pend-ti], root [ped], as in [eadh], Eng. [foot].
<deis-de/>, a sanctuary, halting place, halt (Wh.); [dess de/], "God's
  right hand" (K.Meyer in "King Eochaid").
<deisciobul>, a disciple, Ir. [deisciobal], O.Ir. [descipul], W. [dysgybl],
  Br. [diskibil]; from Lat. [discipulus].
<deise>, a suit of clothes; from [deas].  Ir., M.Ir. [deise], a robe; E.Ir.
  [deis], entourage of chief.  Cf. for meaning Eng. [suit].
<de/iseag>, a slap; see [deillseag].
<deiseil>, southward, sun-ward, E.Ir. [dessel]; from [deas] and [sel]
  ([*svel]), W. [chwyl].  See [deas] and [seal].
<deismireach>, curious; see [deasmaireas].
<de/istinn>, <de/isinn>, disgust, Ir. [de/istion], edge (set the teeth on
  edge), disgust.  Cf. M.Ir. [de/istiu], refuse of everything,
  posterity, from [de/is]?
<deithneas>, <deithneamhach>, etc.; from [de/ine], from [dian].
<deo\>, breath, Ir. [deo/] in [gu deo], ever, [*dveso-]; I.E. [dhves], breathe;
  W. [dywy]? Lit. [dve@?sti], breath, [dva/se@?], spirit, breath, Russ.
  [dvochati]; Gr. @G[qeo/s], god (= @G[qes-o/s]); M.H.G. [getwa^s], ghost.
<deoch>, a drink, Ir. [deoch], g. [dighe], O.Ir. [deug], g. [dige], [*degu-].
  To [degu-] Bezzenberger cfs. Lit. [daz@?y/ti], dip, wet, tinge.  W.
--page 130
  [diod], M.Br. [diet], are referred by Stokes to the root [dhe^],
  suck, as in [deoghail], or to [*de^-patu] (Lat. [potus]).
<deo\dhas>, <deo\thas>, eagerness, desire (<deothas>, M`F., O'R.); from
  [dhevo-], Gr. @G[qe/w], run, @G[qumo/s], soul, etc.  See [deathach].
<deoghail>, suck, Ir. [diuilim], [deolaim], M.Ir. [diul] (n., dat.), [*delu-],
  root [del] as in [deal], leech; I.E. [dhe^], suck; Lat. [fe^lare], suck,
  [fe^mina], woman, "suck-giver"; Gr. @G[qc@nlus], female, @G[qclc/], teat,
  @G[qcla/zw], suck; Skr. [dha/yati] (do.).  The Breton forms show
  [n]; Br. [dena], suck.  See [di\onag].
<deo\idh>, <fa dheo\idh>, at last, finally, Ir. [fa/ dheoidh], O.Ir. [fo diud],
  postremo; dat. case of O.Ir. [de/ad], end.  See [de/idh] for
  derivation.
<deo\in>, assent, Ir., E.Ir. [deo/in], [*degni-]; I.E. root [deg], [degh]; Gr.
  @G[doke/w], seem, @G[do/xa], opinion, @G[didahc/], teaching, Lat. [doceo],
  [doctrina], etc.  See [deagh], good.
<deo/radh>, an alien, Ir. [deo/raidh], a stranger, exile, M.Ir. [deorad].
  Stokes thinks the word is borrowed from Brittonic - Br.
  [devroet], depayse/, "dis-countrified" ([di-brog-], see [brugh]), Cor.
  [diures], exul.  [deo\radh]: opposite of [urradh], guarantor, = [di-urradh]
  (Jub.).  [air-rad] (Meyer).  Hence the name [Dewar].
<dethein>, a heated boring iron: [*de/the/ine], the accent being on
  the second portion [teine], fire.  For [de/], see [dealan-de/].
<detheoda>, henbane (M`D.):
<deti\ach>, <deteigheach>, the gullet, weasand (M`D., Sh., etc.):
  peculiar as accented on [iach], properly [det-i/ach]; Dial. <it-ioch>,
  epiglottis (Arg.).
<deubh>, shrink; see [de\abh].
<deubhann>, a fetter for a horse:
<deuchainn>, <diachainn>, a trial, attempt, Ir. [d'fhe/achain], to see.
  See [feuch], [feuchainn].
<deud>, a tooth, Ir. [de/ad], O.Ir. [de/t], W. [dant], Cor. [dans], Br. [dant].
  [dn@.ta^] (Stokes); Lat. [dens] ([dentis]); Gr. @G[o@'dou/s] (g. @G[o@'do/ntos]); Eng.
  [tooth], Got [tun@thus]; Lit. [danti\s]; Skr. [dant-].
<deug>, <diag>, -teen, e.g., <co/ig-deug>, fif-teen, Ir. [de/ag], O.Ir. [de/c],
  [deac], W. [deng], ten (?).  The exact relationship of [deug] to
  [deich] is difficult to decide.  The other I.E. languages, as
  a rule, make 13 to 19 by combining the unit numeral
  with 10, as Ger. [drei-zehn], Ag.S. [@dhri/te/ne], Lat. [tridecim].
  [*dvei-penge] (St.).
<deur>, <diar>, a tear, drop, Ir. [de/ar], [deo/r], O.Ir. [de/r], W., Cor., [dagr],
  O.Br. [dacr], M.Br. [dazrou], tears, [*dakru]; Gr. @G[da/kru]; Lat.
  [lacrima], for [dacrima]; Eng. [tear], Got. [tagr].
<Di->, [-day]; the prefix in the names of the days of the week, Ir.,
  O.Ir. [dia], [die] (O.Ir.), W. [dydd], Cor. [det] (for [dedh]), Br. [dez],
--page 131
  [dijas] (*dejes-?); Lat. [die^s]; Skr. [dya/u/s], day, sky; Gr. @G[Zeu/s],
  @G[Dio/s], Jove.  Allied to [dia], god.  <Di-do\mhnuich>, Sunday, Ir.
  [Domhnach], E.Ir. [domnach], from Lat. (dies) [dominica], Lard's
  day - [dominus], lord; <Di-luain>, Monday, Ir. [Dia-luain], M.Ir.
  [luan], W. [Dydd Llun], from Lat. dies [Lun@ae], "day of the
  moon"; <Di-ma\irt>, Tuesday, Ir. [Dia-mairt], E.Ir. [ma/irt], W.
  [Dydd mawrth], from Lat. dies [Martis], "day of Mars"; <Di-ciaduinn>,
  <Di-ciadaoin>, Wednesday, Ir. [Dia-ce/adaoine], O.Ir.
  [ce/ta/in], [ce/to/in], [de ce/tain] ([de] = [dia] = Lat. [die]), [dia ceta/i/ne], from
  [ceud], first, and [aone], fast, q.v., E.Ir. [a/ine]: "day of the first
  fast", Friday being the second and chief day; <Diardaoin>,
  Thursday, Ir. [Dia-dhardaoin], E.Ir. [dardo/en] = [etar da/ o/in],
  "between two fasts" - the day between the two fasts of
  Wednesday and Friday; <Di-haoine>, Friday, Ir. [Dia-aoine],
  [Dia-haoine], E.Ir. [a/ine], [dia a/ine], O.Ir. [dia oine di/dine] (day
  of the last fast): "day of the fast", from [aoin], fast, q.v.;
  <Di-sathuirn>, Saturday, Ir. [Dia-sathuirn], M.Ir. [satharn], [dia sathairn],
  from Lat. dies [Saturni], day of Saturn..  The days
  of the week were originally named (in Egypt) after the seven
  planets of the ancients - Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jove, Jove,
  Venus, Saturn.
<di->, negative prefix, Ir. [di/], [di/o-], O.Ir. [di/], W. [di], [*de^]; Lat. [de^],
  of.  See [de].  Also <dim>, <diom-> ([di\meas], [dimbrigh], [diombuaidh],
  [diomal]).
<dia>, a god, so Ir., O.Ir. [di/a], W. [duw], O.W. [duiu], Cor. [duy], Br.
  [doe], Gaul. [de^vo], @G[Deiouona] = Di^vona, [*deiuo-s]; Lat. [di^vus] (for
  [deiuos]), deified one, [deus]; Gr. @G[di@nos], divine; Norse [ti/var], gods,
  Eng. [Tues]-day, "day of [Tiw]", the war-god; Lit. [de/@"vas], Pruss.
  [deiwas]; Skr. [deva/].  Hence <diadhaidh>, pious, Ir. [diadha],
  O.Ir. [diade], divinus.
<diabhol>, devil, Ir. [diabhal], O.Ir. [diabul], W. [diawl], Br. [diaoul];
  from Lat. [diabolus], whence also Eng. [devil].
<diachadaich>, especially (Heb.):
<diallaid>, a saddle, so Ir., M.Ir. [diallait], cloak, O.Ir. [dillat],
  clothes, W. [dillad], M.Br. [dillat].
<dialtag>, a bat, Ir. [ialto/g].  See [ialtag].
<diamhain>, idle; see [di\omhain] rather.
<diamhair>, secret, Ir. [diamhair], M.Ir., E.Ir. [diamair], O.Ir.
  [diamair], [dimair].  Root [mar], remain; [di/-mar], disappear?
<dian>, keen, hasty, so Ir., O.Ir. [di/an], [*deino-s]; root [dei], [di^], hasten;
  Gr. @G[di/emai], hasten; Skr. [di^], [di^yati], hurry, allied to the root
  [di^], [div], shine.
<dianag>, a two-year-old sheep; cf. O.Ir. [di/nu], lamb, from the root
  [dhe^], suck.  See [deoghail].  But Sc. [dinmont]?
--page 132
<Diardaoin>, Thursday; see [Di-].
<diardan>, anger, Ir. [di/ardaoin], E.Ir. [diartain]; from [di-], intensive
  prefix (E.Ir. [di/], as in [di/mo/r], excessively great), from [de], and
  [ardan], pride.  Cf. [andiaraid], wrathful.
<diarras>, <di\orras>, stubbornness, vehemence, Ir. [di/orruisg], fierceness,
  rashness: [di/-re/idh]?
<dias>, an ear of corn, so Ir., O.Ir. [di/as], W. [twys] (pl.): [*steipsa^],
  root [steip], stiff, Lat. [stipes], stake, stipula, Eng. [stiff]?  Cf.
  [geug] and W. [cang], [ysgainc], for phonetics.
<dibheach>, an ant (H.S.D. quotes only O'R., while Arms. makes it
  obsolete; M`A. has it), Ir. [dibheach]: [*de+beach]?
<dibhfhearg>, vengeance, indignation, Ir. [dibhghearg], [di/bhfearg]
  (Keat.), E.Ir. [di/be/rg]; from [dim] and [fearg]; see [di-] of
  [diardan].
<dibhirceach>, diligent (Sh.; H.S.D., which refers to C.S., but
  neither in M`A. nor M`E.), Ir. [dibhirceach], diligent, violent
  (O'B., etc.):
<di\bir>, forsake; see [di\obair].
<dibith>, <dimbith>, luckless, lifeless (Carm.):
<di\blidh>, abject, vile, Ir. [di/bligh], O.Ir. [diblide], senium; seemingly
  from Lat. [de^bilis], weak, feeble (Eng. [debilitate], etc.).  Zim.
  (Zeit. @+[24]) has suggested [*di/-adbul], "un-great", from [adbul],
  i.e. [adhbhal], q.v.
<di\brigh>, <dimbrigh>, contempt, Ir. [dimbrigh]; from [dim-], [di/-], and
  [bri\gh], q.v.
<di\chioll>, diligence, Ir. [di/thchioll]: [*di/cell-]; for [cell], see [timchioll].
  Or from [ciall], sense; "attention to"?
<Di-ciadaoin>, Wednesday; see [Di-].
<di\d>, a peep; an onomatopoetic word.
<di\dean>, protection, a fort, Ir. [di/dean], O.Ir. [di/tiu], g. [di/ten], [*di-jemtion-]
  (Stokes); root [jem], cover, protect, Lett. [ju'mju], [ju'mt],
  cover a roof.  The O.Ir. verb is [do-emim] tueor.  Ascoli
  makes the root [em], as in Lat. [emo], buy.  Cf. [eiridinn].
<Di-do\mhnuich>, Sunday; see [Di-].
<difir>, difference, Ir. [difir], [dithfir], M.Ir. [dethbir]; from Lat. [differo],
  Eng. [differ].
<di\g>, a wall of loose stones, a dike; from the Sc. [dike], Eng. [dike].
<dil>, eager, keen.  See [deil].
<di\l>, <di\le>, <di\linn>, a flood, Ir. [di/le], pl. [di/leanna], E.Ir. [di/li], g. [di/lenn],
  diluvium; from Lat. [diluvium] (Stokes), whence Eng. [deluge].
<dile>, dill (M`D.); from the Eng.
<di\leab>, a legacy, Ir. [dilb] (O'R.):
<dileag>, a small drop; from [di\le], flood.
--page 133
<di\leas>, dear, faithful, Ir. [di/leas], O.Ir. [di/les], proprius, own, [*de^lesto-],
  [de^l], I.E. [dhe^l], [dhe^], suck, Lat. [filius], [femina], etc.  See [deoghal].
  Zeuss has suggested [di+leas], from [leas], advantage.
<di\leigh>, digest, <di\leaghadh>, digesting, Ir. [di\leaghadh], from
  [di-leagh], root of [leagh], melt.
<dileum> (accent on [leum]), a shackle; [di+leum], q.v.
<di\linn>, <leac dhi\linn>, a stone [in situ], a rock appearing above
  ground: "natural", from [di\l-] as in [di\leas].
<di\lleachdan>, an orphan, Ir. [di/lleachda], O.Ir. [dilechtu], orfani:
  "de[re]lict", from [di-] and [leig], let go ([di-le@-c-], let go).
<dimbrigh>, contempt; see [di\brigh].
<di\meas>, contempt, Ir. [di/mheas], O.Ir. [di/mess]; from [di/-], [di/m-], and
  [meas].
<dinn>, press, force down, squeeze, Ir. [dingim], [ding], a wedge, E.Ir.
  [dingim], perf. [dedaig], [*dengo^]; Ag.S. [tengan], press, Norse
  [tengja], fasten (Bezzenberger).  See [daingean].  Brugmann
  refers it to [*dhingho^], Lat. [fingo], mould, feign, I.E. [dheigh],
  Eng. [dough].
<dinnein>, a small heap, Ir. [dinn], a hill, fortified hill, E.Ir. [dinn]
  [dind] (do.), [*dindu-]; Norse [tindr], spike, peak, Ger. [zinne],
  pinnacle, Eng. [tine].  But cf. Gr. @G[qi/s], @G[qino/s] (@G[i] long), a heap,
  Skr. [dhanvan].
<di\nneir>, a dinner, Ir. [dinne/ar]; from the Eng.
<dinnsear>, ginger, Ir. [gingsear], M.Ir. [sinnsar]; from M.Eng.
  [ginger], Lat. [zingiber].
<di\obair>, forsake, Ir. [di\birim]; [for [di\]+[i\obair], q.v.  [di-ud-ber] (St.).
<di\obhail>, loss, Ir. [di/oghabhail], O.Ir. [di/gbail], deminutio; [di\-] and
  [gabhail], q.v.
<di\obhargadh>, persecution, <di\obhargach>, fierce, keen, Ir. [dibheargach],
  vindictive; see [dibhfhearg].
<di\obhuir>, vomit: [*de+beir], Lat. [defero]; from [de] and [beir].
<diocail>, lower, diminish (H.S.D., which quotes MSS. only);
  [di/]+[ad-cal]; from [ca\il]?
<di\ochain>, forgetfulness; Dialectic for [dichuimhne], that is [di-] and
  [cuimhne].
<diod>, <diodag>, a drop; from the Eng. [jet]? [jot]?
<diog>, a syllable, Ir. [digim], [diugam], cluck as a hen: G. <diug>, the
  call to hens.  Onomatopoetic.
<diogail>, tickle, Ir. [giglim], O.Ir. [fogitled] (for [fogicled]?).  The G.
  seems borrowed from the Eng. [tickle], [kittle]; and possibly all
  are onomatopoetic, and reshaped in later times.  Cf. Eng.
  [giggle], Lat. [cachinnus].
<diogair>, eager, Ir. [di/ogar] (O'R.), E.Ir. [di/gar] (?):
<di\ogan>, revenge, Ir. [di/ogan] (O'B., etc.); the word is Irish (not in
  M`A.; M`E. marks it doubtful.):
--page 134
<di\oghail>, <di\ol>, avenge, pay, Ir. [di/oghalaim], [di/olaim], O.Ir. [di/gal]
  (n.), W., Cor. [dial], [*de^-gala^].  See [gal], valour, etc.
<di\oghluim>, glean, <di\oghluim>, a gleaning, Ir. [di/oghluim] (n.):
  [*ge-gluim]; for [gluim], see [foghlum].
<di\ol>, pay, Ir. [di/olam], M.Ir. [di/laim]; see [di\oghail].
<di\olan>, illegitemate, M.G. [diolain] (M`V.), Ir. [di/olanlas], fornication
  (O'B.): [*di/la/namnas], "non-conjugium"?  See [la/nain].
<diomadh>, discontent, pain, Ir. [diomadh], [diomdha]; see [diu\mach].
<diomarag>, clover seed:
<diomasach>, proud, Ir. [di/omus], pride, M.Ir. [di/umus], pride, "too
  great measure": [di/-od-mess], root [mess] of [comus] (Zimmer).
<diombach>, <diombuidheach>, displeased, Ir. [diombuidheach], unthankful;
  from [diom-], [dim-], un-, and [buidheach], thankful, q.v.
  Confused with [diu\mach], q.v.
<diombuaidh>, unsuccessfulness, <diombuan>, transitory: negative
  compounds of [buaidh] and [buan], q.v.
<di\omhain>, idle, Ir. [di/omhaoin], O.Ir. [di/ma/in]; from [di/-] and [maoin],
  "office-less"; see [maoin].
<di\omhair>, secret; see [diamhair].
<di\on>, protection, Ir. [di/on], E.Ir. [di/n], g. [di/na], [*de^nu-]; root [dhe^],
  set?
<diong>, match, equal, pay, E.Ir. [dingbain], ward off, [dingba/la],
  worthy: [*din-gab], "off-give".  See [gabh].
<diongmhalta>, perfect, Ir. [di/ongmhalta], perfect, sure.  See [diong]
  above.>>
<dionnal>, a shot, fight; see [deannal].
<diorachd>, ability (H.S.D.):  Cf. Ir. [di/r], proper, [*de^r].
<di\orras>, vehemence, vehement anger; see [diarras].
<diosd>, a jump, kick with the heels (Dialectic); from Sc. [jisk],
  caper.
<di\osg>, barren, <di\osgadh>, barrenness, not giving milk, Ir. [di/osc],
  [di/osg]: [di@--sesc-]; see [seasg].  For its composition, see [de/irc].
<diosg>, a dish; from Lat. [discus], Norse [diskr], Ag.S. [disc], Eng. [dish].
<di\osgan>, a creaking or gnashing noise, Ir. [di/osga/n].  See [gi\osgan].
<di\ot>, a meal, <di\ot mho/r>, dinner, M.Ir. [diet], [diit], E.Ir. [di/thait];
  from Lat. [diaeta], Eng. [diet]; [dithit], feast during day (Meyer),
  [dithait] ([i@u]) (Ta/in).
<di\pin>, a deepening (in a net), a certain measure of a net; from
  Sc. [deepin], a net, Eng. [deep].
<di\r>, ascend; curtailed from [di\rich].
<di\reach>, strait, Ir. [di/reach], O.Ir. [di/rech], [*de^-reg], root [reg], stretch;
  Lat. [rego], [directus], Eng. [direct], etc.  The root is found also
  in [e/irigh], [rach], etc.  Hence <di\rich>, straighten, ascend.
<dis>, susceptible to cold, Ir. [di/s], poor, miserable, E.Ir. [diss], [dis],
  weak, [*de-sti-]?  Root [sta].
--page 135
<di\sleach>, stormy, uncouth, straggling, Ir. [di/sligheach], deviating,
  [di/-slighe], [slighe], path, q.v.  In the sense of "stormy", the
  derivation is doubtful.
<di\sne>, a die, dice, Ir. [di/sle]; from M.Eng [dys], dice.
<di\t>, condemn, Ir. [di/otach], condemnatory, [di/ota/il], an indictment;
  from the M.Eng. [di^ten], indict, Sc. [dite] - a parallel form to
  [indict], [endit], from Lat. [indicto], [dicto], dictate, [dico], say.
  Further Sc. [dittay].
<dith>, press together, <dithimh>, a heap (Sh.):
<di\th>, want, defeat, Ir. [di/th], O.Ir. [di/th], destruction, [*de^to], from [de^]
  (as in [de], of, [di\-], un-); Lat. [le^tum] (=[de^tum]), death (Stokes).
<di\thean>, daisy, darnel, blossom, M.Ir. [dithen], darnel, Manx [jean]
  (do.):
<dithis>, a pair, two, Ir. [di/s], O.Ir. [dias], g. [desse], dat. and acc. [diis]
  (also [di/as], [di/is]), duitas, [*dveista^], from the fem. [*dvei], O.Ir
  [di/], two.  See [da\].  O.Ir. [dias], [*dveiassa]: cf. Lat. [bes], [bessis],
  from [*bejess] (St.).
<di\threabh>, a desert, Ir. [di/threabh], O.Ir. [dithrub]; from [di/-] and
  [treb]; see [treabh], [aitreabh].
<diu>, <diugh> (to)-day, <an diu>, to-day, Ir. [andiu], [aniu], O.Ir. [indiu],
  W. [heddyw], M.Br. [hiziu], Br. [hirio], [*divo-] (Stokes); Skr.
  [diva^]; Lat. diu^.  See [Di-], day.  The <an> (O.Ir. [in]) is the article.
<diu\>, worth while: [*do-fiu\]; see [fiu\].
<diu\bhaidh>, <diu\gha>, refuse, the worst, <diu> (M`F., M`E), Ir.
  [di/ogha]; opposite of [rogha].  See [roghainn].
<diu\bhail>, mischief, loss; see [di\obhail].
<diu\bhras>, difference, <diubhar> (Arm.): [*divr], [*difr], from [differ] of
  Lat. [differo].  See [difir].
<diuc>, the pip, a sickness of fowls:
<diu\c>, a duke, Ir. [diubhce], [diu/ic] (Keat.); from the Eng. [duke].
<diu\cair>, a ducker, a bladder for keeping nets at the proper depth
  under water; from the Eng. [ducker].
<diuchaidh>, addled:
<diu\dan>, giddiness, <diudan> (Arm.):
<diug>, an interjection to call hens, cluck, Ir. [diugam], cluck:
  onomatopoetic.  See [diog].
<diugan>, mischance (H.S.D., which marks it as Dialectic):
<diugh>, to-day; see [diu].
<diu\id>, tender-hearted, a spiritless person, Ir. [diu/id], O.Ir. [diuit],
  semplex:
<diu\lanas>, bravery, Ir. [di/olu/ntas], earlier [diolmhaineach], soldier,
  mercenarius; from [di\ol], pay.
--page 136
<diu\lt>, refuse, Ir. [diu/ltaim], E.Ir. [di/ultaim], O.Ir. [di/ltuch], refusing,
  [dori/ltiset], negaverunt, [*di-i^lt] (Thu.).  Zimmer suggests the
  root of Lat. [lateo], lurk, Stokes gives [*de-laudi] ("Celt. Dec."),
  and Ascoli hesitates between [*di-la-] ([la], throw, Gr. @G[e@'lau/nw])
  and [*di-shlond].  Possibly an active form of [till], return.
  [di/ltud], v.n. of [do-sluindi].
<diu\mach>, displeased, Ir. [di/omdhach], M.Ir. [di/mdach], [dimmdach]:
  [*dim-med-], root [med], mind, as in [meas].
<dleas>, <dleasnas>, duty, Ir. [dlisdeanas], legality, E.Ir. [dlestanas] (do.),
  [*dlixo-], [*dl@.g-so-], right; see [dligheadh].
<dligheadh>, law, right, Ir. [dli/gheadh], O.Ir. [dliged], W. [dyled], [dled],
  debt, [*dligeto-n], Cor. [dylly], debere, Br. [dle], debt, [*dl@.go^], I
  owe; Got. [dulgs]; Ch.Sl [dlugu] (do.).
<dlo>, a handful of corn, <dlo\> (M`L., M`E.), Ir. [dlaoigh], a lock of hair
  or anything, E.Ir. [dlai], a wisp; cf. W. [dylwf], wisp, and Lat.
  [floccus]?
<dluigheil>, handy, active (Dial.), Ir. [dlu/igh], active (O'B.), M.Ir.
  [dluigh], service, E.Ir. [dluig], service, [*dlogi-]; same root as
  [dligheadh].
<dlu\th>, close, Ir. [dlu/th], E.Ir. [dlu/ith], O.Ir. [dlu/tai], (pl.), [dlu/the],
  adhaerendi, [*dluti-].  Cf. Gr. @G[qla/w], crush.  [dru]?
<dlu\th>, the warp of a web, Ir., O.Ir [dlu/th], stamen, W. [dylif]
  ([*dlu^-mi-]?; from the above root ([dlu^]).
<do>, to, Ir. [do], O.Ir. [do], [du], Cor. [dhe], O.Br. [do], Br. [da]; Eng. [to],
  Ag.S. [to/], Ger. [zu]; Lat. [-do] ([endo], [indu]); Gr. @G[-de].  Stokes
  derives the prep [do] from the verbal particle [do], [to].  See the
  next word.>>
<do>, a verbal particle denoting "to, ad", Ir. [do], O.Ir. [do-], [du-], also
  [to-], when it carries the accent (e.g. [dobiur], I give, [*do-be/ro^],
  but [tabair], give, [*to/-bere]; W. [du-], [dy-], [y].  Cf. Gat. [du], to
  prep. and prefix, for [*@thu]?
<do>, thy, Ir. [do], O.Ir. [do], [du], W. [dy], E.W. [teu], Cor. [dhe], Br.[da],
  [*tovo]; Lat. [tuus]; Skr. [ta/va], etc.  See [tu].
<do->, <du->, prefix of negative quality, Ir. [do-], [do/-], O.Ir. [do-], [du-],
  [*dus-]; Skr. [dus-]; Gr. @G[dus-]; Got. [taz-], Ger. [zer-].  Its opposite
  is [so], q.v.  Following the analogy of [so], it aspirates the
  consonants though originally it ended in [s].
<dobair>, a plasterer (M`D.), Ir. [do/bado/ir], W. [dwbiwr]; from M.Eng.
  [dauber], Eng. [daub].
<do\bhaidh>, boisterous: [*du-vati-], root [vet], as in [onfhadh], q.v.
++<dobhar>, water, Ir. [dobhar], E.Ir. [dobur], W. [dwfr], Cor. [dofer], Br.
  [dour], Gaul. [dubrum], [*dubro-n], [*dub-ro-], root [dub], deep, as in
  [domhain], q.v.  Cf. Lit. [dumblas], mire, Lett. [dubli] (do.); Lit.
  [duburys], a place with springs, [dumbury/s]; Ger [tu@"mpel], a deep
--page 137
  place in flowing or standing water.  Hence <dobharchu>
  ("water-dog") and <dobhran>, the otter.
<docair>, grievous, hard, trouble, E.Ir. [doccair], uneasiness, trouble.
<docha>, preferable, <is docha>, prefer; see [toigh].
<do\cha>, more likely, Ir. [do/cha], O.Ir. [dochu]; comparative of [do/igh],
  O.Ir. [do/ig], likely, [*dougi-], [*douki-]; Gr. @G[deu/kei], thinks,
  @G[a@'deukc/s], unseemly; Ger. [zeuge], witness; further allied is Lat.
  [du^co].  Connection with Gr. @G[doke/w] has been suggested, and
  Zimmer has analysed it into [*do-ech], [*do-sech], root [sec], say
  (as in [casg], etc.: Cam.), citing the by-form [toich] (G. <toigh>),
  which is a different word.  Hence <do\chas>, <do\igh>.
<dochair>, <dochar>, hurt, damage, so Ir., E.Ir. [dochor]; from [do-] and
  [cor-], i.e., [cor], state: [dochar], "bad state".  See [cor], [sochair].
  Hence <dochartach>, sick.
<dochann>, injury, hurt, M.Ir. [dochond], ill-fortune, O.Ir. [conaichi],
  felicior, from [*cuno-], high, root [ku] (as in [curaidh])?
<do\chas>, hope, Ir. [co/chas], M.Ir. [do/chus]; see [do\cha].
<docran>, anguish (Sh., Arm.; not H.S.D.); cf. [docrach], hard, from
  [docair].
<dod>, a tantrum, fret, Ir. [sdoid] (n.), [sdodach] (adj.), [do/iddeach],
  quarrelsome (Con.).  Cf. Sc. [dod].
<do\dum>, a teetotum (Dialectic); from the Eng.
<dog>, a bit; from the Eng. [dock].
<dogadh>, mischief (Sh.), O.Ir. [dodcad] (Str.).
<dogail>, cynical, <doganta>, fierce; from the Eng. [dog].
<do\gan>, a sort of oath (Dialectic, M`L.); Sc. [daggand, Eng. [doggonit],
  Amer. [doggond].
<dogha>, a burdock, Ir. [meacan dogha]; Eng. [dock], Ag.S. [docce].
<doibhear>, rude, uncivil, so Ir. (Lh., which H.S.D. quotes, O'B.,
  etc.): "ill-bearing"; from [do-] and [beus].
<doicheall>, churlishness, Ir. [doicheall], g. [doichle]; E.Ir. [dochell],
  grudging, inhospitality: opposed to E.Ir. [sochell], meaning
  "kindness", [soichlech].  Root is that of [timchioll].  Gaul.
  [Sucellos], a god's name.
<do\id>, the hand, grasp, Ir. [do/id], E.Ir. [do/it], O.Ir. [inna n-doat],
  lacertorum, [*dousenti-]; Skr [dos] ([*daus]), [doshan], fore-arm,
  Zend [daosha], shoulder.  Strachan, who cites the meanings
  "hand, wrist", suggests a stem [*doventi-], from I.E. [dheva]
  (move violently), comparing Gr. @G[karpo/s], wrist, from [qr@.p], turn.
  Hence <do\ideach>, muscular.
<do\id>, a small farm: "a holding"; from [do\id], hand.  Cf.
  <do\ideach>, firmly grasping.
--page 138
<do\ideach>, frizzled up, shrunk (of hair); from [da\th], singe.
<do\igh>, manner, manner, trust, Ir. [do/igh].  For root, see [do\cha].
<doilbh>, difficult (H.S.D.), dark (Sh., O'B.), Ir. [doilbh], dark, gloomy:
  cf. [suilbh].
<doileas>, injury; from [do-] and [leas].
<doilgheas>, sorrow, so Ir.; from [doiligh], sorry, the Ir. form of
  [duilich], q.v.
<doilleir>, dark, Ir. [co/ile/ir]; see [soilleir].
<doimeag>, a slattern; cf. Ir. [doim], poor, and for root, see [soimeach].
<doimh>, bulky, gross; see [do\mhail].
<doimh>, <doimheadach>, vexing, galling: [*do-ment-], "ill-minded".
<doimheal>, stormy (Sh.; not H.S.D.):
<do\ineach>, sorrowful, baneful (Arm., who has [doineach] with short
  [o]), O.Ir. [do/inmech], [do/inmidh].  Dr. N. M`L. "fateful".  [da\n]?
<doinionn>, a tempest, Ir. [doineann], O.Ir. [doinenn].  See [soineann].
<doirbeag>, a minnow, tadpole, Ir. [dairb], a marsh worm, murrain
  caterpillar, E.Ir. [duirb] (acc.), worm, [*dorbi-]: I.E. [derbho-],
  wind, bend, Skr. [darbh], wind, M.H.G. [zerben], whirl.
<doirbh>, hard, difficult, so Ir., O.Ir. [doirb]; see [soirbh].
<doire>, grove, Ir. [doire], [daire], O.Ir. [daire] (Adamnan), [Derry], W.
  [deri], oak grove; see [darach].
<doireagan>, peewit; Dialectic form of [adharcan].
<doireann>, <doirionn>, (Arg.), tempestuous weather; see [doinionn].
  For phonetics, cf. [boirionn].
<doirionta>, sullen, so Ir.; cf. the above word.
<do\irling>, <do\irlinn>, isthmus, beach, Ir. [doirling], promontory,
  beach: [*do-air-li/ng-] (for [ling], see [leum])?  For meaning, see
  [tairbeart]
<do\irt>, pour, Ir. [doirtim], [do/rtadh] (inf.), E.Ir. [doirti/m], O.Ir.
  [dofortad], effunderet, [dorortad], was poured out, [*fort-], root
  [vor], [ver], pour, E.Ir. [feraim], I pour, give; Lat. [u^rina], urine;
  Gr. @G[ou@'@nron]; Norse [u/r], drizzling raing, Ag.S. [va@"r], sea; Skr. [va@-/ri],
  water.  to this Stokes refers [braon] (for [vroen-], [vero/ena^]?).
<doit>, foul, dark (H.S.D. only):
<do\it>, a small coin less than a farthing; from the Sc. [doit].
<dol>, going, Ir. [dul], O.Ir. [dul], inf. to [doluid], [dolluid], ivit, from
  [luid], went, [*ludo^], from I.E. [leudho], go, Gr. @G[e@'leu/somai], will
  come, @G[c@'/luqon], came.  Stokes and Brugmann refer [luid] to
  [*(p)ludo^, root [plu], [plou] of [luath], q.v.
<do\lach>, destructive: "grievous"; from ++<do\l>, grief, Sc. [dool], from
  Lat. [dolor].
<dolaidh>, harm, so Ir., E.Ir. [dolod], O.Ir. [dolud], damnum, O.G.
  [dolaid], burden, charge; its opposite is E.Ir. [solod], profit:
  [*do-lud], "mis-go"; from [lud] of [luid], go (Ascoli).
--page 139
<do\las>, grief, Ir. [do/las]: formed from [so\las], consolation on the
  analogy of other [do-] and [so-] words.  See [so\las].
<do\lum>, mean, surly, wretchedness, poverty.  Cf. [do\lach].
<dom>, the gall, gall-bladder; see [domblas]>
<domail>, damage; apparently founded on Lat. [damnum].
<domblas>, gall, bile, Ir. [comblas], M.Ir. [domblas ae], i.e., "bitterness
  of the liver"; from M.Ir. [domblas], ill-taste; from [do-mlas].
  See [blas].
<domhach>, a savage; see [doimh].
<do\mhail>, bulky: M.Ir. [derg-domla], pl., from [*domail], root of
  [meall]: [*do-fo-mell]?
<domhain>, deep, so Ir., O.Ir. [domain], W. [dwfn], Br. [don], [*dubni-s],
  [*dubno-s]; Eng. [deep], Got [diups]; Lit. [dubu\s], deep [dumbury/s],
  a hole in the ground filled with water, [dauba], ravine, Ch.Sl.
  [du@ubri@u], ravine: I.E. [dheub].  See also [dobhar].
<domhan>, the Universe, so Ir., O.Ir. [domun], Gaul. [Dubno-], [Dumno-]
  (in many proper names, as [Dubnotalus], [Dumnorix], "World-king",
  Gaelic [Domhnall], [*Dumno-valo-s], W. [Dyfnual], Celtic
  [*dubno-], the world, the "deep"; another form of [domhain]
  above.  Cf. Eng. [deep] for the "sea".  D'Arbois de Jubainville
  explains [Dubno-] of Gaulish names as "deep", [Dumnorix],
  "deep king", "high king"; and he has similarly to explain
  [Biturix] as "king for aye", not "world king": all which
  seems a little forced.
<Do\mhnach>, Sunday, so Ir., E.Ir. [domnach]; from Lat. [dominica],
  "the Lord's".  See under [Di-].
<don>, evil, defect, Ir. [don]; see next word.>>
<dona>, bad, so Ir., E.Ir. [donae], [dona], wretched, bad; opposite to
  [sona], [son], happy.  See [sona].
<dongaidh>, moist, humid; from the Sc. [donk], Eng. [dank].
<donn>, brown, Ir. O.Ir. [donn], W. [dwn], Gaul. [Donnus], [Donno-];
  [*donno-s], [*dus-no-]; Lat. [fuscus]; Eng. [dusk], [dust].  Eng. [dun]
  may be hence.
<donnal>, a howl, complaint; [*don-no-], I.E. [dhven], whence Eng. [din],
  Skr. [dhvana], sound.  Meyer says: "Better [donal], fem."  G.
  is masc.
<dorbh>, <dorgh>, a hand-line, Ir. [dorubha]; also <drogha>, q.v.
<dorc>, a piece (Dialectic): [*dorco-], root [der], split, Eng. [tear]; N. [dorg].
  <dorch>, dark, Ir. [dorcha], O.Ir. [dorche]; opposed to [sorcha], bright,
  [*do-reg-io-], root [reg], see, Lit. [regiu\], I see.  See [rosg].  The
  root [reg], colour, Gr. @G[r@`e/xw], colour, @G[e@'/rebos], Erebus, Norse [ro@"kr],
  darkness, [Ragna-ro@"kr], twilight of the gods, is allied.  Ascoli
  and Zimmer refer it to the Gadelic root [rich], shine, O.Ir.
  [richis], coal, Bret. [regez], glowing embers, Skr. [ric], [r@.c], shine.
--page 140
<do\rlach>, a handful, quantity: [*dorn-lach], from [do\rn], a fist.
<do\rn>, a fist, Ir. [dorn], O.Ir. [dorn], W. [dwrn], Cor. [dorn], O.Br. [dorn],
  Br. [dourn], hand, Gaul. [Durnacos], [*durno-]; Gr. @G[dw@nron], palm,
  @G[da/reir], @G[da/rin], a span; Lettic [du/rc], fist; I.E. root [der] split.
  [*dver], [*dur], strong.
<dorra>, more difficult, Ir. [dorrach], harsh, M.Ir. [dorr], rough,
  [*dorso-]; Czech [drsen], rough (Stokes, Strachan).
<dorran>, vexation, anger, Ir. [dorra/n], M.Ir. [dorr], [*dorso-]; see
  above word.>>
<do\ruinn>, pain, anguish, Ir. [do/ghruing.  Cf. E.Ir. [dogra], [do/gra],
  lamenting, anguish, [dogar], sad, from [do-] and [gar], q.v.
<dorus>, a door, Ir., O.Ir. [dorus], W. [drws], Cor. [daras], O.Cor. [dor],
  Br. [dor], [*dvorestu-]; Lat. [fores]; Gr. @G[qu/ra]; Eng. [door]; Lit.
  [du\rys]; Skr [dva@-/r].
<dos>, a bush, tuft, Ir. [dos], O.Ir. [doss], [*dosto-], root [dus]; Lat. [dumus]
  (= [dus-mus]), thicket; Eng. [tease], [teasel].
<dosdan>, a kind of food given to horses; from Eng. [dust].
<dosgadh>, <dosgainn>, misfortune; cf. Ir. [do/sgathach], improvident.
  From [do-] and [sgath], q.v.  Ir. [dosguidhtheach], morose,
  extravagant.
<dotarra>, sulky; see [dod].
<doth>, a doating on one; cf. Sc. [daut], dote, M.Eng. [doten].
<dra\bach>, dirty slovenly, Ir. [drabaire], [drabo/g], slut, [drab], a stain;
  from Eng. [drab].  See [drabh].  Hence <drabasda>, obscene.
<drabh>, dissolve, <drabhag>, dregs, <drabhas>, filth, E.Ir. [drabar-slog],
  rabble; from Eng. [draff], allied to Ger. [treber], Norse [draf].
  Stokes thinks that the G. is allied to, not derived from, the
  Eng.  The Eng. word [drab] is allied to [draff], and so is [dregs].
<dra\bh>, scatter, dissolve (M`A., Arg.), not <drabh> (H.S.D., which,
  however, has <drabhach>, rifted).  <dra\bhach>, wide-sutured,
  rifted (Arg.):
<dra\c>, a drake; from the Eng.  See [ra\c].
<dragh>, trouble, O.Ir. g. [mor-draige], roughness: [*drago-], I.E.
  [dregho-], Ag.S. [trega], vexation, Norse [tregr], dragging,
  slovenly, [trega], grieve; Skr. [dra^gh], pain; Gr. @G[*tarahc/],
  @G[tra@-hu/s] (St.).
<dragh>, pull, draw, Ir. [draga/il]; from the Eng. [drag], [draw], Norse
  [drega].
<dra\gon>, a dragon, Ir. [dragu/n], E.Ir. [drac], g. [dracon]; from Lat.
  [draco(n)], Eng. [dragon].
<dra\ichd>, a slattern (Arm.):
<draighlichd>, a trollop, draggle-tail (Arg.); from Eng. [draggle-tail]?
  Cf. [draghlainn] under [draoluinn].
<draillsein>, a sparkling light (Sh., H.S.D.); see [drillsean].
--page 141
<draimheas>, a foul mouth; cf. Ir. [drabhas], a wry mouth, [dramhaim],
  I grin.  The G. seems from [drabh] above.
<draing>, a snarl, grin; see [dranndan].
<dra\m>, <dram>, a dram, Ir. [dram]; from the Eng.
<dramaig>, a foul mixture, crowdie (Sh., H.S.D.); from the Sc.
  [dramock].
<drannd>, <dranndan>, a hum, snarl, Ir. [draint], [drannta/n], M.Ir.
  [drantaigim], I snarl; from a Celtic [*dran], I.E. [dhreno-],
  sound, drone; Eng. [drone]; Gr. @G[qrc@nnos], dirge; Skr. [dhran@.],
  sound, murmur.
<drann>, <dranna>, a word (M`A., Arg.); same as [drannd].
<draoch>, a fretful or ghastly look, hair standing on end, Ir. [driuch],
  fretfulness, angry look: root [dhrigh]; Gr. @G[qri/x], @G[triho/s], hair.
  For meaning, cf. [snuadh], hue, hair.
<draoi>, <draoidh>, <druidh>, a magicician, druid, Ir. [draoi], gen. pl.
  [druadh], E.Ir. [drai], [drui], g. [druad], Gaul. [druides] (Eng.
  [druid]).  Its etymology is obscure.  Stokes suggests relationship
  with Eng. [true], G. [dearbh], q.v., or with Gr. @G[qre/omai], cry,
  (as in [drannd], [du\rd]), or Gr. @G[a@'/qre/w], look sharp, Pruss. [dereis],
  see.  Thurneysen analyses the word as [dru], high, strong,
  see [truaill].  Brugmann and Windisch have also suggested
  the root [dru], oak, as Pliny did too, because of the Druids'
  reverence for the oak tree.  Ag.S. [dry/], magus, is borrowed
  from the Celtic.  [draoineach], [druineach], artisan, "eident"
  person (Carm.); [draoneach], "any person that practices an
  art" (Grant), agriculturist; [druinneach], artist (Lh.).  Ir.
  [druine], art needlework; @G[qro/na], flowers in embroidery
  drugs.
<draoluinn>, delay, tediousness, drawling; from the Eng. [drawling],
  Sc. [drawl], to be slow in action, [drawlie], slow and slovenly.
  Dialectic <draghlainn>, a slovenly person, a mess.
<drapuinn>, tape; from the Eng. [drape].
<draos>, trash, filth, Ir. [draos].  Cf. Eng. [dross].
<dra\sda>, <an dra\sda>, now, Ir. [dra/sda], M.Ir. [trasta], for [an tra\th sa],
  this time.
<drathais>, drawers; from the Eng.
<dreach>, aspect, Ir. [dreach], E.Ir. [drech], W. [drych], M.Br. [derch],
  [*dr@.ka^], [*dr@.kko-], root [derk] as in [dearc], q.v.
<dre\achd>, <dreuchd>, duty, office, Ir. [dre/acht], song, O.Ir. [dre/cht],
  portio, [*drempto-], root [drep], Gr. @G[dre/pw], pluck, cull (Strachan).
<dreag>, <dre\ag>, a meteor or portent; from the Ag.S. [dre/ag],
  apparition, Norse [draugr], ghost.  Also <driug>.
<dreall>, <dreoll>, door-bar, <dreallag>, a swingle-tree: [dr@.s-lo-], root [der],
  split, Eng. [tree]?  Cf. W. [dryll], [*dhruslo], @G[qrauw].
--page 142
<dreallaire>, an idler; see [drollaire].
<dreallsach>, a blazing fire; see [drillsean].
<dream>, a tribe, people, Ir. [dream], E.Ir. [dremm]; from <dream>,
  bundle, handful, manipulus, Br. [dramm], a sheaf, [*dregsmo-];
  Gr. @G[dra/gma], a handful, @G[dra/ssomai]; Ch.Sl. [drazhaiti],
  grasps; Skr. [darh], make fast, I.E. [dergho-], fasten.  Hence
  <dreamsgal>, a heterogeneous mass.  [dreg]: [dreng], tramp?
  Cf. [drong].
<dreamach>, peevish, <dream>, snarl; cf. Ir. [dreamhnach], perverse,
  E.Ir. [dremne], fierceness, from [dreamh], surly, [*dremo-], from
  [drem], [drom], rush, Gr. @G[dro/mos], a race.  G. [dreamach] may be
  for [*dregsmo-], root [dreg] as in [dreangan].
<dreangan>, a snarler, Ir. [drainceanta], snarling, [drainc], a snarl, also
  [draint], W. [drengyn], a surly chap, [dreng], morose, [*drengo-],
  root [dreg], from [dhre] of [dranndan].
<dreas>, bramble, bramble-bush, Ir. [dreas]; see [dris].
<dreasair>, a dresser (house-furniture).
<dreathan-donn>, wren, Ir. [dreaa/n], [drean], W. [dryw], [*drivo-], [*dr@.-vo-],
  root [der], [dher], jump?  See [da\ir].  Cf. for sense Gr. @G[tro/hilos].
  or from [dhrevo], cry, Gr. @G[qre/omai], G. [drannd], q.v.
<dreigas>, a grin, peevish face, E.Ir. [dric], wrathful; [*dreggo-], root
  [dreg] as in [dreangan].
<dreimire>, a ladder, Ir. [dre/imire], E.Ir. [dre/imm], ascent, vb. [dringim],
  W. [dringo], scandere, [*drengo^].  Bezzenberger compares the
  Norse [drangr], an up-standing rock (cf. [cliff] and [climb].  The
  root [dreg] of [dreimire] has also been compared to Ger. [treppe],
  staircase, Eng. [tramp].  See [dream], people, "goers".  Ir. [ag dreim],
  advancing.
<dre/in>, a grin: [*dreg-ni-], root [dreg] of [dreangan].
<dreo\chdam>, the crying of the deer; from [dhrevo], [dhre], cry.
<dreo\lan>, a wren, Ir. [dreo/la/n]: [*drivolo-]; see [dreathan].
<dreo\lan>, a silly person, Ir. [dreo/la/n], W. [drel], a clown; from Eng.
  [droll]?  Thurneysen prefers to consider these words borrowed
  from Eng. [thrall], Norse [@thr@oel].  The word appears as <dreo\lan>,
  <dreallaire>, <drollaire>.  In the sense of "loiterer", these words
  are from the Norse [drolla], loiter, Eng. [droil].
<dreo\s>, a blaze:
<dreugan>, a dragon (Dialectic); see [dra\gon].
<driachan>, plodding, obstinacy, Ir. [driachaireachd]: [*dreiqo-]; cf.
  Eng. [drive], from [dhreip].
<driamlach>, a fishing line, Manx [rimlagh], E.Ir. [ri/amnach]:
  [*reimmen-]; see [re/im].
<driceachan>, tricks (M`D.).
<drifeag>, hurry (Heb.); see [drip].
--page 143
<dril>, a spark, sparkle, Ir. [dril], [drithle], pl. [drithleanna], M.Ir.
  [drithle], dat. [drithlinn], also [drithre], [*drith-renn-] (for [-renn-],
  see [reannag]), [*drith].  Hence <drillsean>, sparkles, from
  [drithlis], a spark.  [dri\llsean], rushlight, rush used as wick.
<driodar>, dregs, lees, Ir. [dri/odar], gore, dregs: [*driddo-], [*dr@.d-do-],
  root [der], Eng. [tear].  Cf. Sc. [driddle].
<driog>, a drop, Ir. [driog] (dri/og], Con.), [driogaire], a distiller; seemingly
  borrowed from Norse [dregg], M.Eng. [dreg], dregs.
<driongan>, slowness, Ir. [drionga/n], a plaything, worthless pastime:
<drip>, hurry, confusion, Ir. [drip], bustle, snare: [*drippi-], [*dhribh],
  Eng. [drive]?  N. [drepa], hit.
<dris>, a bramble, brier, Ir. [dris], O.Ir. [driss], O.W. [drissi], W.
  [dryssien], Cor. [dreis], Br. [drezen], [*dressi-].  Bezzenberger
  suggests a stem [*drepso], M.H.G. [trefs], Ger. [trespe], darnel,
  M.Eng. [drauk] (= [dravick] of Du.), zizanium.  It must be
  kept separate from [droighionn], O.Ir. [draigen], Celtic root
  [dr@.g], thought G. [dris] might be for [*dr@.g-si-], for the W. would
  be in [ch], not [s].  See [droighionn].
<drithlean>, a rivet:
<drithleann>, a sparkle, Ir. [drithlinn]; oblique form of [dril].
<driubhlach>, a cowl, so Ir. (O'R.); Sh. has [dribhlach].
<driu\can>, a beak, Ir. [driuch].  M`A. gives also the meaning, "an
  incision under one of the toes".  See [draoch].
<driuch>activity (M`A.):
<driuchan>, a stripe, as in cloth (M`A.):
<driug>, a meteor, portent; see [dreag].
<dro\bh>, a drove; from the Eng.
<drobhlas>, profusion, so Ir.:
<droch>, evil, bad, Ir. [droch], O.Ir. [droch], [drog], W. [drwg], Cor. [drog],
  malum, M.Br. [drouc], [*druko-].  Usually compared to Skr.
  [druh], injure, Ger. [trug], deception.  Stokes has suggested
  [dhruk], whence Eng. [dry], and Bezzenberger compares Norse
  [trega], grieve, [tregr], unwilling (see [dragh]).
<drochaid>, a bridge, Ir. [droichiod], O.Ir. [drochet]:
<drog>, a sea-swell at its impact on a rock (Arg.):
<drogaid>, drugget, Ir. [droga/id] (O'R.); from the Eng.
<drogha>, a nad fishing line; also <dorgh>, <dorbh>, Ir. [dorubha],
  [drubha]; Norse [dorg], an angler's tackle.
<droich>, a dwarf, Ir. [droich], [*drogi-], allied to Teut. [dwergo-], Ger.
  [zwerg], Norse [dvergr], Eng. [dwarf].
<droigheann>, bramble, thorn, Ir. [droigheann], O.Ir. [draigen], W.
  [draen], Cor. [drain], [drein], Br. [drean], [*dragino-]: cf. Gr. @G[trahu/s],
  rough, @G[qra/ssw], confuse, Eng. [dregs].  Bezzenberger compares
  Lit. [dri\gne@?s], black henbane, Gr. @G[dra/bc].  Ebel referred
--page 144
  it to the same origin as Gr. @G[te/rhnos], twig.  Also <droighneach>,
  (1) thorn, (2) lumber, "entanglement".
<droinip>, tackle:
<drola>, a pot-hook, Ir. [drol], [droltha], M.Ir. [drol], [drolam], handle,
  E.Ir. [drolam], knocker, ring:
<droll>, an animal's tail, a door bar, unwieldy stick; cf. [drallag] for
  the last two meanings.
<droll>, <drollaire>, a lazy fellow; see [dreo\lan].
<droman>, the alder tree; see [troman].
<drong>, <droing>, people, tribe, Ir. [drong], E.Ir. [drong], O.Br. [drogn],
  [drog], factio, Gaul. [drungus], whence Lat. [drungus], a troop
  (4th century), [*drungo-]; Got. [driugan], serve as a soldier,
  Ag.S. [dryht], people, Norse [dro/tt], household, people.
<drongair>, a drunkard; from the Eng.
<dronn>, the back, Ir. [dronno/g]: [*dros-no-], root [dros] of [druim], q.v.
<dronng>, a trunk; from the Eng.
<drothan>, a breeze (M`D.):
<druabag>, a small drop, <druablas>, muddy water, <druaip>, dregs,
  lees.  The first is from Eng. [drop]; [druablas] is from M.Eng.
  [drubli], turbid, Sc. [droubly]; and [druaip] is from Norse
  [drju/pa], drip.  [drubhag] and [dru\igean] (Wh.).
<dru\b>, a wink of sleep, a mouthful of liquid; from Norse [drju/pa],
  drip.  See the above words.
<dru\chd>, dew, Ir. [dru/chd], E.Ir. [dru/cht], [*dru@-b-bu], root [dhreub];
  Ag.S. [dre/apian], trickle, Eng. [drip], [drop], Norse [drju/pa], drip,
  Ger. [triefen].
<dru\dh>, penetrate, pierce, <dru\idh>; see the next.>>
<dru\dhadh>, oozing, soaking; cf. Skr. [dru], [dra/va], melt, run, Got.
  [ufar-trusian], besprinkle.  Cf. Gaul. [Druentia] (Gaelic [Druie],
  a river in Strathspey).
<drugair>, a drudge, Ir. [drugaire]; from M.Eng. [druggar], a dragger,
  Eng. [drudge].
<druid>, close, Ir. [druidim], E.Ir. [druit], close, firm, trustworthy:
  [*druzdo-], [*drus], W. [drws].  See [dorus].  Stokes now
  refers [*druzdi-] to the same source as Eng. [trust].
<druid>, a starling, Ir. [druid], E.Ir. [truid], Manx [truitling], W. [drudwy],
  Br. [dred], [dret]: [*struzdi]; Lat. [turdus], thrush; Lit. [sta/zdas]
  (Bohemian [drazd]), thrush, Eng. [throstle].
<druidh>, a magician; see [draoi].
<dru\idh>, penetrate; see [dru\dh].  Cf. Ir. [treidhim]; [treaghaim] (Sh.).
<druim>, back, ridge, so Ir., O.Ir. [druimm], pl. [dromand], W. [trum],
  [*drosmen-]; Lat. [dorsum].
<dru\is>, lust, <dru\iseach>, <dru\th>, lecherous, Ir. [dru/is], adultery, E.Ir.
  [dru/th], lewd, a harlot, [*dru@-to-].  Cf. M.Eng. [dru@"@dh], darling,
--page 145
  O.Fr. [drud] (do.), [druerie], love, whence M.Eng. [druerie], Sc.
  [drouery], illicit love.  Mayhew refers the Fr. and Eng. to
  O.H.G. [dru/t] dear (also [tru/t], [dru/d]): a Teut. [dreu@dh]?  Cf.
  Ger. [traut], beloved (Kludge).
<druma>, a drum, Ir., M.Ir. [druma]; from the Eng.
<druman>, elder; see [troman].
<drumlagan>, a cramp in back, wrists, etc. (M`D.):
<du\>, meet, proper, Ir., E.Ir. [du/].  This Stokes regards as borrowed
  from O.Fr. [du^] (= [debntus]), whence Eng. [due].  But see
  [du\thaich], [dual].
<du->, <do->, prefix denoting badness of quality, Ir., O.Ir. [du-], [do-],
  [*dus]; Gr. @G[dus-]; Got. [tuz-], Norse [tor-]; Skr. [dus-].  See [do-].
<duaichnidh>, gloomy, ugly, Ir. [duaichniu/ghadh], to disfigure.  See
  [suaicheantas].
<duaidh>, a horrid scene, a fight, Ir. [du/aidh], evil (O'B.): [*du-vid]?
<duairc>, uncivil, Ir., E.Ir. [duairc]: opposite of [suairc], q.v.
<duaireachas>, a squabble, slander: [du-aireachas].  See [eireachdail].
<duairidh>, <dubharaidh>, a dowry; from the Eng.
<duais>, a reward, so Ir., E.Ir. [duass], gift: [*dovesta^]; Gr. @G[dou@nnai], to
  give (= [doue/nai]): Lit. [du@oti] (do.), dovana\, a gift; Lat. [duint]
  (= [dent]).  Root [do^], give.
<dual>, a lock of hair, Ir., E.Ir. [dual], [*doklo-]; Got. [tagl], hair,
  Ag.S. [taegl], Eng. [tail], Norse [tagl], horse's tail.
<dual>, hereditary right, so Ir., M.Ir. [du/al], [*dutlo-]; see [du/thaich].
  Stokes refers it to Fr. [du^], as he does [du\], q.v.  Ir. [du/al], just,
  proper, might come from [*duglo-], root [dhugh], fashion, Gr.
  @G[teu/hein], Got. [dugan], Eng. [do].
<duan>, a poem, song, so Ir., E.Ir. [du/an], [*dugno-]; Lettic [duga/t],
  cry as a crane (Bez.).  Stokes derives it from [dhugh] above
  under [dual].
<duarman>, a murmur; cf. [torman] from [toirm].
<du\bailte>, Ir. [duba^ilte]; from M.Eng. [duble], O.Fr. [doble],
  Lat. [duplex].
<dubh>, black, Ir. [dubh], O.Ir. [dub], W. [du], O.W. [dub], Cor. [duv],
  Br. [du], [*dubo-]; Gr. @G[tuflo/s] (= [quf-lo/s], blind; Got. [daubs],
  deaf, Ger. [taub], Eng. [deaf], also [dumb].  Cf. Gaul. river name
  [Dubis], now [Doubs].
<dubhach>, sad, Ir. [du/bhach], O.Ir. [dubach]; see [subhach].
<dubhailc>, wickedness, Ir. [du/bhailce]; see [subhailc].
<dubhailteach>, sorrowful; founded on [dubh].
<dubhair>, said; see [thughairt].
<du\bhaith>, a pudding:
<dubhan>, a hook, Ir. [dubha/n], M.Ir. [duba/n]:
<dubhchle\in>, the flank (H.S.D. from MSS.):
--page 146
<du\bhdan>, a smoke, straw cinders, soot; from [dubh].  Cf. Ir.
  [du/bhada/n], an inkstand.
<du\bhlaidh>, gloomy, wintry; cf. <dubhla\>, a dark day, day of trial.
  From [dubh].
<du\bhlan>, a challenge, Ir. [dubhshla/n]; from [dubh] and [sla\n]; Ir. [sla/n],
  defiance.
<dubhliath>, the spleen, O.Ir. [lue liad], [lua liath], Cor. [lewilloit], W.
  [lleithon], milt of fish.  Cf. Lat. [lie@-n].
<dubhogha>, the great grandson's grandson; from [dubh] and [ogha]:
  [dubh] is used to add a step to [fionnogha], though [fionn] here is
  really a prep., and not [fionn], white.  See [fionnogha].
<du\c>, <du\can>, (Perth), a heap (Arm.); [*dumhaca/n], E.Ir. [duma],
  mound, heap.  Root of [du\n].
<du\chas>, hereditary right; see [du\thaich].
<dud>, a small lump (M`A.); see [tudan].
<du\d>, a tingling in the ear, ear, Ir. [du/d].  See next word.>>
<du\dach>, a trumpet, M.G. [doytichy] (D.of Lis.), Ir. [du/do/g]:
  onomatopoetic.  Cf. Eng. [toot].
<du\dlachd>, depth of winter:
<dui\dseag>, a plump woman of low stature (Perth); "My old
  Dutch"; [du\itseach] (Arm.).  [Dutch]man, docked cock..
<du\il>, expectation, hope, Ir. [du/il], [*du^li-], root [du], strive, Gr. @G[qumo/s],
  soul; Lit [dumas], thought (Stokes for Gr.).
<du\il>, an element, Ir. [du/il], O.Ir. [du/il], [du/l], [*du^li-]; Skr. [dhu^li-],
  dust; Lit. [dulke@?s] (do.); Lat. [fuligo], soot.  Stokes (Dict.)
  refers it to [*dukli-], root [duk], fashion; Ger. [zeugen], engender;
  further Lat. [duco].  Hence dialectic <Na du\il>, poor creatures!
  Ir. [du/il] means "creature" also.  Hence also <du\ileag>, a term
  of affection for a girl.
<duileasg>, dulse, Ir. [duileasg], M.Ir. [duilesc], W. [dylusg], what is
  drifted on shore by floods.  Hence Sc. [dulse].  Jamieson
  suggests that the G. stands for [duill' uisge], "water-leaf".
<duilich>, difficult, sorry, Ir. [doiligh], E.Ir. [dolig]; cf. Lat. [dolor],
  grief.
<duille>, a leaf, Ir., M.Ir. [duille], W. [dalen], M.Br. [del]; Gr. @G[qu/lla],
  leaves, @G[qa/llw], I bloom; Ger. [dolde], umbel: root [dhl@.] [dhale],
  bloom, sprout.  Gaul. @G[pempe-doula], "five leaved", is allied.
<duillinnean>, customs, taxes (M`D.):
<du\in>, shut, Ir. [du/naim] "barricading"; from [du\n], q.v.
<duine>, a man, Ir., O.Ir. [duine], pl. [do/ini] (= [*dua/n@~ji], W. [dyn], pl.
  [dyneddon], Cor., Br. [den], [dunjo/-s]: "mortal"; Gr. @G[qane@nin], die,
  @G[qa/natos], death, @G[qncto/s]; Eng. [dwine]; Skr. [dhvan], fall
  to pieces.
--page 147
<duircein>, the seeds of the fir, etc., <duirc-daraich>, acorns.  See
  [dorc]. O.Ir. [derucc], glans, is referred by Windisch to the
  root of [darach], q.v.
<duiseal>, a whip; from M.Eng. [duschen], strike, of Scandinavian
  origin, now [dowse].
<du\iseal>, <du\sal>, slumber; from Norse [du/sa], doze, Eng. [doze].
<duisleannan>, ill-natured pretences, freaks (Dialectic, H.S.D.),
  <du\isealan> (M`E.); from [du/iseal]: "dreaming"?
<du\isg>, awake, Ir. [du/isgim], [du/isighim], O.Ir. [diusgea], expergefaciat,
  [*de-ud-sec-], root [sec] as in [caisg], q.v.
<dul>, <dula>, a noose, loop, Ir. [dul], [dol], snare, loop, W. [do^l], noose,
  loop, [doli], form a ring or loop; Gr. @G[do/los], snare; Lat. [dolus],
  etc.
<dula>, a pin, peg, Ir. [dula]; cf. Lat. [dolo], a pike, M.H.G. [zol], a log.
<du\ldachd>, a misty gloom; see [du/dlachd].
<du\mhlaich>, increase in bulk; see [do\mhail].
<du\n>, a heap, a fortress, Ir., O.Ir. [du/n], W. [din], Gaul. [du^num],
  @G[-dounon], [*du^no-n], [*du^nos-]; Ag.S. [tu/n], Eng. [town], Ger. [zaun],
  hedge, Norse [tu/n] (do.); Gr. @G[du/nasqai], can.  Root [deva], [du^], to
  be strong, hard, whence also [du\r].
<dunach>, <dunaidh>, woe; from [dona]?
<du\r>, dull, stubborn, Ir., E.Ir. [du/r], W. [dir], force, Br. [dir], steel,
  Gaul. [du^rum], fortress, [*du^ro-], Lat. [du^rus].  For further
  connections see [du^n].
<du\rachd>, <du\thrachd>, good wish, wish, diligence, Ir. [du/thrachd],
  O.Ir. [du/thracht], [*devo-traktu-s-], [*trakko^], press; Ag.S.
  [thringan], Ger. [dringen], press forward, Eng. [throng] (Stokes).
  Windisch has compared Skr. [tark], think, which may be the
  same as [tark] of [tarkus], spindle, Lat. [torqueo].  Verb <du\raig>.
<du\radan>, <durradan>, an atom, mote, Ir. [du/rda/n]; from the root
  [du^r] as in [du\r] above: "hard bit"?
<durc>, a lumpish person:
<durcaisd>, <turcais>, pincers, nippers, tweezers; from Sc. [turkas],
  from Fr. [turquoise], now [tricoises], "Turkish" or farrier's
  pincers.
<du\rd>, a syllable, sound, humming, Ir., E.Ir. [do/rd], [dordaim], mugio,
  W. [dwrdd], sonitus, [tordd], [*dordo-s], root [der], sound, I.E. [dher];
  Lettic [darde@?t] rattle.  Further Gr. @G[qrc@nnos], dirge, @G[tonqru/s],
  muttering, Norse [drynr], roaring, Eng. [drone]; root [dhre].
<durga>, surly, sour, Ir. [du/rganta].  Cf. Ir. [du/ranta], morose.  G.
  seems to be from Norse [durga], sulky fellow, Eng. [dwarf].
<durlus>, water-cress; from [dur] = [dobhar] and [lus], q.v.
<durraidh>, pork, a pig, <durradh>! grumphy!  Cf. [dorra].
<durrag>, a worm:
--page 148
<durrghail>, cooing of a dove, Ir. [durdail]; also <currucadh>, q.v.
<durrasgach>, nimble (Dial., H.S.D.):
<dursann>, an unlucky accident, Ir. [dursan], sorrowful, hard (O'R.);
  from the stem of [dorra].
<dus>, dust, <duslach>, from Eng. [dust].
<du\sal>, a slumber; from the Eng. [doze].  See [du\iseal].
<du\slainn>, a gloomy, retired place:
<du\th>, hereditary; see [du\].
<du\thaich>, a country, district, Ir. [du/thaigh], O.Ir. [duthoig],
  hereditary (M.Ir. [du/thaig], G. <du\thchas>, hereditary right:
  root [du^] as in [du\n]?  Cf [du\].
<duthaich>, great gut (M`Lagan):
<duthuil>, fluxus alvi = <dubh-ghalar>; from [dubh] and [tuil].
<e>, accented <e\>, he, it, Ir. [e/], [*ei-s]: root [ei], [i]; O.Lat. [eis]
  (= [is], he, that), [ea], she (= [eja]); Got [is], Ger. [er], [es]; Skr.
  [ayam].  The O.Ir. neuter was [ed], now <eadh> (as in <seadh>, <ni h-eadh>.
<ea->, <e\a->, privative prefix; see [eu-].
<eabar>, mud, puddle, Ir. [abar], marshy land, Adamnan's [stagnum Aporicum],
  Loch-aber, E.Ir. [cann-ebor] (see [Innear]), [*ex-bor],
  [*ad-bor], the [bor] of [tobar], q.v.
<eabon>, ebony, so Ir.; from Lat. [ebenum], Eng. [ebony].
<eabur>, ivory, so Ir.; from Lat. [ebur].
<each>, a horse, so Ir., O.Ir. [ech], W. [ebol], colt, Br. [ebeul], Gaul. [Epo-],
  [*ekvo-s]; Lat. [equus]; Ag.S. [eoh], Got. [aihva-]; Skr. [ac@,va-s].
<eachdaran>, <eachdra>, a pen for strayed sheep; see [eachdranach]
  for root.
<eachdraidh>, a history, Ir. [eachdaireachd], history, [eachdaire],
  historian, E.Ir. [echtra], adventures; from E.Ir. prep. [echtar],
  without, [*ekstero], W. [eithr], extra; Lat. [extra], [externus]; from
  [ex] (see [a], [as]).
<eachrais>, confusion, mess; cf. Ir. [eachrais], a fair, E.Ir. [echtress],
  horse-fight.  See [each] and [treas].
<e\ad>, jealousy; see [eud].
<eadar>, between, Ir. [eidir], O.Ir. [eter], [itir] [etar], W. [ithr], Cor. [yntr],
  Br. [entre], Gaul, [inter], [*enter], i.e., [en-ter], prep. [en]; Lat. [inter];
  Skr. [anta/r], inside.
++<eadh>, it <seadh>, yes, O.Ir. [ed]; see [e].
--page 149
<eadh>, space, E.Ir. [ed], root [ped]; Gr. @G[pedi/on], a plain; Lat. [oppidum],
  town; Ch.Sl. [pad], tread.  Root [pedo], go, as in Eng.
  [foot], Lat. [pes], [pedis], etc.
<eadha>, the letter [e], an aspen tree, Ir. [eadhadh]:
<eadhal>, a brand, burning coal (Bibl. Gloss.); see [e/ibheall].
<eadhon>, to wit, namely, viz, so Ir., O.Ir. [ido/n], [*id-souno-], "this
  here"; for [id], see [eadh], and [souno-] is from [*sou], [*so], as in [so].
  Cf. Gr. [ou@`@n-tos].  Stokes (Celt. Decl.) takes [id] from [it], is, goes,
  root [i], go, of Lat. [eo], Gr. @G[ei@'@nmi], etc.; he regards [id] as part of
  the verb substantive.
<eadradh>, milking time, Ir. [eadarthra], noon, milking time; from
  [eadar]+[tra\th].
<eadraig>, interpose, <eadragainn>, interposition, Ir. [eadarga/n],
  separation; from [eadar].
<eag>, a nick, notch, Ir. [feag], Manx [agg], W. [ag], cleft, [*egga^-]: [peg]?
<eagal>, <feagal>, fear, Ir. [eaguil], [eagla], E.Ir. [ecla], O.Ir. [ecal] (adj.),
  [*ex-gal]; see [gal], valour.
<eagan>, perhaps; Dialectic for [theagamh].
<eagar>, order, row, so Ir., E.Ir. [ecor], [*a/ith-cor]; from [aith-] and [cuir].
<eaglais>, a church, Ir. [eagluis], O.Ir. [eclais], W. [eglwys], Br. [ilis];
  from Lat. [eccle^sia], Eng. [ecclesiastic].
<eagna>, wisdom, so Ir., O.Ir. [e/cne], [*aith-gen-]; see [aith-] and [gen] of
  [aithne].  In fact [aithne] and [eagna] are the same elements
  differently accented ([*aith-ge/n-], [a/ith-gen-].
<ea\irlig>, want, poverty, <airleig>; cf. [airleag], lend, borrow.
<ea\irlin>, keel, bottom, end: [*air-lann]; see [lann], land.
<ea\irneis>, furniture; see [airneis].
<eala>, a swan, so Ir., M.Ir. [ela], W. [alarch], Corn. [elerhc], [*elaio],
  [*elerko-s]; Gr. @G[e@'le/a], reedwarbler, @G[e@'lasa@ns], grosbeak, @G[e@'lea@ns], owl,
  @G[e@'leio/s], falcon; Lat. [olor], swan.  Gr. @G[pe/leia], wild dove, Lat.
  [palumba], dove, O.Prus. [poalis] (do.), have been suggested.
<ealach>, <ealachainn>, a peg to hang things on, E.Ir. [alchuing],
  [elchuing], dat. [alchaing], pl. [alchningi].
<ealadh>, learning, skill, ealaidh, knack, Ir. [ealadh], E.Ir. [elatha],
  gen. [elathan], W. [el], intelligence: root [el]::[al] (of [eilean])?
<e\aladh>, <euladh>, a creeping along (as to catch game), Ir. [euloighim]
  steal away, E.Ir. [e/laim], I. flee, O.Ir. [e/lud], evasio; Ger. [eilen],
  hasten, speed; root [ei], [i], go, Lat. [i-re], etc.  Hence [e\alaidhneach],
  creeping cold.  Strachan derives it from [*ex-la^jo^], root [la^], [ela],
  go, Gr. @G[elau/no] (as in [eilid], etc.).  Stokes now [*ass-lu/im].
<ealag>, a block, hacking-stock; see [ealach].
<ealaidh>, an ode, song, music; see [ealadh].
<ealamh>, <eathlamh>, quick, expert, Ir. [athlamh], E.Ir. [athlom],
  [athlam], [*aith-lam]; [*lam] is allied to [la\mh], hand ("handy" is
  the idea).  See [ullamh] for discussion of the root [lam].
--page 150
<ealbh>, a bit, tittle, Ir. [ealbha], a multitude, a drove, W. [elw], goods,
  profit, [*elvo-]; cf. Gaul. [Elvetios], [Elvio], etc.; [*pel-vo-], root
  [pel], full?
<ealbhar>, a good for nothing fellow (Suth.); from Norse [a/lfr], elf, a
  vacant, silly person.
<ealbhuidh>, St John's wort, Ir. [eala bhuidh] (O'R.):
++<ealg>, noble, so Ir., E.Ir. [elg]: [Innis Ealga] = Ireland.  Cf. [Elgin],
  Glen-[elg].
<ealla> nothing ado ("Gabh [ealla] ris" - have nothing ado with him):
<eallach>, burden, so Ir., M.Ir. [eallach], trappings or load; cf. Ir.
  [eallach], a drove, O.Ir. [ellach], conjunctio, [*ati-slogos] (Zimmer),
  from [sluagh].  See [uallach] and [ealt].
<eallach>, cattle (Arran), so Ir.: cf. O.Ir. [ellach], conjunction, [*ati-slo^gos]
  (Zimmer).
<eallsg>, a scold, shrew:
<ealt>, <ealta>, a covey, drove, flock, Ir. [ealta], E.Ir. [elta]: [*ell-tavo-],
  from [peslo-], a brute, Cor. [ehal], pecus; O.H.G., [fasal], Ag.S.
  [fa@"sl], proles (Stokes for Cor.).  See [a\l].  Ascoli joins O.Ir.
  [ellach], union, and Ir. [eallach], a drove, cattle, with [ealt].  See
  [eallach].
<ealltuinn>, a razor, Ir. [ealti/n], O.Ir. [altan], W. [ellyn], O.Cor. [elinn],
  O.Br. [altin], Br. [aotenn], [*(p)altani]; Ger. [spalten], cleave; Skr.
  [pa]t, split; Old.Sl. ras-[platti], cut in two.
<eaman>, tail; see [feaman], q.v.
<eanach>, honour, praise, E.Ir. [enech], honour, also face; hence
  "regard" (Ascoli): [*aneqo-], W. [enep]; root [oq] of Lat. [oc-ulus],
  etc.
<eanach>, dandriff, scurf, down:
<eanach-ga\rraidh>, endive, Ir. [eanach-garraidh]; evidently a corruption
  of Lat. [endiva] (Cameron).
<eanchaill>, <eanchainn>, brains, Ir. [inchinn], E.Ir. [inchind], W.
  [ymmenydd], Cor. [impinion] (= [in]+[pen-]), [in]+[ceann], "what is
  in the head".
<eang>, foot, footstep, track, bound, Ir. [eang], E.Ir. [eng], track; cf.
  root [ong] given for [theagamh].
<eang>, a gusset, corner; cf. Lat. [angulus], Eng. [angle].
<eangach>, a fetter, net, Ir. [eangach], a net, chain of nets.  From
  [eang], foot.
<eangarra>, cross-tempered (H.S.D.): "having angles"; from [eang].
<eangbhaidh>, high-mettled, M.Ir. [engach], valiant; from [eang],
  a step.
<eangladh>, entanglement; possibly from the Eng. [tangle]; not
  likely founded on [eangach].
--page 151
<eanghlas>, gruel, milk and water, Ir. [eanghlais], E.Ir. [englas] (fem.
  [a] stem), milk and water, green water (Corm.), from [in] and
  M.Ir. [glas], milk, [*glagsa]; Gr. @G[gla/gos], @G[ga/la(ktos)], milk,
  Lat. [lac] (= [*glak-t]).  Cormac says it is from [en], water, and
  [glas], grey.  [en] = water, [*pino] (St.).
<eanntag>, nettles; see [deanntag].
<eanraich>, <eanbhruith>, soup, juice of boiled flesh, Ir. [eanbhruithe],
  E.Ir. [enbruthe], from [in] and [bruith], boil.  Corm. and O'Cl.
  have an obsolete [broth], [bruithe], flesh, and explain it as "water
  of flesh".  For [en], water, see [eanghlas].  Most dialects make
  it "chicken-soup", as from [eun]+[bruith].
<ear>, <an ear>, the east, from the east, Ir. [soir], eastern, [anoir], from
  the east, O.Ir. [an-air], ab oriente; really "from before", the
  prep. [an] ([*apona]) of [a nall] (see [a], from), and [air] (= [*ari]),
  before.  The observer is supposed to face the sun.  The
  opposite is <iar>, <an iar>, from [iar], behind, q.v.
<earail>, an exhortation, O.Ir. [era/il], [ira/il], [*air-a/il]; from [a\ill],
  desire.  Hence <earal>, provision, caution.
<earar>, <an earar>, the day after to-morrow, Ir. [oirthior], eastern,
  day following, day after to-morrow, O.Ir. [airther], eastern,
  [*ariteros] [*pareiteros] (Gr. @G[paroi/teros]), comparative of [air],
  before.
<eararadh>, a parching of corn in a pot before grinding: [*air-aradh],
  root [ar], as in Lat. [aridus], arid?
<earasaid>, a square of tartan worn over the shoulders by females
  and fastened by a brooch, a tartan shawl: [*air-asaid]?  Cf.
  [asair] for root.
<earb>, a roe, so Ir., E.Ir. [erb], O.Ir. [heirp], [*erbi-s], Gr. @G[e@'/rifos].
<earb>, trust (vb.), <earbsa> (n.), Ir. [earbaim], O.Ir. [erbaim], [nomerpimm],
  confido, [*erbio^], let, leave; M.H.G. [erbe], bequeath,
  Ger. [erbe], heir, Got. [arbja], heir: all allied to Lat. [orbus], Eng.
  [orphan].
<earball>, a tail, so Ir., E.Ir. [erball], [*a/ir-ball]; from [air] (= [*ari])
  and [ball], q.v.  [urball] in Arran and the West.
<earc>, heifer (Carm.), cow, Ir. [earc], E.Ir. [erc], cow (Corm.):
<earchall>, <earachall>, misfortune: [*air-ca/ll]; from [air] and [call], q.v.
<earghalt>, arable land; [air]+[geadhail], which see.
<eargnaich>, inflame, enrage: [*a/ir-gon-]; from [air] and [gon]?  Also
  [feargnaich], which suggests [fearg] as root.
<earlachadh>, preparing food (Suth.); from old adj. [erlam], ready.
  See [ullamh].
<ea\rlaid>, expectation, trust: [*ari-lanti-], root [lam] of [lamh].
<ea\rlas>, earnest, arles; see [airleas].
<ea\rnach>, murrain, bloody flux in cattle:
--page 152
<ea\rr>, end, tail, Ir. [earr], E.Ir. [err], [*ersa^]; Gr. @G[o@'/rros], rump; Ag.S.
  [ears], Eng.
<earr>, scar (Lewis); Norse [o@"rr], [arr] (do.).
<earrach>, spring, so Ir., O.Ir. [errech] [*persa^ko-], from [pers], which is
  from [per], as [eks], (= [ex]) is from [ek]; [per], before, Lat. [per], [pr@oe],
  Eng. [for], [fore]; as in [air], (= [ari]).  The idea is the "first of
  the year".  Cf. Ger. [fru"hling], spring, of like descent.  Such
  is Stokes' derivation.  Another view is that [earrach] is from
  [ea\rr], end (cf. for form [to\s] and [toiseach], and [earrach], lower
  extremity) meaning the "end of the year', the [ce/itein],
  May, "first of summer", being the beginning of the year.
  Not allied to Lat. [ver].
<earradh>, clothes, so Ir., E.Ir. [earrad], [eirred], [*a/ir-re^d], [*ari-reido-n];
  from [reid] of [re/idh].  Eng. [array] comes from the Gaul.
  equivalent ([*ad-re^dare]), and Eng. [ready] is allied.  Hence
  <earradh>, wares.
<earradhubh>, the wane, the wane of the moon: [*earr]+[dubh]?
<earrag>, a taunt (a blow, Arms.):
<earrag>, a shift, refuge, attempt (H.S.D., from MSS.):
<earraghlo/ir>, vain glory: [*er-glo\ir]; the [er] is the intensie particle;
  Lat. [per].
<earraid>, a tip-staff, <tearraid>, <tarraid> (Dial.): form Eng. [herald]?
<earraigh>, a captain (H.S.D.); see [urra].
<earran>, a portion, Ir. [earrunn], M.Ir. [errand], [*a/ir-rann]; from
  [rann], portion.
<earras>, wealth; see [earradh].
<earrlait>, ground manured one year and productive next (Carm.):
<ea\rr-thalmhuinn>, yarrow; see [athair-thalmhuinn].
<eas>, a waterfall, Ir. [eas], g. [easa], E.Ir. [ess], g. [esso], [*esti-] [*pesti];
  Skr. [a^-patti], mishap ("mis-fall"); Lat. [pessum], down, [pestis],
  a pest; Slav. [na-pasti], casus (Bez.).
<eas->, privative prefix, Ir. [eas-], O.Ir. [es-], W. [eh-], Gaul. [ex-], [*eks].
  See [a], [as], ot.
<easach>, thin water-gruel; from [eas].
<easag>, a pheasant, a squirrel (M`D.), Ir. [easo/g], pheasant (Fol.),
  weasel, squirrel.  For the "squirrel-weasel" force, see [neas],
  [nios].  As "pheasant", it may be founded on the M.Eng.
  [fesaunt], O.Gr. [faisan].
<easaraich>, boiling of a pool, ebullition, bustle; from G. and Ir.
  <esar>, a cataract, from [eas].  [*ess-rad-]?
<easar-chasain>, thorough-fare; cf. [aisir].
<easbalair>, a trifling, handsome fellow (M`A.):
<easbaloid>, absolutino, Ir. [easbalo/id]; from Lat. [absolution].
<easbhuidh>, want, defect, so Ir., E.Ir. [esbuid], [*ex-buti-s], "being
  out" of it; from roots [as] and [bu], q.v.
--page 153
<easbuig>, a bishop, Ir. [easbog], O.Ir. [espoc], [epscop], W. [esgob], Br.
  [eskop]; from Lat. [episcopus], whence Eng. [bishop].
++<easg>, a ditch, fen, Ir. [easgaidh], quagmire, [easc], water, E.Ir. [esc],
  water, fen-water, O.British @G[I@'ska], the Exe (Scotch [Esks]),
  [*iska^], water, [*(p)idska^]; Gr. @G[pi@ndax], well, @G[pidu/w], gush.  The
  W. [wysg], stream, O.W. [uisc] requires, [*eiska^], from [peid], [pi^d].
<easg>, <eagann>, eel, Ir. [eascu], g. [eascuinne], O.Ir. [escung], "fen-snake",
  i.e. [esc], fen, and [ung], snake, Lat. [anguis].  See [easg],
  ditch.
++<easga>, the moon (a name for it surviving in Braemar last
  century), O.Ir. [e/sca], [e/sce], [@oesca], [*eid-skio-]; from root [eid], [i^d],
  as in Lat. [idus], the [ides], "full light", i.e. full moon (Stokes):
  [*encscaio-], Skr. [pn@~jas], light, Gr. @G[fe/ggos], light (Strachan).
<easgaid>, hough; better [iosgaid], q.v.
<e\asgaidh>, ready, willing, Ir. [e/asguidh], E.Ir. [escid], W. [esgud], Br.
  [escuit]; from [eu-] and [sgi\th], q.v.
<easgraich>, a torrent, coarse mixture; see [easg].
<easp>, door latch (Lewis); Norse, [hespa] (do.).
<easradh>, ferns collected to litter cattle, E.Ir. [esrad], strewing,
  [*ex-sratu-], root [ster], strew, Lat. [sternere], etc.  See [casair], bed,
  under [caisil-chro\].
<easriach>, boiling of a pool, bustle; see [easaraich].
<eathar>, a boat, Ir. [eathar], ship, boat, O.Ir. [ethar], a boat, [*itro-],
  "journeyer"; from [ethaim], I go, [*ita^o], go, root [ei], [i]; Lat.
  [eo]; Gr. @G[e@'@nimi]; Lit. [eimi]; Skr. [e/mi].
<eatorra>, betweeen them, so Ir., O.Ir. [etarro], [*etr@.-so], [*enter-so^s].
  For [so^s], see [sa].
<e/ibh>, cry; see [e/igh].
<eibheadh>, the aspen, letter [e], Ir. [eadha]; also [eadhadh], q.v.
<e/ibheall>, <e/ibhleag>, a live coal, spark, Ir. [eibhleo/g], E.Ir. [o/ibell],
  spark, fire, W. [ufel], fire, [*oibelos], fire, spark (Stokes).
<e/ibhinn>, joyous; see [aoibhinn].
<eibhrionnach>, <eirionnach>, a young gelded goat; from Sc. [aiver]
  (do.), with G. termination of [firionnach], etc.  [Aiver] is also
  [aver], worthless old horse, any property, Eng. [aver], property,
  from Lat. [habere].
<e/ideadh>, <e/ididh>, clothing, a suit; see [aodach].
<eidheann>, ivy, Ir. [eidhean], E.Ir. [edenn], W. [eiddew], Cor. [idhio],
  [*(p)edenno-], root [ped], fasten, hold on; Lat. [pedica], a fetter;
  Eng. [fetter], etc.  For sense, cf. Lat. [hedera], ivy, from [ghed],
  catch, [pr@oehendo], Eng. [get].
<eididh>, a web; apparently a shortened form of [e/ideadh].
<e/ifeachd>, effect, so Ir.; from Lat. [effectus].
<eige>, a web, <eididh> (on analogy of <e/ididh>, [*veggia^], root of [figh].
--page 154
<eigh>, ice; see [deigh].  Hence <eighre>, <oighre>, Ir. [oidhir], E.Ir.
  [aigred], W. [eiry], snow.
<eigh>, a file, Ir. [oighe]: [*agia^]; root [ag] of Eng. [axe], Got [aqizi].
<e/igh>, a cry, Ir. [e/igheamh], O.Ir. [e/gem], Celtic root [eig]; Lettic [i/gt].
  Cf. also Lat. [aeger] (Stokes, Zim).
<eighreag>, a cloudberry; see [oighreag].
<e/iginn>, necessity, Ir. [e/igin], O.Ir. [e/cen], W. [angen], [*enkna^] (Stokes);
  Gr. @G[a@'na/gkc] (= [a@'n-a/gkc]).  Allied by root ([ank]:[enk]) to [thig],
  etc.
<eildeir>, an elder; from the Scotch, Eng. [elder].
<eile>, other, another, Ir. [eile], O.Ir. [aile], W. [aill], [all], Br. [eil], [all],
  Gaul. [allo-], [*aljo-], [*allo-]; Lat. [alius]; Gr. @G[a@'/llos]; Eng. [else].
<eileach>, mill-race, mill-dam, embankment; from [ail], stone,
  "stone-work".
<eilean>, an Island, Ir. [oilean], E.Ir. [aile/n]; from Norse [eyland], Eng.
  [island].
<eilean>, training; see [oilean].
<eileir>, the notch on the staves of a cask where the bottom is
  fixed. (In Arg. [e\arrach]):
<eileir>, a deer's walk, <eileirig>, where deer were driven to battue
  them.  Hence the common place-name [Elrick].  Bk.of Deer
  [in d-elerc]?
<eileir>, sequestered region, etc.; see [eilthir].
<eilgheadh>, levelling of a field for sowing, first ploughing; cf. Ir.
  [eillgheadh], burial, to which Stokes cfs. Umbrian [pelsatu], Gr.
  @G[qa/ptein], [pelsans], sepeliundus.  H.Maclean compared the
  Basque [elge], field.
<eilid>, a hind, so Ir., O.Ir. [elit], W. [elain], cerva, [*elinti-s], [*elani^],
  Gr. @G[e@'llo/s], fawn, [e@'/lafos] (= [e@'/lnfos]), stag; Lit [e/lnis], stag;
  Arm. [e@G[l]n]; etc.
<eilig>, willow-herb, epilobium; from Lat. [helix].
<eilitriom>, a bier (H.S.D. for Heb.), Ir. [eletrom], [eleathrain], M.Ir.
  [eilitrum]; from Lat. [feretrum] (Stokes).
<eilthir>, a foreign land, <eilthireach>, a pilgrim, Ir. [oilithreach], O.Ir.
  [ailithre], pilgrimage; from [eile] and [ti\r], q.v.
<eiltich>, rejoice:
<eineach>, bounty, Ir. [oineach]. Cf. O.Ir. [ainech], protectio, root
  [nak], attain, as in [tiodhlac].  Hence the H.S.D. <eineachlann>,
  protection (from Ir.).
<eirbhe>, dyke or wall between crop-land and hill-land (M`F.):
<eirbheirt>, moving, stirring; E.Ir. [airbert], use, [airbiur], dego,
  fruor: [air] and [beir], q.v.
<eirbhir>, asking indirectly: "side-say"; [air]+[beir]; cf. [abair].
--page 155
<eirbleach>, slack-jointed or crippled person; cf. Sc. [hirplock], lame
  creature, [hirple].  The possibility of [air-ablach] (cf. [conablach])
  should be kept in view.
<eirc-chomhla>, portcullis (M`D.):
<eire>, a burden, Ir. [eire], E.Ir. [ere], O.Ir. [aire]: [*pario], root of [air].
  Cf. Lat. [porto].
<eireachd>, an assembly, Ir. [o/ireachdus], E.Ir. [airecht], O.Ir. [airect],
  [*air-echt], [echt] being from the root of [thig].  Stokes refers it to
  the same origin as W. [araeth], speech, root [req], as in O.Slav.
  [reka], speak, Lat. [raccare], cry as a lion.
<eareachdail>, handsome, O.Ir. [airegde], pr@aestans, from [aire(ch)],
  primas.  See [airidh].
<eireag>, a pullet, young hen, Ir. [eireog] (Fol., O'R.), M.Ir. [eirin], W.
  [iaren], Cor. [yar], gallina, Br. [iarik], [*jari-], hen; Lit. [jerube@?],
  heathcock, N.Slav. [jertu@u], nuthatch (Bez.).
<eireallach>, a monster, clumsy old carle (Dial., H.S.D.); from
  [eire].
<eiriceachd>, heresy, so Ir., E.Ir. [e/res], O.Ir. [heretic], hereticus;
  from the O.Ir. form somehow, which itself is from Lat.
  [h@oereticus].
<e/irich>, rise, <e/irigh>, rising, Ir. [e/irighim], [e/irghe], E.Ir. [e/rigim],
  [e/irgim], inf. O.Ir. [e/irge], [e/rge], [*eks-rego^]; Lat. [e@-rigo], erect, Eng.
  [erect], [rego], I govern; Gr. [o@'re/gw], extend; Eng. [right]; I.E.
  root [reg].  See [rach].
<eiridinn>, attendance, patience, O.Ir. [airitiu], g. [airiten], reception,
  [airema], suscipiat, [*ari-em-tin-], root [em], grasp, take; Lat. [emo],
  buy; Lit. [imu\], hold.
<e/irig>, ransom, Ir. [e/iric], E.Ir. [e/ric], [e/iricc]: [*es-recc], "buying or
  selling out", from [reic].  Vb. [as-renim], reddo, enclitic [e/rnim],
  impendo.
<eirmis>, hit, find out, O.Ir. [ermaissiu], attaining, [irmadatar], intelligunt,
  [irmissid], intelligatis, [*air-mess-], [*air-med-]; root, [med],
  as in [meas], judgement, q.v.
<e/is>, delay, impediment; founded on [de/is]?
<e/isd>, listen, hear, Ir. [e/isdim], O.Ir. [e/tsim].  Ascoli analyses it into
  [*e/tiss], [*aith-do-iss], animum instare; the [iss] he doubtless
  means as from the reduplicated form of the root [sta] (cf. O.Ir.
  [air-issim], I stand).  [an-tus-], great silence!  Cf. Ir. [e/ist do bhe/al]
  = hush!  Root of [tosd].
<eisg>, <eisgear>, satirist, Ir. [eigeas], pl. [eigse], a learned man, E.Ir.
  [e/cess]: [*a/d-gen-s-to]?  See [eagna].
<eisimeil>, dependence, obligation, M.Ir. [esimol], [an esimul], [*ex-em-mo-lo],
  root [em] of [eudail].  Cf. Lat. [exemplum].
<eisiomplair>, example, Ir. [eisiompla/ir], M.Ir. [esimplair]; from Lat.
  [exemplar].
--page 156
<eisir>, <eisiridh>, oyster, Ir. [eisir], [oisre]; from M.Eng. [oistre], from
  Lat. [ostrea].
<eisleach>, the withe that ties the tail-beam to the pack-saddle,
  crupper:
<e/islean>, grief: [*an-sla\n]; cf. Ir. [eislinn], weak, E.Ir. [eslinn] (do.):
  [*ex-sla\n]; see [sla\n].
<eislinn>, boards on which the corpse is laid, a shroud (H.S.D., from
  MSS.; M`E.):
<eite>, unhusked ear of corn (M`E.):
<e/ite>, <e/iteadh>, stretching, extending:
<eiteach>, burnt roots of heath:
<e/iteag>, white pebble, precious stone; from Eng. [hectic], lapis
  [hecticus], the white hectic stone, used as a remedy against
  dysentery and diarrh@oea (Martin, [West Isles], 134).  See [eitig].
<eitean>, a kernel, grain, Ir. [eitne] [eithne], E.Ir. [eitne] (n.).
<eithich>, false, perjured, Ir. [eitheach], a lie, perjury, O.Ir. [ethech],
  perjurium; root [pet], fall?  Cf. Ir. [di-thech], denial on oath,
  [for-tach], admission on oath, [di-tongar i. se/ntar], [fortoing],
  proved by oath: [*tongo^], swear.  See [freiteach] for root.
<eitich>, refuse, Ir. [eitighim].  For root, etc., see under [freiteach].
<e/itigh>, fierce, dismal, O.Ir. [e/tig], turpe, [ade/tche], abomination.
  Scarcely [*an-teg-], "un-wonted, un-[house]-like" (Zim.), for G.
  would be [e/idigh].  This Stokes (Bez. Beit @+[21]) makes [*an-teki-s],
  not fair, W. [te^g], fair, Gr. @G[ti/ktw], produce, @G[te/knon], child, Eng.
  [thing].  Still G. should be [e/idigh].
<eith>, go (Sutherland), <dh'eithinn>, would go, Ir. [eathaim], E.Ir.
  [ethaim], [*ita^o^]; root [ei], [i]; Lat. [ire], [itum]; Gr. @G[ei@'@nmi], etc.
<eitig>, consumption; from Sc. [etick], from Fr. [e/tique], [hectique], Eng.
  [hectic].
<eitreach>, storm, sorrow: [*aith-ter-]?  See [tuirse].
<eo\isle>, a charm; a metathesis of [eo\las].
<eo\l>, <eo\las>, knowledge, Ir. [eo/l], [eolas], E.Ir. [eo/las], O.Ir. [heulas],
  [d-eulus]: [*ivo-lestu]?
<eo\rna>, barley, Ir. [eo/rna], E.Ir. [eorna], [*jevo-rnio-], [*jevo-]; Gr. @G[zeia/],
  spelt; Skr. [ya/va], corn, barley; Lit. [jawai], corn.
<eothanachadh>, languishing (H.S.D. gives it as Dial.; M`E.); see
  [feodhaich].
<eu->, negative prefix, Ir. [ea-], [e/u-], O.Ir. [e/-].  It stands for [an-] before
  [c], [t], [p], and [s].  See [an-].
<eucail>, disease: [an]+[ca/il], q.v.
<euchd>, a feat, exploit, Ir. [e/achd], feat, covenant, condition; E.Ir.
  [e/cht], murder, slaughter, from [e/c] (St.).
<euchdag>, a fair maid, a charmer: "featsome one", from [euchd].
<eud>, jealousy, zeal, Ir. [e/ad], O.Ir. [e/t], W. [addiant] (= [add-iant]),
  longing, regret, Gaul. [iantu-] in Iantumarus, [*jantu-]; Skr.
--page 157
  [yatna/], zeal; Gr. @G[zcte/w], seek, @G[zc@nlos], zeal, Eng. [zeal]; root [ja^],
  [jat], strive.
<eudail>, treasure, cattle, Ir. [e/ada/il], [euda/il], profit, prey, E.Ir. [e/tail],
  treasure, booty, E.Ir. [e/t], herds, riches: [*em-ta^li-], root [em],
  hold, as in Lat. [emo] (see [eiridinn]).  Also <feudail>.  [e/d] = [a/irneis
  no spre/idh], O'Cl.
<eug>, death, Ir. [eug], O.Ir. [e/c], W. [angeu], Cor. and O.Br. [ancou],
  [*enku-s], [*enkevo-]; Lat. [nex], death; Gr. @G[ne/kus], corpse; Skr.
  [nac@?], perish.
<eugais>, <eugmhais>, <as eugais>, without, Ir. [e/gmhuis], want, dispensation,
  E.Ir. [e/cmais]: [*an-comas], "non-power"?
<eug->, negative prefix, as in <eugsamhuil> = [an-con-samuil]: see
  [cosmhail].
<euladh>, creeping away; see [e\aladh].
<eumhann>, a pearl (H.S.D. from MSS.), O.Ir. [ne/m], g. [ne/mann],
  pearl, [ni/am], sheen, [ni/amda], bright, W. [nwyf], vigour,
  [nwyfiant], brightness, vigour: [*neim].  Cf. [neamhnuid].
<eun>, a bird, Ir. [eun], O.Ir. [e/n], O.W. [etn], W. [edn], Cor. [hethen], Br.
  [ezn], [*etno-s], [*petno-], root [pet], fly; Gr. @G[pe/tomai], fly, @G[petcna/],
  fowls; Lat. [penna], wing; Eng. [feather]; Skr. [pa/tati], fly.
  Hence <eunlaith>, birds, E.Ir. [e/nlaith].
<eur>, refuse, Ir. [eura], refusal, E.Ir. [e/ra], [eraim], [*ex-rajo-] (n.), root
  [ra^], give, W. [rhoi], give, Cor. [ry], Br. [reiff], give; Skr. [ra/ti],
  give, Zend [ra^].  See [rath], luck, favour.
<fa>, under, Ir. [fa], E.Ir. [fa] (as in distributive numbers); a side
  form of [fo], q.v., used in adverbial expressions.
++<fa>, was (past of <is>), M.G. [fa] (D.of Lis.), Ir. [fa], [fa h-] (Keat.),
  M.Ir. [fa h-], E.Ir. [ba h-], [*ba^t], [*(e)bhu-a^-t]; Lat. [-bat], [-bamus],
  of [refe-bam], etc.; root [bheu], to be.  See [bu], the form now used.
<fa\bhar>, favour, Ir. [fa/bhar], W. [ffafr]; from Lat. [favor].
<fabhd>, a fault; from Sc. [faut], from Fr. [faute].
<fabhra>, <fabhrad>, <abhra>, eyelid, eyebrow, Ir. [abhra], [fabhra], eyelid,
  E.Ir. [abra], n.pl. [abrait], Cor. [abrans], Br. [abrant], eyebrow,
  Mac. Gr. @G[a@'brou@ntes]; further @G[o@'fru/s], brow, Eng. [brow].  There is
  an E.Ir. [bra], pl. [bro/i], dual [bru/ad], [*bruvat-].  The phonetics
  are not clear.  Stokes has suggested Lat. [frons], [frontis], as
  allied, [*bhront-] with the prep. [a(p)o] (= E.Ir. [-a-]), ab.
--page 158
<fabhradh>, swirl, eddy (Carm.).  Cf. O.Ir. [fobar] (St.).
<facal>, <focal>, word, Ir. [focal], O.Ir. [focul], from Lat. [vocabulum]
  (through [*focvul], Gu@"terbock).  Stokes and Wind. take it
  from Lat. [vocula].
<fachach>, the puffin - a water fowl (Sh.); root [va], blow?  Onomatopoetic:
  [f-ah-ah], call of bird?
<fachail>, strife (Sh.; H.S.D. marks it Dialectic); cf. Ir. [fachain],
  striving.
<fachant>, puny (H.S.D. for N.High.):
<fachaint>, ridicule, scoffing; from [fo-cainnt], "sub-speaking".  Cf.
  W. [gogan], satire, Br. [goge], [*vo-can], root [can], sing, say.
<fad>, <fad>, long, Ir. [fad], O.Ir. [fota], longus, [fot], length, [*vad-dho-]
  or [vaz-dho-], Lat. [vastus], vast?  Hence <fadal>, delay, desiderium, Keat.
  [fadda/il], "long delay", from [fad] and [da/il].
<fa\dadh>, <fadadh>, kindling, Ir. [fadadh], [fadaghadh], [fado/gh] (Keat.),
  Mid.Ir. [fato/d], E.Ir. [a/tu/d], which Zimmer analyses as
  [*ad-soud] ([soud] of [iompaidh]), but unsatisfactorily; E.Ir.
  [adsu/i] tenid, kindles, [adsu/ithe], kindled (Meyer).  Cf. [fo/d].
<fadharsach>, trifling, paltry, <fagharsach>:
<fadhbhag>, cuttle-fish:
<fafan>, a breeze:
<fa\g>, leave, Ir. [fa/gaim], O.Ir. [foacbaim], [fa/cbaim], [*fo-ad-gab-]; root
  [gab] of [gabh], q.v.
<fagus>, <faisg>, near, Ir. [fogus], E.Ir. [focus], [ocus], O.Ir. [accus], W.
  [agos], Br. [ho^goz], [*aggostu-].  See [agus].
<faic>, see, Ir. [faic], O.Ir. [im-aci], vides-ne, [*a/d-ci^], see [chi\].  The [f] is
  prothetic.
<faich>, <faiche>, a green (by the house), Ir., E.Ir. [faithche], the field
  nearest the house, E.Ir. [faidche], [*ad-ca/io-], "by the house",
  Celtic [kaio-n], house; see [ceardach].  Ascoli refers it to O.Ir.
  [aith], area (an imaginary word), and Jubainville allies it with
  W. [gwaen], plain, Ger. [weide] (see [bha\n] for W.).
<faiche>, a crab, or lobster's, burrow (M`A.); see [aice]:
<faichd>, hiding place, den, mole's burrow; see [aice].
<faicheil>, stately, showy; cf. Ir. [faicheallach], luminous:
<faicill>, caution, guard, E.Ir. [accill], preparation, watch: [*a/d-ciall];
  from [ciall], sense?  CF. [di\chioll].
<fa\idh>, a prophet, Ir. [fa/idh], O.Ir. [fa/ith], [*va^ti-s]; Lat. [vates]; Norse
  [o/@dhr], sense, song, M.Eng. [wood], Sc. [wud] (= mad), Ger. [with],
  rage.  W. has [gwawd], carmen: [*va^to-].
<faidhbhile>, a beech, Ir. [feagha], [fagh-vile] (Lh., [Comp.Voc.]), W.
  [ffawydden], Br. [fao]; from Lat. [fagus].  G. adds the old word
  [bile], a tree, which is the same in origin as [bile], leaf.
--page 159
<faidhir>, a fair, Ir. [faidhri/n]; founded on Eng. [fair], [faire] (from
  Lat. [feria]).  For phonetics, cf. [paidhir] from [pair], and
  [staidhir] from [stair].
<faidseach>, lumpish (Sh.); <faidse>, lump of bread (M`A.):
<faigh>, get, Ir. [faghaim], E.Ir. [fagbaim], O.Ir. [ni/ fogbai], non
  invenis, from [fo-gabim], root [gab] of [gabh], q.v.
<faighe>, begging, etc.; see [faoighe].
<faighnich>, <foighnich>, ask: [*vo-gen-], root [gen], know, as in [aithne].
  Cf. E.Ir. [imma foacht], asked.  Windisch refers to [iar-faigim],
  [iarfacht], I asked, = [iarmifoacht], root [ag], say.  [iarmi-fo-siag]
  (St. R.C.@+[19] 177).
<fail>, <foil>, corrupt, putrefy, parboil; root [vel], bubble, boil; Norse
  [vella], boil, Eng. [well], Ger. [wallen], bubble.
<fail>, <foil>, a stye, Ir. [fail], O.Ir. [foil], [mucc-foil], hara, [tre/t-foil], W.
  [gwa^l], couch, [*vali-], root [vel], cover, encircle; Gr. @G[ei@'lu/w],
  envelop ([*velu-]), @G[ei@'@?nlar], shelter; Skr. [vala/], cave, [vali], projecting
  thatched roof.  In the sense of "encircling, rolling",
  add Lat. [volvo], [volumen], Eng. [volume], [wallow], etc.  Further
  allied is G. [olann], wool, Eng. [wool], Lat. [la^na], etc.
<fail>, <fa\il>, a ring, Ir. [fa/il], O.Ir. [foil], g. [falach], [*valex]; Gr. @G[e@`lix],
  a twist, spire, vine-tendril; root [vel], "circle", as above in [fail].
  Cf. for vowel [fa\l], dike; Br. [gwalen], "bague sans chaton".
  Also <failbhe>, Ir. [failge], for <failghe>; from the stem [falach] or
  [falagh] condensed to [falgh].
<failc>, bathe, lave, Ir. [folcadh], O.Ir. [folcaim], W. [golchi], Br. [goalc'hi],
  wash, [*volko^]; Lettic [wa'lks], damp, [wa'lka], flowing water,
  swampish place.  Further allied is G. [fliuch], q.v.  Possibly
  here place [Volcae], the Rhine Gauls, after whom the Teutons
  named the Celts; whence [Wales], [Welsh], etc.
<failcin>, pot-lid (Arran), <failceann> (Rob.); from [fail], ring (Rob.).
<fa\ile>, smell, savour; see [a\ile].
<fa\ileag>, dog-brier berry (= [mucag]):
<faileagan>, little lawns (Carm.): cf. [a\ilean].
<faileas>, shadow, <aileas> (Dial.); from [fo-leus]? or allied to [ail],
  mark?
<failleagan>, <ailleagan>, <faillean>, root or hole of the ear, <faillean>,
  sucker of a tree: [*al-nio-], root [al], nourish?
<fa\illig>, <fa\ilnich>, fail, <fa\illinn>, failing, Ir. [faillighim], E.Ir. [faill],
  failure, W. [gwall], Br. [goall], [*valni-]; root [val] of [feall], q.v.
  Borrowing from Eng. [fail], from Lat. [fallo], is however,
  possible in the modern languages.
<failm>, a helm; from the Norse [hja/lm], Eng. [helm].
<failmean>, kneepan (M`A.); from [fail], ring (Rob.).  See [falman].
<fa\ilt>, <fa\ilte>, welcome, hail!  Ir., O.Ir. [fa/ilte], [*va^letia^], root [va^l], [vel],
  glow; W. [gwawl], lumen; Gr. [a@'le/a], warmth, sun's heat; Got.
--page 160
  [vulan], be hot, O.H.G. [walm], heat (Bez.).  Cf. Caesar's
  [Valetiacus].  Borrowing from Lat. [vale^te] seems to be Zimmer's
  view (Zeit. @+[30] 28).  Rhys suggests W. [gwell]; Hend., Eng.
  [wealth].
<fainear>, under consideration, Ir. [fa dea/ra], remark, [fe/ ndea/r], [fe/ ndeara]
  (Munster).  Foley gives [tabhair fa d'aire] = "observe".
  "Thoir fainear" = observe, consider.  The above may be a
  fixed [fa d'aire] = [fa-deara], with [n] from the plural [an], their.
<fainleag>, Mainleag>, a swallow, Ir. [a/inleo/g], O.Ir. [fannall], W.
  [gwennol], Cor. [guennol], Br. [gwenneli] [*vannello].  Cf. Fr.
  [vanneau], lapwing, It. [vannello], Med.Lat. [vannellus], which is
  usually referred to Lat. [vannus], fan.   [*vat-n-allo-s] (Holden).
<fa\inne>, a ring, Ir. [fa/inne], [a/inne], O.Ir. [a/nne], [*a^nnia^]; Lat. [a^nus],
  Eng. [annular].
<fair>, <fa\ir>, <far>, fetch, bring; a curtailed form of [tabhair] through
  [thabhair] or [(tha)bhair]?  Cf. [thoir].
<fa\ir>, dawn, E.Ir. [fa/ir], W. [gwawr], Br. [gouere-], morning, [gwereleuen],
  morning-star, [*va^sri-], Lit. [vasara/], summer, Skr. [va^sara/],
  early shining, morning (adj.), Lat. [ver], spring, Gr. @G[e@'/ar],
  spring (Stokes).
<fa\ir>, <fa\ire>, ridge, sky-line; from [fa\ir], dawn?  Cf., however, Ir.
  [faireo/g], hillock, and [fa\ireag], below.
<fairc>, bathe; see [fathraig].
<fairc>, links, lands sometimes covered by the sea (M`A., who says
  that in Islay it means "hole"); from Eng. [park]?
<fairce>, <fairche> (M`D.), a mallet, Ir. [farcha], [farcha], [farca], M.Ir.
  [farca], E.Ir. [forcha tened], thunderbolt; root [ark] as in [adharc]?
<faircill>, a cask or pot lid, E.Ir. [farcle]: [*vor-cel-], root [cel], cover.
<faire>, watching, Ir., E.Ir. [faire]; see [aire].
<fa\ireag>, a gland, swollen gland, Ir. [fa/ireo/g] (Fol., O'R.); cf. W.
  [chwaren], gland, blotch, root [sver], hurt, Ger. [schwer], difficult.
  The W. precludes comparison with Lat. [va@urus], pimple, [varix],
  dilated vein, Eng. [varicose].
<fairge>, the ocean,Ir. [fairrge], O.Ir. [fairgge], Ptolemy's [Vergivios],
  the Irish Atlantic; from the same root as [fearg].  In Sutherland
  [fairge] means the "ocean in storm".  Usually pronounced
  as if [fairce].  W. [Mo^r Werydd], the Atlantic.
<fairgneadh>, hacking, sacking:
<fairich>, perceive, feel, Ir. [airighim], O.Ir. [airigur], sentio; same
  root as [faire] (Stokes, Beit. @+[8] 341).
<fairleas>, an object on the sky-line (H.S.D. from MSS.); [*f-air-leus];
  from [leus], light.
<fairmeil>, noisy: allied to [seirm].  See [foirm]?
<fairsing>, wide, Ir., O.Ir. [fairsing], W. [eang] (= [*ex-ang], [ehang]),
  [*f-ar-ex-ang]: "un-narrow", root [ang], narrow (Stokes for W.).
--page 161
<fairtlich>, <fairslich>, baffle; [*vor-tl@.-], "over-bear", root [tel], [tol], bear
  (Lat. [tolero], Eng. [tolerate])?
<faisg>, pick off vermin: for root see [caisg].
<faisg>, near: see [fagus].
<fa\isg>, squeeze, wring, Ir. [fa/isge], E.Ir. [faiscim], W. [gwasgu].
  premere, O.Br. [guescim], Br. [goascaff], stringere, [*vaksho^]; Skr.
  [va^hate], press; Eng. [wedge]; further Lat. [vexo].  [*fo-ad-sech]
  (Asc.).
<fa\isne>, a pimple, weal (H.S.D., Dial.):
<fa\isneachd>, <fa\istine>, prophecy, omen, Ir. [fa/isdineachd], [fa/isdine],
  O.Ir. [fa/itsine]; for [fa/ith-sine], where [th] is deaspirated before [s];
  from [fa/ith], with the termination [-sine] ([-stine]?) Zeuss @+[2] 777.
<faisneis>, speaking, whispering, Ir. [fa/isne/is], rehearsal, M.Ir. [faisne/is],
  E.Ir. [aisne/is], vb. [aisne/dim], narrate, [*as-in-feid-], [infi/adim],
  root [veid], [vid], know; see [innis].
<fa\ite>, a smile, Ir. [faitbe] (O'R.), laugh, O.Ir. [faitbim], I laugh,
  [*fo-aith-tibim], [tibiu], I laugh, [*stebio^]; Lit. [stebiu@os], astonish.
<faiteach>, <fa\iteach>, timorous, shy, Ir. [fa/iteach], [faitcheas], fear
  (Keat.), O.Ir. [faitech], cautus: [*f-ad-tech], "home-keeping"?
<fa\itheam>, a hem, Ir. [fa/ithim], [fathfhuaim]; [fo] and [fuaim].  See
  [fuaigh].
<fa\l>, turf, sods, dike, Ir. [fa/l], hedge, fold, O.Ir. [fa/l], saepes, W.
  [gwawl], rampart, Pictish [fahel], murus, [*va^lo-]; Lat. [vallum],
  Eng. [wall].  See further under [fail], stye.
<fa\l>, a spade, peat spade, Manx [faayl], W. [pa^l], Cor. [pal]; from Lat.
  [pa^la].  Also "scythe" (Wh.).
<falach>, a hiding, covering, Ir., E.Ir. [folach], W., Br. [golo], [*vo-lugo^],
  [*lugo^], hide, lie; Got [liugan], tell a lie, Eng. [lie] (Stokes).
  Ernault refers it to the root [legh], [logh], lie, as in G. [laighe]:
  "under-lie", in a causative sense.
<falachd>, spite, malice, treachery, Ir. [fala].  See [fa\illig], [feall] for
  root.
<faladair>, orts (M`D.):
<fa\ladair>, a scythe, really "man who works the scythe", a turfer,
  from [fa\l]: "scythe" properly is [iarunn fa\ladair].
<fa\ladair>, bare pasture (H.S.D. for Heb.): "turf-land", from [fa\l].
<fala-dha\>, a jest, irony, fun; see [fealla-dha\].
<falair>, an interment, funeral entertainment (Stew.) = [farair]?
<fa\laire>, an ambler, mare, Ir. [falaire], ambling horse; seemingly
  founded on Eng. [palfrey].  The form <a\laire>, exists, in the
  sese of "brood-mre" (M`Dougall's [Folk and Hero Tales]),
  leaning upon [a\l], brood, for meaning.  Ir. [falaradh], to amble.
<falaisg>, heath-burning, Ir. [folosg] (do.), E.Ir. [foloiscim], I burn
  slightly; from [fo] and [loisg], q.v.
--page 162
<falamh>, empty, Ir. [folamh], M.Ir. [folum], E.Ir. [folom], [folomm];
  cf. O.W. [guollung], M.Br. [gollo], Br. [goullo].  Windisch derives
  the G. from [lom], bare, but the modern aspiration of
  [folamh] makes this derivation doubtful.  Ernault refers the
  Br. to the root of Lat. [langueo].
<falbh>, go <falbhan>, moving about, walking, waving, Ir. [foluamhain],
  bustling, running away, E.Ir. [folu/amain], flying; see [fo] and
  [luainech].  O.Ir. [fulumain], volubilis, allied to Lat. [volvo], Eng.
  [wallow], would suit the phonetics best, but it does not appear
  in the later dialects.  The verb [falbh] is made from [falbhan].
  Hennessey referred the G. to [falamh], empty.  Cf. E.Ir.
  [falmaigim], empty, quit (Zim.).
<falbhair>, the young of live stock, a follower as a calf or foal; from
  the Sc. [follower], a foal, Eng. [follower].
<falcag>, common auk, <falc> (Heb.); from Norse [a/lka], Eng. [auk].
<fallaid>, dry meal put on cakes:
<fallain>, healthy, Ir. [falla/in], E.Ir. [folla/n]; for [fo]+[sla\n], q.v.
<fallsa>, false (M`D.), Ir., M.Ir. [fallsa]; from the Lat. [falsus].
<falluing>, a mantle, so Ir., M.Ir. [fallaing], Latinised form [phalingis]
  (Geraldus), dat.pl., W. [ffaling]; from Lat. [palla], mantle,
  [pallium].  Cf. O.Fr. [pallion], M.Eng. [pallioun].  M.E. [falding],
  sort of coarse cloth (Hend.).
<fallus>, sweat, Ir. [fallus], [allus], O.Ir. [allas]: [*jasl], root [jas], [jes],
  seethe, yeast, W. [jas], what pervades, Br. [goell] (= [vo-jes-l]),
  leaven; Eng. [yeast], [zeal]; Gr. @G[ze/w], boil.
<falmadair>, the tiller: "helm-worker", from <falm>, helm, from
  Norse [hja/lm], helm.  See [failm].
<falmair>, a kind of fish (H.S.D. for Heb.), <falmaire>, herring hake:
<falman>, kneepan:
<falt>, hair, Ir. [folt], O.Ir. [folt], W. [gwallt], Cor. [gols], caesaries, O.Br.
  [guolt], [*valto-s] (Stokes), root [vel], cover; Lat. [vellus], fleece,
  [la/na], wool, Gr. @G[la/sios], hairy (= [vlatios]); Eng. [wool]; Lit.
  [velti], hairs, threads.  Stokes compares only Russ. [voloti@u],
  thread, Lit. [waltis], yarn, Gr. @G[la/sios].  Same root as [olann],
  wool, [*vel], [*vol], [*ul].
<faltan>, a tendon, snood; for [altan], from [alt].
<famhair>, a giant, Ir. [fomhor], pirate, giant, E.Ir. [fomo/r], [fomo/rach],
  a Fomorian, a mythic race of invaders of Ireland; [*fo-mo/r],
  "sub-magnus" (Zimmer).  Stokes refers the [-mor], [-morach],
  to the same origin as [mare] of [nightmare], Ger. [mahr], nightmare.
  Rhys interprets the name as "sub-marini", taking
  [mor] from the root of [muir], sea.  The [o/] of [mo/r], if it is long
  (for it is rarely so marked) is against these last two derivations.
<famhsgal>, <fannsgal>, hurry, confusion (Arg.):
--page 163
<famh-thalmhainn>, <fath>, a mole, <fadhbh> (Lh.), W. [gwadd], Corn.
  [god], Br. [goz]; M.Eng. [wont], talpa.  Dialectic <ath-thalmhain>.
<fan>, stay, Ir. [fanaim], O.Ir. [anaim]; root [an], breathe, exist, as in
  [anam], [anail]: "gabhail anail" = taking rest.  Stokes suggests
  [an] = [m@.m], root [men], remain, Lat. [maneo], Gr. @G[me/nw], a phonetic
  change not yet proved for Gaelic.  W. [di-anod], without delay.
<fanaid>, mockery, Ir. [fonomhad], E.Ir. [fonomat]: [*vo-nom-anto-],
  root [nem], take, for which see [na\mhad].
<fanaigse>, dog violet (H.S.D. quoting O'R.), Ir. [fanaigse] (O'R.):
  from [pansy]?
<fa\nas>, a void space; from Lat. [vanus].
<fang>, a sheep-pen, fank; from Sc. [fank].
<fang>, a vulture, Ir. [fang], raven.
<fann>, faint, Ir., E.Ir. [fann], W., Br. [gwan], Cor. [guan], debilis,
  [*vanno-s], root [va^], [ven], spoil, wound; Got. [wunns], affliction,
  [winnan], to suffer, Eng. [wound], [wan]; Gr. @G[a@'/te], infatuation, etc.
  Others have connected it with Lat. [vannus] and with Eng. [want].
  [fannan-feo\ir], weak breeze (M`D.).
<fannadh>, fishing with a feathered hook (H.S.D. for Heb.):
<faob>, an excrescence, knob, piece, Ir. [fadhb] (Lh.++), O.Ir. [odb],
  obex, W. [oddf]: [*ud-bhv-o-], "out-growth", root [bhu], be (see
  [bu]).  Stokes gives a Celtic [*odbo/s], from [e@dhgo-s], [ozgo-s](?),
  allied to Gr. @G[o@'/shc], twig?  Lat. [obex]; or to Lit. [u@odega], tail.
  Lide/n equates Lat. [offa], a ball. Stokes now @G[o@'sfu/s].
<faobh>, booty, Ir. [fadhbhaim], I despoil, O.Ir. [fodb], exuvias: [*vodvo-],
  from I.E. [vedh], slay, thrust; Skr. [vadh], slay; Gr. @G[w@'qe/w], push.
  The root may be [vedh], pledge, Gr. @G[a@'/eqlon], war prize, Eng.
  [wager].
<faobhag>, the common cuttle-fish (Heb.).
<faobhar>, edge, so Ir., E.Ir. [faebur], O.Ir. [faibur], machera,
  sword, [*vaibro-s], Lat. [vibro], vibrate, brandish, Lit. [wyburti],
  wag (Stokes).  Cf. further W. [gwaew], pl. [gweywyr], a lance.
<faoch>, <faochag>, a periwinkle, Ir. [faocho/g], M.Ir. [faecho/g]; cf. W.
  [gwichiad].
<faoch>, curve (Carm.):
<faochadh>, a favourable crisis in sickness, relief; see [faothaich].
<faochainn>, entreat earnestly, strive, inf. <faochnadh> (M`A., Arg.):
<faochaire>, knave (Carm.):
<faod>, <feud>, may, Ir. [fe/adaim], I can, E.Ir. [fe/taim], can, [se/tar],
  [seitir], potest, [*svento^]; Got. [swin@ths], strong, Ag.S. [swi/@dh] (do.),
  Norse [svinnr], clever, Ger. [geschwind], swift (Stokes).
<fadail>, goods found by chance or lost, waif: "foundling", E.Ir.
  [e/taim], I find, [*pento^], Eng. [find].  See [eudail].
<faodhail>,  ford, a narrow channel fordable at low water, a hollow
  in the sand retaining tide water: from N. [va@dhill], a shallow,
  a place where straits can be crossed, Shet [vaadle], Eng. [wade].
--page 164
<faoghaid>, <faghaid>, <faodhailt>, starting of game, hunting:
<faoghar>, a sound; see rather [foghar].
<faoighe>, <faighdhe>, begging, asking of aid in corn, etc., M.Ir.
  [faigde], O.Ir. [foigde], mendicatio, [*fo-guide]; from [fo] and
  [guidhe], beg, q.v.
<faoilidh>, liberal, hospitable, Ir. [faoilidh], joyful, O.Ir. [fa/ilidh],
  blithe, [*va^leti-s], allied to [fa/ilt], welcome (Stokes).  Hence
  <faoilte>, welcome, delight.  Root, [*vil], Gr. @G[i@`laro/s], gay?
<faoileag>, <faoileann>, a sea-gull, Ir. [faoilea/n], O.Ir. [faoilenn], W.
  [gwylan], Br. [gwelan], whence Fr. [goe@"land] and Eng. [gull].  For
  root, Stokes compares Eng. [wail].
<faoilleach>, <faoillteach>, the month extending from the middle of
  January to the middle of February, Ir. [faoillidh] (do.),
  [faoilleach] (do.), holidays, Carnival.  The idea is "Carnival"
  or month of rejoicing; from [faoilidh].  Usually referred to
  [faol], wolf: "wolf-month".  Cf. [fe/ill].  February in Ir. = [mi/
  na Fe/ile Bri/ghde].
<faoin>, vain, void, Ir. [faon], M.Ir. [faen], weak:
<faoisg>, unhusk, <faoisgeag>, a filbert, unhusked nut, O.Ir. [a/esc],
  concha, [aesc], classendix, Lat. [aesculus]? (Stokes).  Cf. W.
  [gweisgion], husks, [gweisgioni], to husk.
<faoisid>, <faosaid>, confession, Ir. [faoisdin], O.Ir. [fo/istiu], [*vo-sestamtion-]
  (Stokes), [furoissestar], confessus: [fo] and [seasamh],
  q.v.  Cf. Gr. @G[u@`fi/stcmi], submit.
++<faol>, <faolchu>, a wolf, so Ir., E.Ir. [fa/el], [fael-chu/], W. [gweilgi], the
  sea ("wild dog"), [*vailo-s]; Arm. [gail].
<faolainn>, a stony beach (Heb.): "the beach", [va@dhlinn].
<faolum>, learning; see [foghlum].
<faomadh>, fainting from closeness or excitement, falling (Lewis);
  from [aomadh].
<faondradh>, wandering, exposure, O.Ir. [airndrethach], errantia
  [= [air-ind-reth-]; G. is for [fo-ind-reth-], root [ret], run, of [ruith],
  q.v.  For [ind], see [ionn-].
<faotainn>, getting, E.Ir. [foemaim], I receive, root [em], grasp, hold,
  Lat. [emo].  G. is for [*vo-em-tin-].
<faothaich>, relieve, be relieved from fever, etc., Ir. [faothamh],
  recovery after a crisis, alleviation: [*fo-tha\mh]?
<far>, upon, <far an> (<am>), where, Ir. [mar a n-], where; from [mar] and
  rel., not from [for].
<far>, with, <far rium>, with me, Ir. [a bh-farradh], with (lit. "in
  company of", with gen.).  See [farradh] and [mar ri].
<far>, freight (a ship), Ir. [faraim], [faraighim], [farthadh] or [faradh], a
  freight:
<far>, bring; see [fair].
--page 165
<far->, over; see [far], upon, and [air] (b).  <far-ainm>, nick-name;
  <far-cluais>, listening, etc.
<farachan>, death watch beetle: "hammerer"; from [fairche],
  hammer, Ir. [farachan], a hammer (also Gaelic, Wh.).  The
  possibility of its being from [faire] must not be overlooked.
<faradh>, a roost, Ir. [faradh] (do.), E.Ir. [forud], a bench, seat, shelf:
  [*for-sud], root [sed], seat, as in [suidhe], q.v.  Cf. W. [gor-sedd], a
  seat.  E.Ir. [forad], platform [*ver-podo-].
<faraich>, a cooper's wedge; see [fairce].
<farail>, a visit, inquiry for health; from [far] or [for] and [-ell-], [-eln-],
  go, root [el], as in Lat. [amb-ulare], Gr. @G[e@'lqei@nn].  See further
  under [tadhal].
<faraire>; see [forair].
<faraire>, lykewake:
<farasda>, easy, gentle, Ir. [farasda], [forasda], solid, reasonable,
  "staid": [*for-asda]; for [asda], see [fasdadh].  [farasda] is confused
  with [furasda], q.v.
<farbhail>, a lid; from [far-bheul], "super-os", from [beul], mouth.
<farbhalach>, a stranger; from [falbhalach], from [falbh]?
<farbhas>, a surmise; [*far-meas], from [meas], judge.  Cf. [eirmis].
<farbhas>, noise:
<fa\rdach>, a mansion, hearth, home; cf. [dachaidh].
<fa\rdadh>, alder bark for dyeing black (H.S.D., Dial.), lye, or any
  colour in liquid (M`A.); from [far] and [dath]?
<fa\rdal>, delay, M.Ir. [fordall], staying, E.Ir. [fordul]:
<fardan>, a farthing, Ir. [fardi/n]; from the Eng.
<fa\rdorus>, lintel, Ir. [fa/rdorus], E.Ir. [fordorus], porch, W. [gwarddrws],
  lintel; from [for], [far] and [dorus].
<farfonadh>, a warning (H.S.D.); see root in [fathunn]: [*vor-svon].
<fargradh>, a report: [*vor-gar], root [gar] as in [goir].
<fa\rlus>, chimney or roof-light, E.Ir. [forle/s]; from [for] and [leus], q.v.
  Cf. [a\rlas].
<farmachan>, a sand lark (H.S.D., Dial.):
<farmad>, envy, Ir. [formad], O.Ir. [format]: [*for-mad], the [mad] being
  for [mento-] ([*ver-mento-], Stokes), root [men], Lat. [mens], Eng.
  [mind].  See [dearmad].
<farmail>, a large pitcher (Heb.):
<farpas>, refuse of straw or hay (H.S.D., M`E.); cf. [rapas].
<farpuis>, strife, <co-fharpuis>:
<fa\rr>, off! be off!
<farrach>, violence, Ir. [farrach], [forrach]; see [farran].
++<farradh>, company, vicinity, M.G. [na warri] (D.of L.), Ir.
  [farradh], E.Ir. [farrad], [i fharrad], near, O.Ir. [in arrad]; from
  [ar-sod-], "by-seat", root [sod], [sed], sit, as in [suidhe].  Hence Ir.
  compound prep. [a bh-farradh]; and from the same source
  comes the G. [mar ri], q.v.
--page 166
<fa\rradh>, litter in a boat:
<farragan>, a ledge (Arran), = [faradh], [dh] hardened.
<farraid>, ask, inquire; <faghairt> (Perth), which suggests [fo-gar-t],
  root [gar], speak.  Cf. [iarr].
<farral>, <farran>, anger, force, Ir. [farra/n], vexation, anger, [forra/n],
  oppression, M.Ir. [forra/n], destruction, E.Ir. [forranach],
  destructive.  Hence G. <farrant>, great, stout, Ir. [farra/nta]
  (O'B.).  Also <farrach>.  The root seems to mean "superiority";
  root [vers], [vors], as in [fea\rr], q.v.?
<farusg>, a peeling, inner rind; M.Ir. [forrusc]; from [for] and [ru\sg],
  q.v.
<farruinn>, pinnacle; from [far] and [rinn].
<farsaing>, wide; better [fairsing], q.v.
<farspach>, <farspag>, <arspag>, a seagull:
<farum>, noise, Ir. [fothrum], E.Ir. [fothrom], [fothrond], W. [godornn],
  tumultuous nois (Hend.); for [fo-thorm], from [toirm].  Stokes
  suggest [fo-thrond], from [torann].  The roots are allied in
  either case.
<fa\s>, grow, Ir. [fa/saim], O.Ir. [a/saim], [fa/saim], root [aux], [au@g], increase,
  Lat. [augeo], Gr. @G[au@'/xw], Eng. [eke], [wax].  Stokes and Strachan
  refer [fa/s] to a stem [(p)a^t-to-], [pa/t], [pat], eat, feed, Gr. @G[pate/omai],
  eat, Eng. [feed], [food].  Lat. [pasco], [pastum].
<fa\s>, empty, waste, <fa\sach>, a desert, Ir. [fa/s], [fa/sach], O.Ir. [fa/s], [fa/as],
  vanus, [fa/sach], desert: [*va^sto-s], a waste; Lat. [vastus], vastare;
  Eng. [waste], Ger. [wu@"ste].  Hence <fa\san>, refuse of grain:
  "waste".  [fa/sach], desert, is neuter, see M`A. pref. VIII.
<fasair>, harness, girth-saddle; see [asair].
<fasan>, fashion; from the Eng.
<fadadh>, hiring, binding, Ir. [fastogh], hiring, see [foisteadh].
<fasdail>, <astail>, a dwelling, E.Ir. [fastud], holding fast, vb. [astaim],
  [fastaim], O.Ir. [asstai], moratur, [adsaitis], residentes, [*ad-sod-],
  root [sed], [sod] of [suidhe] (Thur.).  W. [eistedd], sitting, is for
  [*ex-sod-ijo].  It is possible to refer [astaim] to [*ad-sta^-], root
  [sta], stand, Lat. [sto]; the [-asda] of [farasda], "staid", seems
  from it (cf. [tairis]).
<fasgadh>, shelter, Ir. [fosgadh], O.Ir. [foscad], umbra: [*fo-sca/th],
  "sub-umbra"; see [sga\th], shade.
<fasgaidh>, a picking or cleansing off of vermin.  See [faisg].
  [fasgnadh]?
<fasgnadh>, winnowing, <fasgnag>, <asgnag>, corn-fan, Ir. [fasgnaim], I
  purge.
<faspan>, difficulty, embarrassment:
<fath>, a mole; see [famh].
<fa\th>, vista (Carm.):
--page 167
<fa\th>, a cause, reason, Ir. [fath], [fa/th], E.Ir. [fa/th], [*va^t-u-]; root [va^t]
  as in [fa\ith]?  See next.>>
<fathamas>, a degree of fear, awe, a warning; also <fothamas>:
  [*fo-ted-mess-], root of [meas], [tomhas], etc.
<fathamas>, occasion, opportunity: [*fo-tad-mess-], see [amas].
<fathan>, <athan>, coltsfoot, Ir. [fatha/n] (O'R.):
<fathanach>, trifling, silly:
<fathraig>, <fothraig>, bathe, Ir. [fothrugaim], O.Ir. [fothraicim],
  [fothaircthe], balnearum, [fothrucud], a bath, [*vo-tronkatu-]
  (Stokes), W. [trochi], mergere, balneare, Br. [go-zronquet]; Lit.
  [trinkti], wash, bathe (Bez.).
<fathast>, yet, M.Ir., E.Ir. [fodesta], [fodechtsa], for [fo-fect-sa], the [d]
  being otiose and caused by analogy (Zim., Zeit.@+[30] 21).
  Atkinson suggests with a query [fo'nd(fh)echt-sa].  The root
  word is [fecht], time: "under this time, sub hoc tempus".
  See [feachd], time.  Hence also <feasd> (= [i fecht-sa]).
<fathunn>, news, floating rumour, <fabhunn> (Dial.): [*vo-svon], root
  [sven], sound (see [tabhann]), or root [bon], [ban], Eng. [ban], O.Ir.
  [atboind], proclaims?
<fe\>, <fe\ath>, (<fe\ith>, <fiath>), a calm, M.Ir. [feith], E.Ir. [fe/th], O.Ir. [fe/th],
  Gadelic root [vei], [*ve-jo-], root [ve], [ve^], blow, Gr. @G[a@'c/r], air, (whence
  Eng. [air]), Ger. [wehen], to blow, Eng. [wind], especially [weather]
  (root [vet]) for the G. sense.
<feabhas>, <feobhas>, goodness, "betterness", Ir. [feabhus], O.Ir. [febas],
  superiority, [feib], distincion, [*visus], g. [vesv-ia/s] (Thur., Zeit.@+[28]
  149, and Brug.), from [vesu-] or [vesv-], as in [fiu\], q.v.  Stokes
  doubtfully compares Lat. [vigeo], Eng. [vigour] (Bez. Beit.@+[19] 75).
<feachd>, an army, host, expedition, Ir. [feachd], an expedition, E.Ir.
  [fecht] ([ar fecht agus sluagad]), W. [gwaith], action, work.  This
  Zimmer refers to O.Ir. [fichim], I fight (Lat. [vinco], Got. [veihan],
  root [viq]), as well as ++<feachd>, time, Ir. [feachd], E.Ir. [fecht],
  [oenfhecht], once, W. [gwaith], turn, [vicem].  Stokes separates
  the latter (<feachd>, time, E.Ir. [fecht], journey), giving as
  stem [vekta^], root [vegh] (Lat. [veho], Eng. [waggon]); for [fecht],
  campaign, hosting, he gives the Celtic [vikta^], root [viq], as
  Zimmer does.  The words seem, as Stokes has it, from two
  roots, but now they are indistinguishably mixed.  Osthoff
  regards [feachd], time, as allied to Lat. [vices]; see [fiach].
<fead>, a whistle, Ir. [fead], M.Ir. [fet-], [feta/n], a flute, a whistle, W.
  [chwythell], a whistle, [chwyth], a blast, breath, [*wviddo-], [*svizdo-],
  Lat. [sibilus], Eng. [sibilant].  See further under [se/id].
<feadh>, lenght, extent, so Ir.; see [eadh].
<feadhainn>, people, some people, troop, Ir. [feadhainn], E.Ir. [fedain],
  company, [cobeden] conjugatio, W. [gwedd], team, yoke, root [ved],
  I.E. [vedh], Eng. [wed], Lat. [vas], [vadis], surety, Skr. [vi-vadha/],
  shoulder-yoke.
--page 168
<fealan>, (M`A. <feallan>, itch, hives; it also means "worm" (see
  [fiolan]), M.Ir. [filu/n], glandular disease, [fiolu/n saith], anthrax,
  malignant struma, all which Stokes takes from L.Lat. [fello],
  strumae.
<feall>, treachery, Ir. [feall], E.Ir. [fell] (*velno-], W. [gwall], defect, Br.
  [goall] (do.), Cor. [gal], malus, malum, Br. [gwall] (do.), root [vel],
  cheat; Lit. [ap-vilti], [vilio/ti], cheat, Lett. [wila/t], deceitful;
  Norse [ve/l], a deceit, wile, Eng. [wile]; Zend [vareta], error.
  Stokes hesitates between the above and [vel] from [u(p)el], Got.
  [ubils], Eng. [evil].
<fealla-dha\>, joking, irony: [*feall]+[dha\], "double-dealing".
<feallsanach>, philosopher, Ir. [feallsamhnach], [feallsamh], philosopher,
  O.Ir. [felsub]; from Lat. [philosophus].
<feamach>, groos, dirty (Sh., O'R.): from [feam], tail, as in [feaman].
<feamainn>, sea-weed, Ir. [feamuin], E.Ir. [femnach], W. [gwymon], Fr.
  [goe@"mon], [*vit-s-ma/ni-], root [vi], [vei], wind, as in [fe\ith], vein?
  Stokes gives the stem as [vemma^ni-] ([vembani-]?), which suggests
  [*ve@gvo-], root [ve@g], as in [feur].
<feaman>, a tail, Ir. [feam], M.Ir. [feam], mentula, Manx [famman];
  also G. <eaman>, [*engvo-], Lat. [inguen], groin.
<feann>, flay:
<feannadh>, skinning, excessive cold; see [fionnadh].  The idea of
  "cold" is metaphorical.  E.Ir. [fennaim], I skin, is referred
  by Stokes to the root of Eng. [wound]: he gives the stem as
  [*venvo-].
<feannag>, hooded crow, Ir. [feanno/g], [fionno/g]: cf. [fionna], pile, for
  root: "piled crow"?
<feannag>, a lazy-bed; older [fennoc], trench: from [feann], flay.
<fear>, a man, Ir. [fear], O.Ir. [fer], W. [gwr], O.W. [gur], Corn. [gur], Br.
  [gour], [*viro-s] (Rhys thinks the Celtic start was [ver]: cf. W.
  [gwr] = [ver], super, and G. [eadh], O.Ir. [ed] = Lat. [id], etc.): Lat.
  [vir]; Ag.S. [wer], Norse [verr], Eng. [werwolf]; Lit. [wy/ras]; Skr.
  [vi^ra].
<fearann>, land, so Ir., E.Ir. [ferand], also [ferenn], a girdle, garter,
  root [vera], enclose, look after; Skr. [varan@.a/], well, dam, [vr@.n@.oti],
  cover, enclose; Gr. @G[e@'rusqai], draw, keep; Ch.Sl. [vre^ti],
  claudere: further Lat. [vereor], Eng. [ware].
<fearg>, wrath, so Ir., E.Ir. [ferg], O.Ir. [ferc], [ferg], [*verga^]; Gr.
  @G[o@'rgc/]; root [vergo], swell, be puffed up.  Hence <feargnadh>,
  provocation.
<fea\rna>, alder tree, Ir. [fearn], [fearno/g], E.Ir. [fern], [fernog], W. [gwern],
  Corn. [gwernen], Gaul. [verno-], Fr. [verne], [*verno-]; Gr. @G[e@'rnia], wild
  figs (? Bez.).
<fea\rr>, better, Ir. [fea/rr], O.Ir. [ferr], [*vers], [*ver(i)s], a comparative
  in [-is] from the prep. [ver] (= G. [far], [for], super); now comparative
--page 169
  for [math], but evidently once for [fern], good, [*verno-s],
  Lat. [supernus] (cf. [-no-] of [magnus] disappearing in [major], and
  [-ro-] of Celtic [ma^ros] in G. [mo\]).  Stokes refers [ferr] to [vers],
  raise, [*uersos-], height, top; Lat. [verruca], steep place, Lit.
  [wirzu\s], top, Skr. [varshman-], height, [va/rshi^yas], higher.  Cf.
  W. [goreu], best (= Lat. [supremus]).
<fea\rsaid>, a spindle, Ir. [fearrsaid], M.Ir. [fersaid], [*versatti-], [*verttati-],
  W. [gwerthyd], Cor. [gurthit], O.Br. [guirtilon], fusis, M.Br.
  [guerzit], root [vert], turn; Lat. [verto^], [vortex]; Ger. [werden], to be,
  Eng. [worth], be, M.H.G. [wirtel], spindle ring.  Skr. [va/rtate],
  turn, roll, [vartula^], spindle ball.
<fearsaideag>, thrift or sea gilly-flower; from ovs. <fearsad>, estuary,
  sand-bank, passage across at ebb-tide, whence place-name
  [Fersit], and in Ireland [Belfast]; for root se [feart].
<feart>, attention, notice; Br. [gortos], to attend, root [vert], [vort];
  Ger. [warten], attend, Eng. [ward], from [ware], Nor. [var@dha], ward.
  An extension of root [ver], watch, Lat. [vereor], etc.
<feart>, a virtue, efficiency, deed, Ir. [feart], O.Ir. [firt], pl. [ferta], W.
  [gwyrth]; from Lat. [virtus] (Windisch, Stokes).
++<feart>, a grave, Ir. [feart], O.Ir. [fert], tumulus, [*verto-]; root [ver],
  cover, enclose, which see under [fearann].  Cf. Skr. [vr@.ti],
  enclosure, hedge.
<fearthuinn>, rain, Ir. [fearthuinn], E.Ir. [ferthain], inf. to [feraim],
  I pour, give, [*verao^], rain: Lat. [u^ri/na], urine, Gr. @G[ou@`@nron] (do.):
  Norse [u/r], a drizzle, Ag.S. [wa@"r], sea; Skr. [va@-/ri], water, Zend,
  [va^ra], rain.  See [do\irt].
<feascradh>, shrivelling, so Ir. (O'R.):
<feasd>, <am feasd>, for ever, Ir. [feasda], henceforward, E.Ir. [festa],
  [ifesta], now, from this point forward, [i fecht-sa]; from [feachd] by
  metathesis of the [s].  See [fathast].
<feasgar>, evening, Ir. [feascar], O.Ir. [fescor], [*vesqero-], W. [ucher],
  [*eksero-] for [*esqero-]; Lat. [vesper]; Gr. @G[e@`spe/ros].
<feathachan>, slight breeze; see [feothachan].
<fe/ile>, generosity, hospitality, Ir. [fe/ile], E.Ir. [fe/le]; from [fial], q.v.
++<fe/ile>, charm, incantation, E.Ir. [e/le], [he/le], [mo fhele]; from Norse
  [heill], auspice, omen, Eng. [hale], etc.; allied to O.Ir. [ce/l],
  augurium, W. [coel], omen, O.W. [coil] (Zim., Zeit.@+[33] 147).
  For G. [fe/ile], see [Inv. Gaelic Soc. Tr. @+[17] 243].  Stokes regards
  Zimmer's derivation from N. a failure, and compares W. [wylo],
  wail, weep, as Ir. [amor], music = W. [afar], grief, and G. [ceo\l]
  = Ger. [heulen], howl.  Rhys cfs. W. [eli], oil, ointment.
<fe/ile>, <fe/ileadh>, a kilt, E.Ir., O.Ir. [fi/al], velum: O.Ir. [ronfeladar],
  he might clothe us; from Lat. [ve^lum], a covering, [ve^lare], Eng.
  [veil].  In Islay, Jura, etc., it is [an t-sibhleadh].  McL. and D.
--page 170
  also give [e/ibhleadh].  Hend. questions if Lat.  See [uanfebli]
  in Fled Br. 68.  Root [sveil] as in [fill], [spaoil], etc?
<fe/ill>, a fair, feast, Ir. [fe/il], festival, holiday, O.Ir. [fe/il], W. [gwyl],
  festum, Br. [goel], [*vegli-]; Lat. [vigilia], Gr. [veille], a watch,
  vigil, Eng. [vigil], [wake].  The Celtic words are borrowed from
  Lat. (Windisch, Stokes).  Hence [fe/illire], an almanack.
<fe/in>, self, Ir., O.Ir. [fe/in], [*sve-j-sin], "self there", [*sve-j], [*sve], Pruss.
  [swaiss], Ch.Sl. [svoji@u]; Lat. [suus], [se@-]; Gr. @G[e@`/], @G[o@`/s].  Zeuss explains
  [fe/in], as [be/-shin], "quod sit hoc", [be/] being the verb to be.  This
  explanation is due to the divers forms of the O.Ir. word for
  "self, selves": [fe/sine] (= [be/-sin-e/], sit id hoc), [fe/sin], [fadesin]
  (= [bad-e/-sin]), [fode/n], etc.
<Fe/inn>, g. <Fe/inne>, the Fingalians, Ir. [Fe/inne], [Fiann], E.Ir. [fi/ann],
  [*veinna^], also E.Ir. [fi/an], a hero, [*veino-s], root [vein], strive;
  Lat. [ve^nari], hunt; Skr. [ve/nati], go, move, desire.  Zimmer
  takes the word from Norse [fja/ndi], an enemy (Eng. [fiend],
  which he supposes the Irish tropps called themselves after
  the Norsemen.
<feirm>, a farm, Ir. [feilm]; from m.Eng. [ferme], Eng. [farm].
<fe/isd>, <fe/is>, a feast; better [feusd], q.v.
<feith>, wait, Ir. [feithim], E.Ir. [fethim], inf. [fethem] (= G. <feitheamh>),
  [*veto^], root [vet]; Lat. [vetus], old, Eng. [veteran]; Gr. @G[e@'/tos], year;
  Eng. [wether] ("yearling").
<fe/ith>, a sinew, a vein, Ir., O.Ir. [fe/ith], fibra, [*veiti-s], root [vei], [vi],
  wind, bend; Lat. [vi^nem], with, [vi^tis], a vine; Gr. @G[i@'te/a] (long @G[i]),
  willow; Eng. [withe]; Lit. [vy/tis], willow-wand, Ch.Sl. [viti],
  res torta; Skr. [vayati], weave, flecto.  The W. shows a stem
  [*vitta^], vein, W. [gwythen], Br. [gwazen], Cor. [guid-]; cf. Lat.
  [vitta], fillet.  Hence <fe/ith>, a bog channel (Ir. [fe/th], a marsh,
  bog-stream), and <feithleag>, honeysuckle, M.Ir. [feithlend],
  woodbine, W. [gwyddfid] (do.).
<feitheid>, a bird or beast of prey (M`A.), Ir. [feithide], Ir. [feithide], a beast:
<feochadan>, corn-thistle, thistle (Arm., H.S.D.), Ir. [feochadan]
  (O'R.), [feo/thada/n] (O'B.), and [feo/tha/n].  Cf. [fobhannan].
<feo\cullan>, the pole-cat, Ir. [feochullan] (Fol., O'R. has [feocullan] like
  Sh.).  Cf. Sc. [fethok], [fithowe], pole-cat, M.Eng. [ficheu], now
  [fitchew].
<feobharan>, pith, puff (<feo'ran>) - Dial.; [feodharan], root, [*vet], [vetu-]?
<feobhas>, goodness; see [feabhas].
<feo\dar>, pewter, Ir. [pe/atar], W. [ffeutar]; from the Eng. [pewter].
<feodhaich>, decay, Ir. [feodhaim], M.Ir. [feodaigim], wither:
  "senesco"; [*vetu-], root [vet], as in Lat. [vetus], G. [feith]?  O.Ir.
  [feugud], W. [gwyw], Lat. [vietus]; [*vivagatu]?
<feo\il>, flesh, Ir. [feoil], E.Ir. [feo/il], O.Ir. [feu/il], [*vepoli-s]; Skr.
  [vapa^], fat, [va/pus], body, form?
--page 171
<feo\irlig>, a farthing land, <feo\irling>; from Ag.S. [feor@thling], Eng.
  [farthing].
<feo\irne>, chess, Ir. [feoirne] (Sh., O'R., Fol.):
<feo\rag>, a squirrel, Ir. [feoro/g] (Sh., O'R., Fol.), W. [gwiwer], Br.
  [gwiber]; Lit. [vovere@?], Lettic [wa^weris], Pruss. [weware]; Lat.
  [viverra], ferret (Pliny).
<feo\raich>, inquire, <fiafraigh> (Kintyre Dial.), Ir. [fiafruighim], O.Ir.
  [iarfaigim]: [*iar-fach], prep. [iar] and [fach], E.Ir. [faig], dixit,
  [*vako^], say; Lat. [voco^], call, [vox], voice; Skr. [vac], say.  The [r]
  of G. and modern Ir. has shifted to behind the [f], while a
  prothetic [f] is added.
<feo\rlan>, a firlot; see [feo\irling].
<feothachan>, <feothan> (Arran), a little breeze; root [vet], as in
  [onfhadh].
<feuch>, <fiach>, behold, see, try, Ir. [feuch], [fe/ach], E.Ir. [fe/chaim],
  [fe/gaim], [*veiko^]; Gr. [ei@'kw/n], image (Eng. [iconoclastic]), @G[eo@'/ika],
  I seem, @G[ei@'kazw], conjecture; Skr. [vic@?], appear, arrive.
<feud>, may, can; see [faod].
<feudail>, cattle; usual spelling of [eudail], q.v.
<feudar>, <'s fheudar>, it is necessary, M.Ir. [is eidir], it is possible,
  for [is ed fhe/tir], it is what is possible.  [feudar] is the pres.
  pass. of [feud], may.  In G. the "may" has become "must".
  The negative, <cha 'n fheudar>, is common in E.Ir. as [ni fhe/tir],
  [ni e/tir], cannot be.
<feum>, use, need, Ir. [feidhm], pl. [feidhmeanna], need, use, duty, need-service
  of a vassal, E.Ir. [feidm], effort, [*ve/des-men-], "need-service";
  root [ved], as in [feadhainn].  Hence <feumannach>, a
  steward: "a servitor".
<feun>, a waggon, wain, O.Ir. [fe/n], W. [cywain], vehere, [*vegno-], root
  [vegh], carry; Lat. [veho], [vehiculum], vehicle; Gr. @G[o@'/hos], chariot;
  Eng. [waggon], [wain]; Skr. [vahati], carry.
<feur>, <fiar>, grass, Ir. [feur], O.Ir. [fe/r], W. [gwair], Cor. [gwyr], [*vegro-],
  I.E. root [ve@g], increase, be strong; Lat. [vegeo], quicken,
  [vigor], vigour, Eng. [vegetation]; Ag.S. [wacan], nasci, Eng.
  [waken].  Strachan and Stokes refer it to the root [ve@g], [u@g], be
  wet, moist, Lat. [uvidus], moist, Eng. [humour], Gr. @G[u@`gro/s], wet,
  Norse [vo@"kr], moist; but judged by the Latin, the Celtic should
  be [vebro-], which would not give W. [gwair].
<feursa>, a canker, <veursann>, a worm in the hide of cattle:
<feusag>, <fiasag>, a beard, Ir. [fe/uso/g], [fe/aso/g], E.Ir. [fe/so/c], beard, [fe/s],
  hair, [*vanso], O.Pruss., [wanso], first beard, Ch.Sl. [vasu@u],
  beard.
<feusd>, <feusda>, (<fe/isd>, <fe/is>), a feast, Ir. [fe/is], [feusda], E.Ir. [feiss];
  from Lat. [festia], Eng. [feast].
--page 172
<feusgan>, <fiasgan>, a mussel:
<fhuair>, found, invent, Ir. [fuair], O.Ir. [fu/ar], inveni, [frith], inventus
  est, [*vovora], root [ver]; Gr. @G[eu@`@nron], I found, @G[eu@`/rcka] (Strachan,
  Prellwitz).  The root [ver] is likely that found in Gr. @G[o@`ra/w], I
  see, Lat. [vereor], Eng. [ware].
<fiabhras>, a fever, Ir., M.Ir. [fiabhrus]; from Lat. [febris].
<fiacaill>, a tooth, Ir., O.Ir. [fiacail].  There is an E.Ir. [fec] for [fe/c], a
  tooth, a stem [*veikka^]:
<fiach>, value, worth; see next.>>
<fiach>, <fiachan>, debt, value, Ir. [fiach], O.Ir. [fi/ach], [*veico-], Lat.
  [vices], change, Ger. [wechsel], exchange, Skr. [vishti/], changing,
  in turn (Osthoff).  This is the right derivation.
<fiadh>, a deer, Ir. [fiadh, E.Ir. [fi/ad], O.Ir. [fi/adach], venatio, W.
  [gwydd], Br. [guez], [goez], savage, [*veido-s], wild; O.H.G. [weide],
  a hunt, Ger. [weide], pasturage, Norse [vei@dhr], hunting; further
  is G. [fiodh], wood, Eng. [wood].  Hence <fiadhaich>, wild.
<fiadhaich>, invite, welcome (Skye):
<fiadhair>, lay or fallow land; from the above root of [fiadh].  Cf.
  Ger. [weide], pasture.  Also G. <fiadhain>, wild, Ir. [fiadha/in],
  wild, uncultivated.
<fial>, generous, Ir. [fial], E.Ir. [fi/al], modest, W. [gwyl].  Bez. suggests
  [*veiplo-], Teutonic [vi^ba-], Ger. [weib], Eng. [wife].  Cf. Ir. [fialus],
  relationship.  The underlying idea is "kindness, relationship".
<fiamh>, awe, reverence, Ir. [fiamh], fear, reverence, ugly, horrible,
  E.Ir. [fiam], horrible:
<fiamh>, aspect, appearance, trace, Ir. [fiamh], track, trace, chain,
  [fi/amh] (O'Cl.) = lorg, E.Ir. [fiam], a chain, [*veimo-], root [vei],
  wind, as in [fe/ith].  <fiamh gha\ire>, <fe\ath ghaire> (Arg.), a
  slight smile, is in Ir. [fa/etheadh an gha/ire], appearance of a
  smile, E.Ir. [fe/th], aspect.
<fianaidh>, peat cart; [carn-fianaidh] (Ross); see [feun].
<Fiann>, the Fingalians; see [fe/inn].  This is the real nom. case.
<fiantag>, the black heath-berr; root [vein] as in the above word.>>
<fianuis>, witness, a witness, Ir. [fiadhnuise], [fiadhan], a witness, O.Ir.
  [fiadnisse], testimony, [fiadu], acc. [fiadain], testem, [*veido^n], I.E.
  root [veid], [vid], know, see, as in [fios], q.v.; Ag.S. [witta], a
  witness, Eng. [witness], root, [wit], know.
<fiar>, crooked, Ir. [fiar], E.Ir. [fi/ar], W. [gwyr], Gr. [goar], [gwar], [*veiro-];
  root [vei], wind as in [fe/ith]; Eng. [wire], Ag.S. [wi^r], wire.
<fiat>, <fiata>, wild; a participial formation from [fiadh].  Also <fiadhta>,
  so Ir.
<fiatach>, quiet and sly (Skye):
<fiathail>, calm; see [fe\].
--page 173
<fich>, an interjetion denoting "nasty"!  Eng. [fie], Norse [fy/], Ger.
  [pfui].  Also Dial. <fuich>, <fuidh>, which leans on Norse [fu/i],
  rottenness ("Cha bhi fuidh ach far am bi fa\ile").
<fichead>, twenty, Ir. [fiche], [ar fhichid], O.Ir. [fiche], g. [fichet], W.
  [ugeint], [ugain], Cor. [ugens], [ugans], Br. [ugent], [*vikn@.s], [uikn@.tos];
  Lat. [vi^ginti]; Gr. @G[ei@'/kosi]; Zend [vi^c@,aiti].
<fideadh>, a suggestion (H.S.D.): [*vid-dho-], root [vid], wit.
<fideag>, a small pipe, reed, flute, Ir. [fideo/g]; for root, see [fead].
  Shaw also gives the meaning "small worm".  M`L. has
  <fi\deag>.
<fidean>, a green islet or spit uncovered at high tide, web of sea-clam
  (Isles); from the N. [fit], webbed foot of waterfowl,
  meadow land on the banks of firths or rivers, [fitja], to web,
  Eng. [fit].
<fi\dhleir>, a fiddler; from [fiodhull].  Ir. [fidile/ir] is Eng. [fiddler]
  directly borrowed.  Hence G. <fidleireachd>, restlessness;
  "fiddling" about.
<fidir>, know, consider, Ir. [fidir], knows, O.Ir. [fetar], scio, [fitir], novit,
  [*viddetor], [*vid-dho-] (the [-dho-] as in [creid], Windisch); root
  [vid], see, as in [fios].  Thurneysen explains it as [*videsar]
  (aorist stem [vides-]) becoming [vid-shar], but [d-sh] does not
  produce [t] or [d] without an [n] before it.
<fige>, <figis>, a fig, Ir. [fi/ge]; from Lat. [fi^cus], Eng. [fig].
<figh>, weave, Ir. [fighim], E.Ir. [figim], O.W. [gueig], testrix, W. [gweu],
  to weave, Cor. [guiat], tela, Br. [twea], M.Br. [tweaff], [*vegio^];
  Ger [wickeln], roll, wind, curl, [wieche], wick, Eng. [wick], Ag.S.
  [wecca] (Stokes).  Usually referred to the root [vei], [vi], wind.
<file>, <filidh>, a poet, Ir. [file], g. [filidh], O.Ir. [fili], g. [filed], [*velet-],
  "seer"; W. [gwelet], to see, Br. [guelet], sight, [*velo^].  Cf. Norse
  [vo@"lva], prophetess, sibyl.  Old Germanic [Veleda], a prophetess
  (Tacitus).
<fill>, fold, Ir. [fillim], fold, return, O.Ir. [fillim], flecto, [*velvo^]; Lat.
  [volvo], roll, [volumen], Eng. [volume]; Gr. @G[ei@'lu/w], envelop; Got.
  [af-valvjan], roll away, Eng. [wallow].  Cf. W. [olwyn], a wheel
  (Stokes).  Windisch ([Curt. Et.]) suggests [vald] as root, allied
  to Norse [velta], roll, Got. [valtjan], Eng. [welter], Ger. [walze], roll,
  waltz.  See especially [till].
<fillein>, a collop: a "roll"; from [fill].
<fine>, a tribe, kindred, Ir., O.Ir. [fine], O.Br. [coguenou], indigena,
  [*venja^], kinship; Norse [vinr], a friend, Ag.S. [wine], O.H.G.
  [wini] (do.); I.E. root [ven], love, Lat. [Venus], [veneror], Eng.
  [venerate], Skr. [van], love.
<fi\nealta>, fine, elegant, Ir. [fi/nealta]; cf. M.Ir. [fi/n-] in [Fi/nscothach],
  fair-flowered, [Fin-shnechta], bright-snow, root [sve/n]; Gr. @G[c@'noy],
  bright (Stokes for M.Ir.).
--page 174
<finiche>, jet (m`D., M`A.), <finichd>, black as jet (M`E.):
<finid>, end; from Lat. [finit], the colophon of so may tales when
  written.
<finideach>, wise, so Ir. (Lh., Sh., H.S.D., which gives C.S. as
  authority):
<finne>, a maiden (Arm., M`A., M`E.): "fairness, beauty"; from
  [fionn] ([*vindia^]).
<finnean>, a buzzard.
++<fioch>, wrath, Ir. [fi/och], E.Ir. [fi/ch], feud, I.E. [*veiqo-], fight; Got.
  [veihan], strive, O.H.G. [wi^gan], fight; Lat. [vinco].  Hence
  <fiochdha>, angry.
<fiodh>, wood, so Ir., O.Ir. [fid], W. [guid], [gwydd], [gwydden] (sing.),
  Corn. [guiden], Br. [gwezenn], tree, [gwez], trees, Gaul. [vidu-] [*vidu-];
  Eng. [wood], Ag.S. [wudu], O.H.G. [witu].  Hence ++<fiodhcheall>,
  chess play, E.Ir. [fidchell], W. [gwyddbwyll], "wood-sense", from
  [fiodh] and [ciall].  Also <fiodhag>, wild fig, <fiodhan>, cheese-vat.
<fiodhradh>, an impetuous rush forward (Heb.):
<fodhull>, a fiddle, E.Ir. [fidil], from Low Lat. [vitula], whence Fr.
  [viola], Eng. [viol], [violin].  Cf. Eng. [fiddle], from Med.Lat.
  [fidula], Lat. [fidis].
<fioghuir>, a figure, Ir. [fi/oghair], M.Ir. [figur]; from Lat. [figura].
<fioagan>, a field-mouse (Arran.):
<fiolan>, <fiolar>, an earwig, nesscock, W. [chwil], beetle, [chwiler],
  maggot, Br. [c'houil]; Gr. @G[si/lfc], cockroach, Eng. [sylph].
  Cf. [feallan].
<fiomhalach>, a giant (Sh.); from [fiamh].
<fi\on>, wine, Ir. [fi/on], O.Ir. [fi/n], W., Cor., Br. [gwin]; from Lat.
  [vinum].
<fi\onag>, a mite, insect, a miser, Ir. [fineo/g], a mite in cheese, etc.:
<fionn>, white, Ir. [fionn], O.Ir. [find], W. [gwyn], Corn. [guyn], Br.
  [gwenn], Gaul. [vindo-], [*vindo-], a nasalised form of root [vid], [veid],
  see, as in [fios].  Cf. Servian [vidny/], clear.
<fionn->, to, against, Ir. [fionn-], [ionn-], O.Ir. [ind-]; see [ionn-].
<fionna>, <fionnadh>, hair, pile, Ir. [fionnadh], E.Ir. [finda], [findfad], O.Ir.
  [finnae], pilorum, [*ves-nia^], root [ves], clothe, Lat. [vestis], Eng.
  [vestment].  Stokes has compared it to Lat. [villus], hair, which
  he takes from [*vin-lus], but which is usually referred to the
  root [vel] of [vellus], [lana], etc.  The [-fad] of E.Ir. is for [*vida],
  aspect, W. [gwedd], root [vid], see.
<fionnachd>, refreshment: "coolness", [*ionn-fhuachd]: cf. [fionnar].
<fionnan-feo\ir>, grasshopper, Ir. [finni/n feoir] (O'R.):
<fionnairidh>, a watching: [*ind-faire]; see [fionn-], to, and [faire].
<fionnar>, cool, Ir. [fionnfhuar], M.Ir. [indfhuar]; from [fionn-], and [fuar].
  <fionnas-ga\rraidh>, parsley (M`L.):
--page 175
<fionndairneach>, randk grass, downy beard (H.S.D.):
++<fionndruinne>, (white) bronze, E.Ir. [findruine], white bronze:
  [*find(b)ruine (Hend.), Eng. [bronze].
<fionnogha>, grandson's grandson, Ir. [fionnu/a]; from [fionn-], ad-, and
  [ogha].
<fionnsgeul>, a romance, Ir. [finnsgeul]; from [fionn-] and [sgeul]: [ande-sqetlon].
<fi\or>, true, Ir. [fi/or], O.Ir. [fi/r], W. [gwir], O.W. [guir], Br. [gwir], [*ve^ro-];
  Lat. [ve^rus]; Ger. [wahr].  Root [ver], [vor], [var], see, as in Eng.
  [beware], [ward].  Before the noun the word is <fi\r>.  Hence
  <fi\rean>, righteous man, O.Ir. [fi/rian], W. [gwirion], [*ve^ria^no-s].
<bios>, knowledge, Ir. [fios], O.Ir. [fiss], [*vid-tu-], root [vid], [veid], know;
  Lat. [video], see; Gr. @G[ei@'@ndon], @G[i@'dei@nn], saw, @G[oi@'@nda], know, Got.
  [vitan], watch, Eng. [wit]; Skr. [vid], know, [vetti], to know.  Hence
  <fiosrach>, knowing.
<fir-chlis>, the northern lights; see [fear] and [clis].
<fir-chneatain>, backgammon men:
<fire faire>, interjection - "what a pother"; from the Sc. [fiery-fary],
  bustle.
<fireach>, hill ground, mountain: cf. [fearann], root [*ver].
<firead>, a ferret, Ir. [fire/ad]; from the Eng.
<fireun>, an eagle, Ir. [fi/r-e/n]: "true-bird"; from [fi\or] and [eun].  So
  in E.Ir. [fi/r-iasc] is the salmon.  So in Reay Country (Rob.).
<firionn>, male, so Ir.; E.Ir. [firend]; from [fear].
<fise faise>, interjection - noise of things breaking, talking secretly.
<fitheach>, a raven, Ir., O.Ir. [fiach]; this is a dissylable, [*vivo-ko-];
  the phonetics being those of [biadh].  Stokes gives [*veijako-s]
  or [*veivako-s].  It is still distantly allied to Ger. [weihe].
<fithreach>, dulse, so Ir. (Lh., O'B., etc.):
<fiu\>, worthy, Ir. [fiu/], O.Ir. [fiu/], W. [gwiw], Cor. [guiu], O.Br. [uuiu],
  Gaul. [vesu-], [*vesu-], [ve^su-], good; Skr. [va/su], good; root [ves], be,
  Eng. [was].  Some give [*visu] ([*vi^su-]) as the stem, Gr. @G[i@'/sos],
  like (= [visvo-s]), Skr. [vishu], @aeque.  Hence <fiu\bhaidh>, a prince,
  valiant chief, Ir. [fiu/bhas], dignity; also <fiu\ghanta>, generous,
  Ir. [fiughantach], [fiu/ntach] (Keat.), worthy.
<fiughair>, expectation, E.Ir. [fiugrad], praedicere; from Lat. [figura].
  Ir. has [fi/oghair], figure, fashion, sign.
<fiu\ran>, a sapling, Ir. [fiu/ra/n] (Sh., O'R., Fol.):
<fiu\thaidh> (<fiu\bhaidh>), an arrow; see [iu\thaidh]).
<flaiche>, a sudden gust of wind (Sh., O'R.):
<flaitheanas>, heaven, glory, <flaitheas>, sovereignty, Ir. [flaitheamhnus],
  O.Ir. [flaithemnas], gloria; from [flaithem], lord, g.
  [flaitheman]; see [flath].
++<flann>, red, blood-red, so Ir., E.Ir. [fland], blood, red: [vl-ando-],
  root [vol] of [fuil], q.v.
--page 176
<flasg>, a flask, W. [fflasg]; from the Eng.
<flath>, a chief, prince, Ir. [flaith], O.Ir. [flaith], chief, dominion,
  [flaithem(an)], chief ([*vlatimon-]), W. [gwlad], region, M.W.
  [gulatic], rex, Corn. [gulat], patria, Br. [gloat], realm, Gaul. [vlatos],
  [*vlato-s], [*vlati-s], root [vala], [vla], be strong; Lat. [valere], Eng.
  [valid]; Got. [valdan], Ger. [walten], rule, Eng. [weild], Walter;
  Ch.Sl. [vlada@?], rule, Russ. [vladiete], rule, O.Pruss. [waldnika-],
  king.  Also [*valo-s] as the final element of certain personal
  names - <Domhnall>, [*Dumno-valo-s] (see [domhan]), <Conall>,
  [*Kuno-valo-s] ([*kuno-s], high, root [ku], as in [curaidh], q.v.,
  Teutonic [Hu^n-], Humbold, Humphrey, Hunwald, etc.), <Cathal>,
  [*Katu-valo-s] (see [cath]), etc.
<fleachdail>, flowing in ringlets (H.S.D., from MSS.); from Lat.
  [plecto], plait.
<fleadh>, a feast, Ir. [fleadh], O.Ir. [fled], W. [gwledd], O.W. [guled],
  pompae, [*vl@.da^], root [vel], wish; Gr. @G[ei@'lapi/nc], feast, @G[e@'\ldomai],
  wish, [e@'lpi/s], hope; Lat. [voluptas]; Eng. [will], [well].
<fleadhadh>, brandishing; Eng. [wield]; see [flath].
<fleasg>, a rod, wreath, Ir. [fleasg], garland, wand, sheaf, O.Ir. [flesc],
  rod, linea, [*vleska], from [*vledska], root [vl@.d]; Ger. [wald], wood,
  Eng. [wold]; Gr. @G[a@'/lsos], grove; Ch.Sl. [vladi], hair.  From the
  Celtic comes the Fr. [fle\che], arrow, whence Eng. [Fletcher],
  arrow-maker.  See [fleisdear].
<fleasgach>, young man, bachelor, so Ir., M.Ir. [flesgach]: "wand-bearer".
  From [fleasg], above.  The Ir. [fleasgaigh ealadhna],
  itinerant medicine men, carried [fleasgan] to denote their profession.
<fleasgair>, a barge or boat hung with festoons; from [fleasg].
<fleisdear>, arrow-maker; from Sc. [fledgear], M.Eng. [flecchere], now
  [fletcher], from O.Fr. [flechier].  See [fleasg] further.
<fleodradh>, floating (Heb.), <fleodruinn>, a buoy; from Norse [fljo/ta],
  to float, Eng. [float].
<fleogan>, an untidy, flabby person, a flat fish (Arms.), <fleoidhte>,
  flaccid (Sh.):
<fliodh>, chickweed, a wen, Ir. [fliodh], [fligh], chickweed, W. [gwlydd],
  chickweed, soft stems of plants, [*vl@.du-].  Same root as in [fleasg].
<fliuch>, wet, Ir., O.Ir., [fliuch], W. [gwlyb], O.W. [gulip], Corn. [glibor],
  humor, Br. [gloeb], wet, [*vl@.qu-s], wet; Lat. [liquidus] (= [fliquidus]);
  Lit. [wa'lks], wet, [wa'lka], swampy place.  See [failc].
<flo\>, hallucination (H.S.D. for N.H.):
<flod>, a state of floating; from Eng. [float], Norse [floti], a raft.
<flodach>, lukewarm; see [plodadh].
<flu\r>, <plu\r>, flower, Ir. [plu/r], M.Ir. [plu/r]; from the M.Eng. [flour],
  O.Fr. [flour], Lat. [florem], G. <flu\r> is from the Scotch.
--page 177
<fo>, under, Ir., O.Ir. [fo], W. [go-], O.W. [guo-], Cor. [go-], Cor., Bret.
  [gou-], Gaul. [vo-]: [*vo], for [*u(p)o]; I.E. [upo]; Gr. @G[u@`po/]; Lat.
  [s-ub]; Got. [uf]; Skr. [upa], hither.
<fo\>, brink (Carm.):
<fobhannan> (<fo\thannan>), a thistle, Ir. [fo/bhtha/n], [fo/thanna/n], E.Ir.
  [omthann], [*omo-tanno-], "raw or rough twig"?  See [amh] and
  [caorrunn].  Dial. <fonntan> (Arran).
<focal>, word; see [facal].
<fochaid>, scoffing, Ir. [fochmhuid], [fochuidbheadh], M.Ir. [fochmaid],
  E.Ir. [fochuitbiud], [*fo-con-tib-], root [teb], smile, O.Ir. [tibiu],
  laugh; Lit. [stebiu@os], be astonished.
<fochair>, presence, <am fochar>, coram, Ir., M.Ir. [fochair]: [*fo-char],
  [car] being [cor], put.
<fochann>, young corn in the blade, Ir. [fochan], M.Ir. [fochon];
  [*vo-kuno]?  Root [kun], [ku], increase, Gaul. [cuno-], high, etc.
  See [curaidh].
<fo/d>, a peat, turf, Ir. [fo/d], O.Ir. [fo/t]: [*vonto-]?
<fodar>, fodder, Ir. [fodar]; from the Eng. [fodder].
<fo\gair>, expel, banish, Ir. [fo/gair], command, proclaim, O.Ir.
  [fo/cairim] (do.), [fo/cre], monitio: [*fo-od-gar-]; root [gar] of [goir].
++<fogh>, quiet, careless (Stew.):
<foghail>, a hostile incursion, Ir. [foghail], E.Ir. [fogal]; [*fo-gal]: root
  [gal], valour, war.  See [gal].
<foghail>, <fo\ghail>, noise, bustle, merriment; for first sense, see
  [foghair], for second, see [othail].
<foghainteach>, valorous, Ir. [fo/ghainteach], good, fit, serviceable,
  [fo/ghaint], ability: "capable"; from [foghainn], suffice.  See
  [fo\ghnadh].  Ir. [foghaintidhe], a servant.
<foghair>, a sound, tone, so Ir., O.Ir. [fogur], sonus: [*fo-gar-]; root
  [gar] of [goir].  Strachan makes the root part [fog], and refers it
  to [fuaim], q.v.
<foghar>, harvest, Ir. [fo/ghmhar], M.Ir. [fogamur], autumn, E.Ir.
  [fogamur], [fogomur], last month of autumn: [*fo-gamur], the
  [gamur] being from the root of [geamhradh], winter, q.v.  The
  idea is "sub hiemem".  Cf. W. [cynauaf], harvest, O.W.
  [kynnhaeaf], from [cyn], before, and [gauaf], winter.
<fo\ghlum>, learning, Ir. [fo/ghluim], O.Ir. [foglaim], vb. [fogliunn]:
  [*vo-glendo^], [*glendo^], make clear; Eng. [glance], Ger. [glanz],
  splendour; Ch.Sl. [gle@?edati], show.
<fo\ghnadh>, sufficiency, service, Ir. [foghnamh], O.Ir. [fognam], service;
  from [fo] and [gni\omh], deed.
<foichein>, a wrapper, infant's clout:
<foichlean>, a sprout, young corn (Arm.), <faichean> (Arg.), Ir.
  [foichni/n]; see [fochann].
--page 178
<fo/id>, a peat; see [fo/d].
<fo\idheach>, a beggar; see [faoighe].
<foidhearach>, naked (H.S.D., Dial.):
<foidhidinn>, patience, Ir. [foighid], O.Ir. [foditiu], toleratio ([*vo-dam-tin-]),
  vb. [fodamim], patior, root [dam]; Lat. [domo], I tame,
  subdue; Gr. @G[dama/w] (do.); Eng. [tame]; Skr. [da^myati], tame.
<foighnich>, ask; see [faighnich].  Also, more Dialectic, <foinich>.
<foil>, macerate, broil; see [fail].  Hence <foileag>, a cake suddenly
  and imperfectly toasted.
<foil>, pig-stye; see [fail].
<fo\il>, slow, stately, <fo\ill>, composure, Ir. [fo\il], [fo/ill], softly! a while,
  M.Ir. [co fo/ill], slowly, for a while, E.Ir. [co foill], slowly:
<foileadh>, slow development:
<foill>, treachery, O.Ir. [foile], astutia.  G. is for [*volni-], Ir.
  for [*folia^], both side-forms to [feall], treachery, q.v.
<foillsich>, reveal, O.Ir. [foillsigim] [*svolnestikio^]; see [follus].
<foinich>, ask; see [faighnich].
<foinne>, a wart, Ir. [faine], [faithne], W., Cor. [gwenan], blister, Br.
  [gwennhaenn], a wart; Eng. [wen], Ag.S. [wenn] (Ern.).
<foinneamh>, <foinidh>, handsome, genteel; cf. next word, also Lat.
  [vinnulus], delightful, root [ven], as in G. [fine], etc.
<foinnich>, temper, Ir. [foinnim], temper, knead, [foinnighte], tempered,
  kneaded.  Cf above word.>>
<foir->, prefix meaning "super", same as <for->: see [far], [air](b).
<fo\ir>, help, Ir. [fo/ir] (vb. and n.), E.Ir. [foriuth], I. help, O.Ir. [don-fo/ir],
  to help us: [*vo-ret-]; root [ret] of [ruith], run.  For force,
  cf. [furtachd].  The W. [gwared], release, Br. [goret], are of like
  elecents.  Similarly <foirbheart> (an Ir. word really), assistance,
  is from [foir-] and [beir].
<foirbhillidh>, acceptable (M`D); from [for] and [bail], good?
<foirceadal>, <foircheadal>, instruction, catechism, Ir. [foircheadal],
  O.Ir. [forcital], doctrina, vb. [forchun], doceo: [*for-can-]; root
  [can], say, sing.  See [can].
<foireann>, <foirionn>, a band, crew, Ir. [fuirionn], E.Ir. [fairenn], O.Ir.
  [foirinn], O.W. [querin], W. [gwerin], people, M.Br. [gueryn],
  [*vore^na^], [*vorinni-], multitude, root [ver], enclose; Ag.S. [vorn],
  multitude, caterva; Lit. [wora\], long row in Indian file; Skr.
  [vra@-/], troop, company.  See [fearann].
<foirfe>, perfect, Ir. [foirfe], complete, old, O.Ir. [foirbthe], pefectus,
  [forbe], perfectio, vb. [forbanar], perficitur, [forfenar], consummatus:
  [*for-ben-]; root [ven], [va], go (Lat. [venio], Gr. @G[bai/nw],
  @G[e@'/bcn], practically a verb "to be" (Stokes [Neo-Celtic
  Verb. Subst.]).
<fo\irin>, assistance, E.Ir. inf.dat. [foirithin]; see [fo\ir].
<foirinn>, border land (Cam.)
--page 179
<foirm>, noise; side form of toirm?
<fo\irmeil>, brisk, lively (Sh., etc.): from Eng. [formal] (Rob.).
<foirmeilich>, formalists.
<fo\irne>, a band, dwellers, Ir. [foirne] (O'B.); an oblique form of
  [foireann], g. [foirne].
<fo\irneadh> intruding; see [teirinn], [tea\rnadh].
<fo\irneis>, a furnace; see [fu\irneis].
<foirneata>, conspicuously brave; see [niata].
<fois>, rest, Ir. [fois], O.Ir. [foss], residence, remaining, rest, W. [ar-os];
  [*voss-]; root [ves], be, rest; Gr. @G[a@'/stu], city ([*vastus]); Skr. [va/stu],
  place; Lat. [Vesta]; Eng. [was], Ger. [wessen], be, Got. [visa],
  remain.  So all etymologists till Windisch (1892) suggested
  the root [sta^], tat is [*vo-sto-].  Stokes still holds by old (1903).
  Hence <foisdin>, taciturnity, Ir. [foisdine].
<foisteadh>, wages, hire, Ir. [foistighim], I hire; M.Ir. [foss], servant,
  W. [gwas] (Eng. [vassal]); from the same root as [fois].  Also
  <fasdadh>.
<folach>, covering, hiding; see [falach].
<fo\lach>, rank grass growing on dunghills; [*vog-lo-], root, [vog], [veg]
  of [feur].
<folachd>, a feud, bloodiness; see [fuil].
<folachdain>, water-parsnip (H.S.D. quotes only O'B.), Ir. [folachtain]:
<follas>, publicity, <follaiseach>, public, Ir. [follus], public, manifest,
  O.Ir. [follus], clear, shining, manifest, [*svolnestu-s]; see [solus].
<fonn>, land, Ir. [fonn], E.Ir. [fond]; from Lat. [fundus], which, again,
  is connected with G. [bonn], q.v.
<fonn>, a tune, Ir. [fonn], tune, desire, delight, M.Ir. [adbonn], a
  strain; [*svonno-], root [sven], sound, Lat. [sonus], Eng. [sound].
  See [seinn].
<fonnsair>, a trooper (M`A.):
<for->, super-, Ir., O.Ir. [for-]; prep. [for], for which see [far], [air](b).
<forach>, <forch>, projection into the sea (Carm.):
<forail>, command, Ir. [fora/ilim].  See [earail] for formation and root.
<forair>, watch, Ir. [foraire]; from [for] and [aire].
<forasda>, sedate, so Ir.; see [farasda], in the sese of "staid".
<forbhas>, ambush (Sh., H.S.D., which quotes Lh. and C.S.), Ir.
  [forbhas], E.Ir. [forbas], siege:
<forc>, a fork, Ir. [forc], E.Ir. [forc] (= [gobul]); for Lat. [furca], Eng.
  [fork].
<forfhais>, Mforas>, information, inquiry, Ir. [foras], E.Ir. [foras], [forus],
  true knowledge: [*for-fiss], from [fiss] or [fios], knowledge, q.v.
  [foras feasa], "basis of knowledge".
<forgan>, keenness, anger; from a side-form [forg] ([*vorg]) of [fearg]?
--page 180
<fo\rlach>, a furlogh; from the Eng.
<forluinn>, spite, hatred (H.S.D.), Ir., M.Ir. [forlonn]; from [for] and
  [lonn], fierce.
<forman>, a mould, Ir. [forma/n]; from Lat. [forma].
<forradh>, gain (H.S.D.), excrescence, shift (M`E.); from [for] and
  [rath]?  See [rath].
<forsair>, a forester; from the English.
<fortail>, strong, hardy, (an Ir. word clearly), Ir. [foirteamhail],
  [fortail], brave, stout, E.Ir. [fortail], predominant, strong; from
  Lat. [fortis].
<fortan>, fortune, Ir. [fortu/n]; from Lat. [fortuna].
<fortas>, litter, refuse of cattle's food, orts; from the Eng. [orts].
  Lh. has an Ir. [fortas], straw.
<fo\s>, yet, still, Ir. [fo/s], M.Ir. [fo/s], beos], O.Ir. [beus], [beius].  Stokes
  makes it a comparative in [s] from [beo-], allied to Lat. [beo^],
  gladden, [be-ne], well.
<fosg>, <fosgag>, the lark (Carm.):
<fosgail>, open, so Ir., E.Ir. [oslaicim]: [*f-od-as-leic]; Gaelic root
  [leic] or [leig], let.  See [leig] and cf. [tuasgail].
<fosgarach>, open, frank:
<fosglan>, porch (Carm.):
<fosradh>, pounded bark (or anything) to stop leaks; cf. Ir. [fosradh],
  scattering, from [*vo-ster-], root [ster], strew.
<fosradh>, hand feeding of cattle (Heb.):
<fothach>, the glanders in horses, Ir. [fothach], [fo/thach]:
<fo\tus>, a flaw, refuse (M`A. says "rotten pus", and gives <fo\t>, rotten
  earth): from Sc. [faut], as in [fabhd].
<frabhas>, refuse, small potatoes (Arg.):
<frachd>,  freight; from Sc. [fraught], Eng. [freight].
<fradharc>, vision, sight, Ir. [ra/dharc], E.Ir. [rodarc]: [*ro-darc]; root
  [derk], see, as in [dearc], q.v.
<fraigein>, a brisk, warlike fellow; see [frogan].
<fraigh>, wattled partition, E.Ir. [fraig]: [*vragi-], root [verg]; Skr.
  [vraja], hurdle; Gr. @G[ei@'rgw], shut in.
<fraileach>, sea-weed (Sh., O'R.):
<frangalus>, tansy; <lus na Fraing> (Cameron), the French herb;
  from [Fraing], France.  Ir. [lus na bhfhrancach], M.Ir. [frangcan],
  tansy (St.).
<fraoch>, heather, Ir. [fraoch], O.Ir. [froech], W. [grug], Cor. [grig], M.Br.
  [groegon], [*vroiko-]; Gr. @G[e@'rei/kc].  Hence G. <fraoch>, wrath, Ir.
  [fraoch], E.Ir. [fraech], furor.
<fraochan>, toe-bit of shoe; "heather-protector", from [fraoch]?
<fraoidhnidh>, flourishing:
<fraoidhneis>, <froinis>, a fringe; from the Eng.
<fraoileadh>, a flustering by liquor; Dial. <sraoileadh>:
--page 181
<fraon>, a place of shelter in the mountains (Sh., O'R.), [fraoinibh]
  (D.Ba\n):
<fras>, a shower, Ir. [fras], E.Ir. [frass], [*vrasta^]; Gr. @G[e@'/rsc], dew; Skr.
  [farsham], rain.
<freagair>, answer, Ir. [freagairim], E.Ir. [frecraim]: [*frith-gar-], root
  [gar] of [goir].
<freasdal>, serving, attending, Ir. [freasdail], O.Ir. [frestal], [fresdel]:
  [*fris-do-el-]; for root see [fritheil].  Dr Cameron referred it to
  [fris] and [tal], which see in [tuarastal].
<freiceadan>, a guard, watch: [*frith-coimhead-an]; from [coimhead],
  guard, look, q.v.
<freiteach>, a vow, interdictory resolution, E.Ir. [fretech], [fristoing],
  repudiation, renunciation, O.Ir. [fristossam], renuntiaverimus;
  root [tong], [tog], swear, Lat. [tongeo], think, Eng. [think].  Stokes
  gives the final root as [tag], take, Lat. [tangere].  Ir. [tong],
  swear, is allied to W. [tyngu].
<freo\ine>, fury, rage:
<freothainn>, bent-grass (Arg.):
<freumh>, <friamh>, a root, Ir. [fre/amh], E.Ir. [fre/m], W. [gwraidd],
  [gwreiddyn], Cor. [grueiten], Br. [grisienn], [*vr@.d-ma^], [*vr@.djo-],
  [*vr@.dnu-]: Lat. [radix], root; Gr. @G[r@`i/za]; Got. [vaurts], Eng. [wort],
  [root].
<fri\de>, a tetter, ring-worm, M.Ir. [frigde], flesh-worm, E.Ir. [frigit],
  W. [gwraint], M.Br. [gruech], [*vr@.gn@.tia^], root [verg]; Eng. [wriggle].
<fri\deam>, support, attention:
<frighig>, fry; from the Eng. [frying].
<friochd>, a second dram, a nip:
<friochdan>, a frying pan, Ir. [friochta/n]; cf. Ir. [friochtalaim], I fry.
  From [fry] of the Eng.
<frioghan>, <friodhan>, a bristle, pig's bristle; M.Ir. [frighan] i.
  [guairech muc]; root [vr@.g] as in [fraigh]?  Cf. W. [gwrych], hedge,
  bristles, [*vr@.g-ko-].  Hence <frioghail>, sharp, keen.
<frionas>, fretfulness: [*friogh'n-as], "bristlines"; from [frioghan].
<friotach>, fretful (Stew.); see [frith], wour look.
++<frith>, an incantation to discover if far-away persons live (Heb.),
  fate (Sh., O'R.); from the Nrose [fre/tt], enquiry of the gods
  about the future, Sc. [fret], [freit].
<frith>, <frioth>, small, trifling (Sh., O'R.), which M`A. says antecedes
  the noun, is the prep. [frith] or [ri].
<frith>, a sour or angry look (A.M`D.), <frithearachd>, peevishness,
  Ir. [frithir], peevish: [*vr@.ti-]; root of [ri] "against"?
<fri\th>, a forest, deer forest, Ir. [frith], wild, mountainous place, W.
  [ffridd], forest; from M.Eng. [fri@dh], deer park, Ag.S. [fri@dh].
<frith->, <fre->, <freas->, prefix = prep. [ri] by force and derivation;
  which see.
--page 182
<fritheil>, attend, Ir. [friotholaim] (Con. [friotho/laim], E.Ir. [frithailim],
  root [-al-] (Ascoli), go; root [al], [el], [eln] of [tadhal], q.v.
<frithir>, earnest, eager (Stew.), Ir. [frithir], earnest, peevish; cf.
  [frith], sour look.
<fro\g>, a hole, fen, den, <ro\g> (Suth.).
<frogan>, liveliness, a slight degree of drunkenness:
<froighnighe>, a dampness oozing through the wall; from [fraigh]
  and [snighe].
<froineadh>, a sudden tugging, rushing at (M`D.):
<froi\nis>, a fringe; see [fraoidhneis].
<fro\mhaidh>, hoarse, rough:
<fruan>, acclivity (Carm.):
<fuachd>, cold, so Ir., O.Ir. [uacht], [o/cht], [*aukto-]; Lettic [auksts],
  cold (adj.), Lit [a/uszti], cold, be cold.
<fuadaich>, drive away, Ir. [fuadaighim], drive away, snatch away,
  E.Ir. [fu/ataigm]: [*fo-od-tech](?); see [teich].  Hence <fuadan>,
  wandering.
<fuadarach>, hasty, in a hurry (Stew., Arm. and H.S.D.), Ir. [fuadar],
  haste; from [fuad-] of [fuadaich]?  Cf. Sc. [foutre]>
<fuagarthach>, exiled; see [fo\gair].
<fuaidne>, loose pins of warping stakes.  Cf. O.Ir. [fuat].
<fuaigh>, stitch, <fuaigheal>, sewing, so Ir., E.Ir. [fu/agaim], [u/agaim],
  O.Ir. [u/aimm] (n.): [+out-s-men-]; root [poug], [pug], stitch,
  stick; Lat. [pungo], Eng. [punch].  Zimmer (in 1882), referred
  it to the root of [o\igh], the idea being "integrate", from
  [o/g], [uag], "integer".  O.Ir. [o/igthidi], sartores.
<fuaim>, noise, so Ir., E.Ir. [fu/aimm] (pl. [fuamand]).  Neither
  [*vog-s-men] (Strachan; root [vog] of Skr. [vagnu/], sound, Got.
  [vo^pjan], cry, Eng. [whoop]) nor [*voc-s-men] (Stokes; root [voq],
  voice, Lat. [voco]) can give [ua], only [o@u] or [a@u].
<fuaithne>, loom posts (Uist), Ir. [uaithne], pillar, post, E.Ir. [u/atne],
  a post (bed post).  So Henderson; [fu\idne] (Wh.):
<fual>, urine, so Ir., O.Ir. [fu/al]: [*voglo-] or [*voblo-]; root [vo@g], [ve@g], [u@g],
  be wet; Gr. @G[u@`gro/s], wet, Eng. [hygrometer]; Lat. [humidus], [uveo],
  (for [ugveo]), be moist, Eng. [humour]; Norse [vo@"kva], moisture.
<fuar>, cold, Ir. [fuar], E.Ir. [uar], W. [oer], Cor. [oir]; [*ogro-], root [ug],
  [aug], of [fuacht], q.v.  Stokes refers it to the root [ve@g], [u@g], discussed
  under [fual], especially Gr. @G[u@`gro/s], wet; a root which
  would rather be [vob] in Celtic (cf. Lat.), and this would not
  give W. [oer].  Strachan suggests either Ch.Sl. [ogni@u], fire (Lat.
  [ignis]), or Gr. @G[pa/gos], frost (root [pa^g], fix, fit).  Hence <fuaradh>,
  windward side, <fuaran>, a well, <fuarraidh>, damp, <fuarralanach>
  (Ir. [fuara/lach], chill), cold feeling, etc.; [fuar bhalla], an outside
  wall; [fuar-shlat], the rough strong hoop used to bend in
  staves at the end of casks (Wh.).
--page 183
<fuasgail>, loose, untie, so Ir., E.Ir. [fuaslaicim]; see [tuasgail].
<fuath>, hatred, so Ir., M.Ir. [fu/ath]; cf. E.Ir. [uath], awe, terror,
  terrible, and see [uath] for root.
<fuath>, a spectre, so Ir., O.Ir. [fu/ath], figura, forma:
<fu\cadh>, fulling cloth, M.G. [owkki@+[t]] (D.of L.), Ir. [u/caire], fuller; cf.
  [pu\c].
<fudag>, a shoe-strap (H.S.D. says Dial.):
<fudaidh>, mean, vile; from Sc. [footy], [fouty].
<fu\dar>, powder, Ir. [pu/dar]; from the Eng.
<fu\draic>, smart, in good condition:
<fuidh>! an interjection.  See [fich].
<fuidheall>, remainder, Ir. [fuigheall], O.Ir. [fuidell], W. [gweddill];
  also G. <fuidhleach>, remains, E.Ir. [fuidlech]: [*vodilo-], [di^l],
  allied to Eng. [deal], [dole], Ger. [teil] (St. with query).
<fuidir>, a fool (Carm.):
<fu\idreadh>, commixing, pulverising; from [fu\dar].  Dial. <fu\dradh>,
  turning hay in the sunshine to dry it.
<fu\idsidh>, craven; from Sc. [fugie], one who flies from the fight.
<fuigheag>, a thrum, Ir. [fugho/g]; from a short vowel form of root
  of [fuaigh].
<fuil>, blood, Ir., O.Ir. [fuil], gen. [fola], [folo]: [*voli-], root [vol], [vel],
  well; Eng. [well].  Stokes agrees.
<fuilear>, <cha 'n fhuilear dhomh>, I need, must; for [furail], O.Ir.
  [fora/il], excessive injunction, infliction, same root as [earail].
<fuilig>, <fuiling>, <fulaing>, suffer (thou), Ir. [fulangaim], E.Ir.
  [fulangim], O.Ir. [fuloing], sustinet, inf. [fulang]: "under-go";
  from [fo] and [*long], going, root [leng], spring, go, as in [leum],
  q.v.  Further allied is Ger. [verlangen], desire, Eng. [long], Lat.
  [longus].
<fuin>, bake, Ir. [fuinim], I knead, bake, boil, E.Ir. [fuinim], bake,
  cook.  Zimmer takes the word to mean "to fire, bake", from
  the Norse [funi], flame, fire, E.Ir. [oc-fune] = Norse [vi@dh funa],
  a-roasting; but unlikely.  Possibly [*voni-], "dress", root [ven],
  [von], Lat. [Venus], Eng. [venerate].
<fuirbidh>, a strong man, also <fuirbearnach>; compounds of [bi\] and
  [beir], with [for], super.
<fuirearadh>, a parching of corn; see [eararadh].
<fuirich>, stay, Ir. [fuirighim], E.Ir. [fuirigim], noun [fuirech], O.Ir.
  [fuirset] ([s] future): [*vo-reg]; root [reg], stretch, go; Lat. [porrigo],
  [rego].  See [rach].
<fuirm>, stools, a form, Ir. [fuirm], W. [ffurf]; from Eng. [form].
<fu\irneis>, <fo\irneis>, a furnace, Ir. [furne/is]; from the Eng.
<fuithein>, <fuifein>, a galling, taking off the skin by riding (M`D.):
  [fo-bian]?
<fulaing> (vb.), <fulang> (n.); see [fuilig].
--page 184
<fulaisg>, rock; from [fo]+[luaisg], q.v.
<fulbh>, gloom (Arg.); see [suilbh].
<fulmair>, a species of petrel, fulmar; from Sc., Eng. [fulmar].
<fulpanachd>, articulation, jointing (Sh., O'R., H.S.D.); cf. [alp].
<funntainn>, benumbment by cold; see [punntuinn].  Sc. [fundy].
<furadh>, parching corn (Carm.), also [furaradh].  See [fuirearadh].
<furail>, incitement, command, Ir. [fura/il], E.Ir. [ura/il], [fura/il], O.Ir.
  [ira/il]; the same as [earail], q.v.
<furan>, a welcome, Ir. [fura/n], [foran] (Connaught); root [ver], as in
  E.Ir. [feraim fa/ilti], I welcome.  The root means in E.Ir.
  "give rain" (see [fearthuinn]).  The root of [fhuair] seems
  mixed with that of [fearthuinn].  See [fearthuinn].
<furas>, patience: [*f-air-asta], [asta] (standing, staying) being for
  [ad-sta-], [ad] and [sta], stand.
<furasda> (<furas>), easy, easier, Ir. [furas], [furasda], E.Ir. [urusa]:
  [*air-usa], from [usa], easier, q.v.
<furbaidh>, wrath (Sh., O'R.), <furban> (H.S.D., from MSS); see
  [fuirbidh].
<furbhailt>, <furailt>, courtesy, kindly reception; also <furmailt>.
  For the latter Armstrong gives "ceremony" as force, which
  may be from Eng. [formality].  The words, otherwise, seem
  from [for-fa\ilte].
<furm>, a stool; see [fuirm].
<fu\rlaich>, hate, detest (Arms.), revolt against (Rob.):
<furtachd>, relief, help, so Ir., O.Ir. [fortacht] (gen. in [-an]): [*for-tiacht];
  for Gaelic root [tiagh], [tigh], see [tighinn].
<fusgan>, a heather brush; cf. Sc. [whisker], a bunch of feathers for
  sweeping, Eng. [whisk].
<futhar>, the dog-days; from Sc. [fure-days].
<gab>, a tattling mouth; from Sc. [gab] (do.), M.Eng. [gabben], to
  chatter, mock, Norse [gabb], mockery, O.Fris [gabbia], accuse.
<ga\bairt>, a transport vessel (Heb.); from Sc. [gabert], a lighter,
  from Fr. [gabarre], storeship, lighter.
<gabh>, take, Ir. [gabhaim], O.Ir. [gabaim], [gaib], capit, inf. [gaba/il], W.
  [gafael], prehensio (Eng. [gavelkind]), Cor [gavel]: [*gabo^], capio,
  do, [*gabagli]; Got. [giban], give, Ger. [geben], Eng. [give]; Lit.
  [gabe/nti], bring.
<ga\bhadh>, danger, peril, Ir. [ga/bha(dh)], E.Ir. [ga/ba], [ga/bud]: cf. E.Ir.
  [ga/d], danger, Gr. @G[ha/zw], retire, @G[hzi/os], want, @G[hwri/s], Lat. [he/-res].
  <gabhagan>, a titlark (Sh., O'R., H.S.D.):
<gabhal>, fork; see best G. form in [gobhal].
--page 185
<gabhann>, flattery (Kirk, etc.; O'R.), gossip (Perth); from [gabh]:
  "take in"?
<gabhar>, goat; see best G. form in [gobhar].
<gabhd>, a craft trick; from Sc. [gaud], a trick.  Cf. M.E. [gaude],
  specious trick (Chaucer), from Lat. [gaudium], Eng. [gaud].
<gabhlan>, a wandering, a man devoid of care (H.S.D., which makes
  it Dial.; M`E.):
<gach>, each, every, Ir. [gach], O.Ir. [cach], [cech], omnis, quivis, W.
  [pob], O.W., Cor. [pop], Br. [pep], [pob]: [*qo-qa], [*qe-qa], root [qo], [qe],
  of interrogative [co]; Lat. [quisque]: Skr. [kac@?-ca]; etc.
<gad>, a withe, switch, Ir. [gad], E.Ir. [gat]: [*gazdo-]; Got. [gazds],
  goad, O.H.G. [gart], sting, rod, Norse, [gaddr], sting, Eng.
  [yard]; Lat. [hasta], spear (from [ghaz-dha^]?).
<ga\d>, <ga\t>, an iron bar; from Sc. [gad], a bar of metal, Eng. [gad],
  wedge of steel, M.Eng. [gad], spike, bar, Norse, [gaddr], as
  under [gad].
<gadaiche>, thief, Ir. [gaduigh], E.Ir. [gataige]; see [goid].
<gadair>, tie the fore feet of a horse, etc. (H.S.D., Dial.); from [gad].
<gadhar>, <gaothar>, lurcher dog, Ir. [gadhar], mastiff, hunting dog,
  M.Ir. [gadar], mastiff, E.Ir. [gagar]; from Norse [gagarr], dog
  (K.Meyer)?  The Norse has [gagg], the fox's cry, [gagl], a
  wild-goose; this seems to prove that the Norse has a root
  [gag], howl, and is likely the original source of [gagar].
<gadluinne>, a slender, feeble fellow, a salmon after spawning (Sh.):
  [*gad]+?
<gadmunn>, hair insect, nit (H.S.D., M`A.):
<fa\draisg>, tumult, confusion (H.S.D., Dial.):
<gafann>, henbane (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. [gafann], Cor. [gahen]:
<ga\g>, a cleft, chink, Ir. [ga/g]: [*ga^gga^], [ga^s-g], I.E. root [gha^@g], further
  [gho^], [gha]; Eng. [gap], [gape]; Gr. @G[ha/skw], yawn, @G[ha/os], abyss, Eng.
  [chaos]; Lat. [fauces], throat.  Cf. W. [gag].  Skeat takes hence
  Eng. [jag].
<gagach>, stuttering (Sh., O'R.), Br. [gak]; an onomatopoetic word.
  Cf. Eng. [gag], which Skeat queries if from G.
<gagan>, a cluster:
<gaibhteach>, a person in want, craver; from [gabh].
<gailbheach>, stormy, prodigious, E.Ir. [gailbech], blustering; cf.
  Eng. [gale], Scandinavian origin, Dan. [gal], furious, Norse
  [galinn] (do.).  Also <gailbhinn>, a storm at sea, a storm of
  snow.
<gailbhinn>, a great rough hill (Sh., "gailebhein", H.S.D.):
<gaile>, excitement (M`D.):
<gaill>, surly look, etc.; see [goill].
--page 186
<ga\illeach>, <gailleach>, the gum, a swelling of the gum (in cattle),
  seam of shoe uppers, or junction of inner and outer barks of
  trees, Ir. [gailleach] (O'B):
<gailleag>, a blow on the cheek, Ir. [gailleo/g]; from [gaill].  Cf.
  [sgailleag].
<gaillionn>, a storm; cf. Norwegian [galen], wind-storm, Norse [galinn],
  furious, Eng. [gale].
<gaillseach>, an earwig, so Ir.:
<gaillseach>, a mouth overcharged so that the cheeks swell out, a
  mouthful of flesh.  See [goill].
<gaineamh>, sand, so Ir., E.Ir. [ganem]; root [ga^] of Gr. @G[gai@na], earth?
  Stokes gives the stem as [gasnima^], root [ghas], Lat. [hare@-na],
  sand.  But [gasn-] should give G. [gann].  Also <gainmheach>,
  E.Ir. [ganmech].
<gainisg>, <gainisgeag>, sedge, a small divinity in marshes and
  sedges by water, moaning for deaths to come (Carm.):
<gainne>, a dart, arrow (Sh., O'B., H.S.D., M`E.), <ga\inne>, arrowhead
  (Arg.), Ir. [gainne]: [gasnia^]; root [gas] of [gad], q.v.
<gainntir>, a prison, Ir. [gaintir] (Fol.):
<gair>, near; see [gar].
<gair>, call, crow; see [goir].
<ga\ir>, a shout, outcry, Ir., E.Ir. [ga/ir], W. [gawr], clamor: [*ga^ri-]; Gr.
  @G[gc@nrus] (Dor. @G[ga@nrus]), voice; root [gar], [ger], as in [goir], q.v.
<ga\ir>, laugh, <ga\ire>, a laugh, Ir. [ga/irim], [ga/ire], E.Ir. [ga/ire] (n.);
  from root [gar], as in the foregoing word.  Stokes give the
  stem as [*ga^sria^], and cfs. Skr. [hasra/], laughing, [has], laugh.
<gairbh>, a greedy stomach, deer's paunch:
<gairbheil>, <gaireal>, freestone, gravel, Ir. [gairbhe/al], pron. [grabheal];
  from Eng. [gravel].
<gairbhtheann>, a species of wild grass (H.S.D.):
<ga\irdeachas>, rejoicing, Ir. [ga/irdeachas], M.Ir. [ga/irdechad], delighting;
  from [ga/ir], laugh.  K.Meyer regards this as from older
  [*gartiugud], shortening or whiling time, from [goirid], E.Ir.
  [urgartiugud], while time, amuse; with a leaning on [ga\ir],
  laugh.  Cf. W. [difyru], amuse, divert, from [byr], short.
<ga\irdean>, <gaoirdean>, an arm; from Sc. [gardy], arm, [gardis], yards,
  same as [yard].
<gairgean>, from Eng. [garlic] and G. [garg], bitter, by popular
  etymology.
<gairgein>, stale wine, Ir. [gairgi/n], dung; from [garg].
<gaireas>, <goireas>, convenience; see [goireas].
<gairsinn>, disgust, Ir. [gairseamhuil], obscene, wanton:
<gairm>, a call, office, Ir. [gairm], pl. [garmanna], O.Ir. [gairm], W., Br.
  [garm], a shout: [*garsmen-]; root [gar] of [goir], q.v.
--page 187
<ga\irneal>, a meal chest, Ir. [gairne/al], a meal magazine, garner;
  from Sc. [garnell], [girnell], Eng. [garner], from O.Fr. [gernier],
  from Lat. [granarium], granary.
<ga\irneilear>, a gardener; from the English.
<gais>, a torrent (H.S.D. and Ir.), surfeit; from Eng. [gush]?
<ga\is>, wisdom, lance, plenty (Carm.):
<gais>, shrivel up; from [gas], twig?  For sense, cf. [crannadh].
<gaisde>, a trap (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. [gaisde], O.Ir. [goiste], noose;
  from [gaoisd], horse hair?
<gaisde>, a wisp of straw (H.S.D.); cf. [gaoisd].
<gaise>, a daunting (M`A.); cf [gais], shrivel.
<gaisge>, valour, Ir. [gaisge], bravery, E.Ir. [gaisced], [gasced], bravery,
  feats of arms, armour, weapons; the idea seems to be "feats"
  and the root the same as in [gasda], q.v.
<gal>, weeping, Ir. [gul], E.Ir. [gol], I.E. [@gel], pain; Ger. [qual], pain,
  [qua@"len], torment; Lit [ge/lti], to smart.  Cf. [galar].
++<gal>, valour, war, E.Ir. [gal], O.Br. [gal], puissance, [*gala^], W. [gallu],
  posse, Br. [galloet] (do.), Cor. [gallos], might: [*galno-]; Lit.
  [galiu], I can, Ch.Sl [golemu@u], great.  Hence the national name
  [Galatae], Galatian, also [gallus], a Gaul (but see [Gall]).
<galad>, good girl, brave girl, fem. for [laochan], used in encouraging
  address: <a ghalad>.  Root is [gal] ([*galnat]), brave.
<galan>, a gallon, Ir. [galun]; from the Eng.
<galar>, a disease, Ir., O.Ir. [galar], W. [galar], grief, Br. [glar], [glachar],
  (do.); [*galro-n].  Bez. suggests as allied Norse [galli], flaw,
  Umbr. [holtu], Ch.Sl. [zu@ulu@u], bad, sore.  But cf. [gal], weep.
<galc>, thicken cloth, fulling; from the Eng. [walk], [waulk].
<Gall>, a Lowlander, stranger, Ir. [Gall], a stranger, Englishman,
  E.Ir. [gall], foreigner; from [Gallus], a Gaul, the Gauls being
  the first strangers to visit or be visited by the Irish in Pre-Roman
  and Roman times (Zimmer).  for derivation see [gal],
  valour.  Stokes takes a different view; he gives as basis for
  [gall], stranger, [*gallo-s], W. [gal], enemy, foe: [*ghaslo-]? root
  [ghas], Lat. [hos-tis], Eng. [guest].  Hence he derives [Gallus], a
  Gaul, so named from some Celtic dialect.
<galla>, a bitch; cf. W. [gast], a bitch.  G. is possibly for [*gas-lia^].
  Pott has adduced Spanish [galgo], greyhound, which, however,
  is founded on [canis Gallicus].  See [gasradh] for root.
<gallan>, a branch, a youth (fig.): [*gas-lo-], root [gas] of [gas], q.v.
  Cf. W. [gelin], a shoot.
<galluran>, wood angelica, so Ir.: [gal]+[flu\ran].
<galuban>, a band put upon the dugs of mares to prevent the foal
  sucking (H.S.D., Dial.):
<ga\mag>, a stride, Ir. [ga/mus], proud gait or carriage: [*gang-mo-](?);
  Sc. [gang], Ger. [gang], gait.  Cf. [go\mag].
--page 188
<gamhainn>, a year-old calf, a stirk, Ir. [gamhuin], a calf, E.Ir.
  [gamuin], pl.g. [gamna], year-old calf; from [gam], winter:
  "winter-old".  For root, see [gamhradh].  Confirmed by the
  proverb: "Oidhche Shamhna, theirear gamhna ris na laoigh"
  - On Hallowe'en the calves are called stirks.  Similarly and
  from the same root are Norse [gymbr], a year-old ewe lamb, Sc.
  [gimmer], Gr. @G[hi/maros], a yearling goat (Dor.).  Hence
  <gamhnach>, farrow cow.
<gamhlas>, malice, <gannlas>, <ganndas> (Dial.); from [gann]?
<ganail>, rail, fold (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. [ganail]: cf. gunwale.
<gangaid>, deceit (Sh., O'B., etc.), bustle, light-headed creature
  (Sh.), Ir., M.Ir. [gangaid], deceit, falsehood:
<gann>, scarce, Ir. [gann], O.Ir. [gann], [gand]: [*gando-s]; Skr.
  [gandha/yate], hurt; Lit. [gendu\], be injured (Stokes).
<ga\nradh>, a gander, Ir. [gandal]; from the Eng.
<ga\nraich>, roaring noise as of billows or birds:
<gaog>, a lump as in yarn or cloth; cf. [goigean].
<gaoid>, a blemish, Ir. [gaoid], a stain; cf. E.Ir. [go/et], a wound:
  [*gaizdo-]; Lit. [z@?aizda], a wound.
<gaoir>, a noise, a cry of pain or alarm, sensation or thrill of pain
  (Perth.); from [ga\ir], shout?
<gaoisd>, <gaoisid>, horse hair, M.Ir. [goisideach], crinitus, O.Ir. [goiste],
  suspendium, laqueus: [*gaissinti-], [*gait-tinti]; Gr. @G[hai/tc],
  mane, flowing hair.
<gaoistean>, a crafty fellow (H.S.D. from MSS.), Ir. [gaisti/n]; cf.
  [gaisde], a trap.
<gaoithean>, a fop, empty-headed fellow; from [gaoth], wind.
<gaol>, love, Ir. [gaol], kin, family, E.Ir. [ga/el], relationship: [*gailo-];
  Lit. [gailu\s], compassionate; Got. [gailjan], gladden, Ger. [geil],
  wanton; Gr. @G[fi/los], friendly.  Stokes and Strachan agree.
<gaorr>, f@aeces, ordure in the intestines, gore, Ir. [garr], probably
  from Eng. [gore], Ag.S. [gor], dirt.  Hence <gaorran>, big belly,
  a glutton.  In Arg. pronounced with Northern [ao] sound; in
  North, pronounced with [ao] broad as in Arg.  Consider [skar]
  in sharn (Sc.); cf [gaoirnean] or [gaoirnean].
<gaorsach>, a bawd, slut: "dirty wench"; from [gaorr] and the
  female termination [-sach]?  Cf. [siu\rsach].
<gaort>, <giort>, a saddle girth; from the Eng.
<gaoth>, wind, so Ir., E.Ir. [gaeth], [goeth], O.Ir. [ga/ith]: [*gaito-], from
  root [gai], I.E. [ghai], [ghei], [ghi], drive, storm, as in G. [geamhradh],
  q.v.  Eng. [ghost] (I.E. [ghoizdo-s]) is allied.  Stokes
  refers it to the root of [gath] solely, which is [ghai] as above.
<gar>, warm, Ir. [goraim], O.Ir. [gorim], Br. [gor], burning, W. [gwre^s],
  heat: [*goro^], I warm; Gr. @G[qeros], summer heat, @G[qermo/s], warm,
  Eng. [thermo-]meter; Lat. [furnus], oven, furnace; Ch.Sl.
--page 189
  [gore^ti], burn; further Eng. [warm] (I.E. [*@gh@+[u]ormo-], Teut.
  [gwarm].
<gar>, <gair>, <gaire>, near proximity, Ir. [gar], near (adj. and adv.),
  M.Ir. [gar], shortly, W. [ger], [gar], near.  See [gairid] for root.
<gar>, although (Dial.): [*ga-ro].  For [ga], see [ge]; [ro] is the verbal
  particle.
<ga\radh>, <ga\rradh>, a garden, Ir. [gardhadh], M.Ir. [garrda]; from the
  Norse [gar@dhr], a yard, M.Eng. [gard], [gar@th], Eng. [yard], [garden].
<garadh>, <garaidh>, a den, copse, <garan>, thicket, Ir. [gara/n], underwood,
  thicket, [garra/n], grove, root [gar], bristle, be rough, I.E.
  [gher], stand stiff, tear, scratch; Gr. @G[ha/rax], a stake, @G[hara/dra],
  ravine; Lat. [hir-sutus], hirsute, [he@-r], hedge-hog, [furca], a fork;
  Lit. [z@?eriu\], scrape, etc.  See [garbh].
<garbh>, rough, so Ir., O.Ir. [garb], W. [garw], Br. [garu], hard, cruel:
  [*garvo-]; I.E. [gher], scratchy, rough, tearing; Gr. @G[hc/r], hedgehog,
  Lat. [he@-r] (do.), hirsutus, hirsute, Skr. [ga/rshati], be stiff.
  See [garadh] further.  Some join it with Lat. [gravis], but as
  this is allied to Gr. @G[baru/s], heavy, the G. would rather be
  [barbh].  Lat. [horreo]?
<garbhag>, sprat, garvie (Dial.); from the Sc. [garvie].  In Arran,
  <garbhanach>, is the sea-bream, but this is from G. [garbh].
<garbhan>, the gills of a fish (N.H.).  See [giu\ran].
<ga\rcan>, a hen's complaint; onomatopoetic.  See [gra/chdan].
<garg>, fierce, angry, bitter, Ir. [garg], O.Ir. [garg], [gargg]: [*gorgo-s];
  Gr. @G[gorgo/s], rough, frightsome.  There is an obsolete M.Ir.
  [gearg], [*gergo-s].
<ga\rlach>, a screaming infant, little villian, vagabond, Ir. [garlach];
  from [gar], cry, with the termination [-lach] (see [o\glach]).
<garluch>, a mole (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. [garluch]: [*gar-luch]; [luch]
  and [gar](?).
<garmainn>, <garman>, a weaver's beam, Ir., E.Ir. [garmain], O.Ir.
  gen. [garmne], W. [carfan]; from the root of [cuir], put?  [*ger],
  [*gher], spear?
<garrach>, a glutton, gorbelly, dirty creature, Ir. [garrfhiach], a
  glutton (O'B.); allied to Eng. [gorbelly], [gore], by borrowing(?).
<ga\rradh>, a garden; better spelling than [ga\radh], q.v.
<garrag>, a young crow; cf. Wng. [gorcrow], root [gor] of Eng. [gore], as
  in [garrach].
<garrag>, a sudden yell, Ir. [gartha], clamour, roaring; from [gar] of
  [goir].
<gart>, surly aspect, gloom; cf. [goirt], sore, sour.
<gart>, standing corn, Ir. [gort], cornfield, O.Ir. [gort], seges; Gr.
  @G[ho/rtos], fodder.  See [goirtean] further.
<gartan>, a garter; from the Eng.
--page 190
<gas>, twig, a stalk, Ir. [gas]: [*gasta^]; Lat. [hasta] (see [gad]).  Bez.
  queries if not from [*gasksa^], Lit. [zagarai], brushwood.
<ga\said>, fraw (Dial.):
<gasda>, excellent, Ir. [gasda], clever, ingenious, E.Ir. [gasta] (do.):
  [*gassavo-s], [*gas-tavo], root [gad] ([gad-s]); Gr. @G[a/gaqo/s], Eng. [good],
  Lat. [habilis]?
<gasg>, a tail: [*gad-sko-]; Zend [zadhan@~h], podex, Gr. @G[he/zw], cacare.
<gasgag>, a step, stride: [*gad-sko-], root [gad], go, M.Ir. [gaid], goes;
  Eng. [gait], Ger. [gasse], way.
<gasradh>, salacity in female dogs, W. [gast], a bitch; root [gas], [gat-s],
  M.Br. [gadales], meretrix, Fr. [goui@"ne], O.Ir. [goithimm], futuo.
<gasraidh>, rabble, mercenary soldiers, Ir. [gasradh], band of domestic
  troops, "youths", from [gas], military servant; borrowed from
  the W. [gwas], whence Eng. [vassal].  See [fasdadh].
<ga\t>, an iron bar; see [ga\d].
<gath>, a dart, sting, Ir. [gath], E.Ir. [gai], [gae], Gaul. [gaiso-n]; Norse
  [geirr], spear, Ag.S. [ga^r], Eng. [gar]-lic; Gr. @G[hai@nos], shepherd's
  crook; Skr [he/shas], missile.
<ge>, whoever, <ge b' e\>, whatever, whoever, Ir. [gibe/], E.Ir. [ce/ be/]; for
  [ge], see [co], the interrogative pronoun; [be/] is the subh. of [bi\].
<ge>, though, Ir. [gidh], O.Ir. [ce], [ci], [ci/a]; same root as above.  See
  also [ged].
<geacach>, sententious, pert; from Sc. [geck], to sport, to deride, Ger.
  [gecken], hoax.
<gead>, a spot of arable land, a garden bed, a spot in a horse's forehead,
  Ir. [gead]:
<gead>, a lock of hair (H.S.D.); aso "to clip":
<geadas>, a pike, Ir. [geadus]; from Norse [gedda], Sc. [ged], allied to
  Eng. [goad].
<ge\adh>, a goose, Ir. [ge/adh], E.Ir. [ge/d], W. [gwydd], O.Cor. [guit], auca,
  Cor. [goydh], goose, Br. [goaz], [gwaz]: [*gegdo-], root [geg], cry like a
  goose; Norse [gagl], wild goose, M.H.G. [gage], [gige], cry like
  a goose, [gigze] produce inarticulate sound; Lit. [gago/nas],
  goose-like, Servian [gagula], a water-fowl, Russ. [gagara], silver-diver
  (Stokes).  It cannot be referred to the roots of Eng.
  [goose] and [gander] ([ghans-], [ghandro-].
<geadhail>, a ploughed field, park (Arg., M`A); hence <earghalt>,
  arable land: same root as <gead>, viz., [ged], hold, Eng. [get].
<geal>, a leech, E.Ir. [gel], W. [gel], Cor. [ghel], Br. [gelaonen]; Gr.
  @G[bde/lla], @G[ble/tues], leeches (Hes.); Skr. [jalu^ka], blood-leech;
  I.E. root [gel], devour, Lat. [gula], throat, Eng. [gullet], etc.
<geal>, white, Ir. [geal], E.Ir. [gel]: [*gelo-], I.E. root [@ghel], clear, shine,
  glow; Lit. [geltas], pale-yellow; Eng. [gleam], glow; Gr. @G[hli/w],
  be warm, @G[ha/lis], unmixed wine; etc.  Stokes connects it with
  Lit. [z@?ila-s], grey; the usual derivation joins it with Lat.
--page 191
  [helvus], light bay, Eng. [yellow], Lit [z@?e/lti], grow green, Ch.Sl.
  [zelenu@u], green.  Hence <gealach>, the moon, so Ir.; <gealan>, a
  linnet.
<gealbhan>, a fire, little fire: [*gelvo-], I.E. [ghel], glow; Eng. [glow],
  [gleam]; Gr. @G[hli/w], be warm.  See [geal].
<gealbhonn>, a aparrow, so Ir., M.Ir. [gelbund], W. [golfan], Cor., Br.
  [golvan]; from [geal], white.  Cf. Gr. @G[helidw/n], swallow, Norse
  [gal] (do.).
<geall>, a pledge, Ir. [geall], O.Ir. [gell], pignus: [*gis-lo-], root, [gis], [geis],
  of [giall], hostage, q.v.  Stokes derives it thus: [*geldo-s],
  [*geldo-n], now [*gelno-n], [gislo-n-], Got. [gild], tribute, Ger. [geld],
  money, Eng. [yield], [guild]; Gr. @G[o@'fe/llw], owe, @G[te/lqos] (Hes.),
  debt.
<geall>, desire, longing, Ir. [geall]: in the G. phrase, <an geall air>,
  Keating's [i ngeall], in need of; from [geall]; from [geall] above.
<gealtach>, cowardly, Ir. [gealtach], fearful; see [geilt].
<geamradh>, winter, Ir. [geimhreadh], E.Ir. [gemred], O.Ir. [gaimred],
  O.W. [gaem], W. [gauaf], Cor. [goyf], Br. [goam], M.Br. [gouaff]:
  [*gimo-] (for Gadelic), [*gaiamo-], [*gaimo-] (for Brittonic, Stokes);
  I.E. [ghim], [gheim], [ghiem]; Skr. [hima/], cold, Zend [zima], winter;
  Ch.Sl. [zima]; Gr. @G[heimw/n]; Lat. [hiems].  The O.Ir. [gam], for
  [gem], has its vowel influenced by the analogy of [samh] of
  [samhradh] (Thur.).  Thur. now suggests Celt. [*giamo]; cf.
  Gaul. [Giamillus].
<geamhta>, <geamhd>, anything short and thick, Ir. [geamhdo/g], a little
  cake of bread (O'R.); for root, cf. [geimheal].  Cf. Ir. [giobhta],
  [giota], a piece.
<geamnaidh>, chaste, Ir. [geanmnuidh], E.Ir. [genmnaid], O.Ir. [genas],
  casitas; from the root [gen], birth, Eng. [genteel], [gentle].  See
  [gin].
<gean>, mood, humour, good humour, Ir. [gean], favour, approval,
  affection; cf. Lat. [genius], [ingenium], root [gen], Eng. [kin], [kind].
  E.Ir. [gen], laugh, may be compared to Gr. @G[ga/nos], joy (Bez.);
  Stokes suggests [*gesno-], Skr. [has], laugh.
<geangach>, crooked, thick and short; see [gingein].
<geanm-chno\>, chestnut, Ir. [geanmchnu\]: "chastity tree"; a mistaken
  translation of Lat. [castanea], chestnut, as if from [castus], chaste.
<geannair>, a hammer, wedge, Ir. [geannaire]; see [geinne].
<gearan>, a complaint, Ir. [geara/n], M.Ir. [gera/n], root [ger], cry;
  O.H.G., [que@"ran], sigh, [chara], weep, Ag.S. [cearu], sorrow, Eng.
  [care]; further allied is root [gar], sound, as in [goir].  Cf. W.
  [gerain], cry, squeak, and Gr. @G[du/romai], lament.
<gearasdan>, a garrison, Ir. [gairision]; from the Eng.
<gea\rnal>, girnell; see [ga\irneal].
--page 192
<gea\rr>, short, cut (vb.), Ir. [ge/arr], [gea/rraim], E.Ir. [gerr], [gerraim]:
  [*gerso-s].  Stokes cfs. Gr. @G[herei/wn], @G[hei/rwn], worse, Skr. [hrasva],
  short.  Cf. M.Eng. [garsen], gash, O.Gr. [garser].
<gea\rr>, a hare, Ir. [geirrfhiadh]: short deer"; from [gea\rr] and
  [fiadh], the latter word being omitted in G.
<gea\rrach>, diarrh@oea, bloody flux:
<gearraidh>, the pasture-land between the shor-land and the moor-land
  (Heb.); from N. @G[ger@dhi], fenced field, garth.  Shet.
  [Gairdi].
<gearran>, a gelding, Ir., M.Ir. [gearra/n]; from [gea\rr], cut.
<Gearran>, the 4 weeks dating from 15th March onwards (H.S.D.).
  This forms a part of the animal nomenclature given to the
  several periods of Spring-time: first the <Faoilleach>, explained
  as "Wolf-month"; then the <Feadag>, or Plover, a week's
  length; then the <Gearran>, or Gelding, variously estimated
  as to length and time; then came the <Cailleach>, or Old
  Woman, a week's time; then perhaps the three days of the
  <Oisgean>, or ewes.  See Nich. pp 412-414.
<geas>, spell, taboo, charm, Ir., E.Ir. [geis], taboo, [gessim] (vb.):
  [*gesso^], [*ged-to], root [ged] of [guidhe], q.v.
<geata>, gate, so Ir., M.Ir. [geta]; from Ag.S. [geat], Eng. [gate].
<ged>, although: [*ge-ta]; same as [ciod].
<gei\l>, a bubble, well (Carm.); also [boil]:
<ge/ill>, yield, submit, Ir. [ge/illim], E.Ir. [gi/allaim], O.Ir. [geillfit],
  dedentur; from [giall], hostage.
<geilt>, terror, fear, Ir. [geilt], a distracted person, wild, M.Ir.
  [geltacht], flying, E.Ir. [geilt], mad by fear; Norse [ver@dha at
  gjalti], to turn mad with terror (borrowed from Celtic, Stokes,
  Thurneysen; borrowed into Celtic, Zimmer).  Stokes refers
  it to a root [ghel], fly, suggested by Gr. @G[helidw/n], a swallow.
<geimheal>, a fetter, chain, Ir. [ge/imhiol], E.Ir. [geimel], [gemel]:
  [*gemelo-], root [gem], fasten; Gr. @G[ge/nto], grasped (@G[*ge/m-to]),
  @G[ga/mos], marriage; Lat. [gemini], twins; Ch.Sl. [z@?ima@?], comprimere.
<geimhleag>, <ge/imhleag>, (Wh.), a crow-bar, lever; from Sc. [gaie-lock],
  a spear, [javelin], Ag.S. [gafeloc], spear, possibly from an
  early form of W. [gaflach], a dart, the root being that in
  [gobhal], fork.
<geinn>, a wedge, so Ir., E.Ir. [geind], W. [gaing], Br. [genn], O.Br. [gen],
  M.Br. [guenn]: [*genni-], root [gen], as in Lettic [dfenis], the wood
  wedged into the fork of the ploughshare, [dfenulis], sting,
  Ch.Sl. [z@?e@?lo] (do.).  N. [gand], [gann], a peg, stick, Lat. [offendo],
  [*fendo], Eng. [offend] (Stokes and Liden).  Cf. Ir. [ding].
<geintleach>, a heathen, Ir. [geinteach], M.Ir. [genntlige] (adj.), [gennti],
  gentiles; from the Lat. [gens] ([gentis]), [gentilis].
--page 193
<geir>, tallow, Ir., E.Ir. [geir], W. [gwer], [gired], grease.  Cf. Gr. @G[hri/w],
  anoint, Skr. [gharsati] (do.), [*ghrsjo^].
<geis>, gestation, gestators; milk (Carm.):
<ge/isg>, creaking noise; see [gi\osgan].
<geo\b>, a wry mouth; from the Eng. [gape], Ag.S. [geapian].
<geo\c>, <geoic>, a wry neck; formed on Eng. [cock]?  Cf. Sc. [gekk],
  grimace.
<geo\caire>, a glutton, Ir. [geo/caire], a glutton, stroller, parasite, M.Ir.
  [geocach], mimus; formed on Lat. [jocosus] (Stokes).
<geo\dh>, <geodha>, a creek: from the Norse [gja/], a chasm, whence
  N. Scotch [geo].
<geo\la>, ship's boat, yawl; from the Scandinavian - Mod.Norse
  [jula], Swedish [julle], Dan. [jolle], Sc. [yolle], Eng. [yawl], [jolly]-boat.
<geo\lach>, a wooden bier, the shoulder-bands of the dead; for root,
  see [giu\lan]?
<geo\praich>, a torrent of idle talk; cf. [geo\b].
<geolan>, a fan <geulran> (Sh.), Ir. [geo/ilrean]; from the root of
  [giu\lan]?
<geo\tan>, a spot of arable ground (H.S.D.), a driblet or trifling sum
  (M`A.):
<geuban>, <giaban>, the craw or crop of a bird; see [geo\b].
<geug>, a branch, Ir. [geug], [ge/ag], E.Ir. [ge/c]: [*gn@.ka^], [kn@.ka^], W. [cainc],
  [ysgainc]; Skr. [c@?an@~ku/], twig, stake; Ch.Sl. [sa@?ku@u], surculus.
<geum>, a low, Ir. [geim], a lowing, roar, E.Ir. [ge/im], shout, [ge/ssim], I
  low: [*gengmen-]; Lit. [z@?vengiu], neigh; Ch.Sl. [zve@?ga@?] sound.
  Cf. Eng. [squeak].  Cf. Ch.Sl. [gangnati], murmur.
<geur>, <giar>, sharp, Ir. [geur], O.Ir. [ge/r]:
<gheibh>, will get, Ir. [gheibhim]; root-accented form of [faigh], q.v.
<giaban>, gizzard; see [geuban].
<giall>, a jaw or cheek, jowl, Ir., M.Ir. [giall], faucibus; the G. form
  <ciobhall>, seems borrowed from Ag.S. [ceafl], Eng. [jowl]; perhaps
  all are from the Eng.
++<giall>, a hostage, pledge, Ir. [giall], O.Ir. [giall], W. [gwystl], hostage,
  Cor. [guistel], obses, Br. [goestl], Gaul.  [Co-gestlos], [*geislo-],
  [*geistlo-]; O.H.G. [gi^sal], Ger. [geisel], Norse [gi/sl], Ag.S. [gi^sel].
<giamh>, <giomh>, a fault, blemish:
<gibeach>, hairy, <gibeag>, a rag, bundle, Ir. [giobach], [giobo/g], and
  [giob], tail, rag, O.Ir. [gibhne], cirrus:
<gibeach>, neat; for [sgibeach]?  See [sgiobalt].
<gibein>, a piece of flesh (M`E.); from [gib] of [giblion].
<giblean>, April:
<giblion>, entrails of a goose, <gibean> (St. Kilda), grease from the
  solan goose's stomach:
<gibneach>, cuttle-fish: [*gebbi-]; Ger. [quappe], turbot?
--page 194
<gi\dheadh>, nevertheless, Ir. [gidheadh]: for an older [cid]+[ed]
  "though it (is)"; Lat. [quid id].  See [co] and [eadh].
<gigean>, <geigean>, master at death revels (Carm.):
<gigean>, a diminutive man, little mass; native form of [ceig], q.v.
<gighis>, a masquerade, so Ir.; from Sc. [gyis], a mask, [gysar], a
  harlequin, one that disguises himself at New Year, [gys], to
  disguise, M.Eng. [gi^sen], dress, prepare, from O.Fr. [(de)guiser],
  Eng. dis-[guise].
<gilb>, a chisel: [*gl@.bi-]; cf. Gr. @G[gla/fw], carve.  But cf. W. [gylyf],
  sickle, O.Cor. [gilb], foratorium, allied to G. [guilbneach], q.v.
<gille>, lad, servant, Ir. [giolla], E.Ir. [gilla]; cf. Eng. [child], Ag.S.
  [cild].  Zimmer thinks it is borrowed from the Norse [gildr],
  stout, brawny, of full worth, Eng. [guild], Ag.S. [gild], payment
  (see [geall]), [gilda], fellow, used in the names of Norsemen
  converted to Christianity instead of [maol], slave.  [gille-fo-luinn],
  sea-grass (Wh.).
<gilm>, a buzzard:
<gilmean>, a fop, flatterer; see [giolam].
<gimleid>, a gimlet, Ir. [gimle/ad]; from the English.
<gin>, beget, Ir. [geinim], M.Ir. [genar], was born, O.Ir. [ad-gainemmar],
  renascimur, [gein], birth, W. [geni], nasci, Br. [ganet], born,
  [*geno^], nascor; Lat. [gigno], [genui], begat; Gr. @G[gi/gnomai],
  become, [ge/nos], race; Eng. [kin]; Skr. [ja/na], race, stock, [ja/na^mi],
  beget.  Hence <gin>, anyone.
<gineal>, offspring, W. [genill]; Ir. [ginealach], a generation, G.
  <ginealach>, M.Ir. [genelach], genealogy, from Lat. [genealogia],
  root [gen] as in [gin].
<gingein>, a cask, barrel, thick set person (not H.S.D.):
<giobag>, <gibeag>, fringe, rag, Ir. [giobo/g].  See [gibeach].
<gioball>, vesture, cast clothes, Ir. [gioba/l]; see [gibeach].
<gioball>, a chap, odd fellow; a bad fellow (Perth); a metaphoric
  use of [gioball], above.
<giodaman>, a perky fellow:
<giodar>, dung, ordure (H.S.D. for C.S.), Ir. [giodar] (do.), [geadan],
  buttock: [*geddo-], root [ghed], cacare; Gr. @G[he/zw], cacare, @G[ho/danos],
  the breech; Skr. [had], cacare, Zd. [zadhan@~h], podex.
<giodhran>, a barnacle (bird), Ir. [giodhra/n], O.Ir. [giugrann], W.
  [gwyrain]: [*geguranna^]; root [geg] as in [ge\adh], q.v.  Fick has
  compared Lat. [gingrum], goose.  Also <giu\ran>.  In Is. of
  Arran, [giu/raing], a shell fish that bores holes in wreckage.
<gi\og>, cringe; aslo "peep" (M`A.):
<gi\ogan>, a thistle (Sh., O'R. [giogun]):
<giolam>, <gileim>, tattle, Ir. [giolmhaim], solicit:
++<giolc>, reed, Ir. [giolcach], E.Ir. [gilcach]:
--page 195
<giolc>, stoop, aim at (M`A):
<giolcair>, a flippant fellow:
<giolcam-daobhram>, animalcule (H.S.D.):
<giomach>, a lobster, Ir. [giomach], [gliomach](?), W. [ceimwach]:
<gi\omanach>, a hunter; from the Eng. [game].
<gionach>, greed, M.Ir. [ginach], craving; from ++<gin>, mouth, O.Ir
  [gin], W. [ge^n], gena, mentum, Cor. [genau], os, Br. [quen], check:
  [*genu-]; Gr. @G[ge/nus], chin; Lat. [gena], cheek; Eng. [chin].
<giorag>, panic, apprehension, noise, Ir. [giorac], noise ([gi/orac], Con.):
<giort>, a girth, Ir. [giorta]; from the Eng.
<gi\osgan>, creaking gnashing, Ir. [gi/osga/n]; also Ir. [di/osca/n].
<giseag>, a fret or bit of superstition, a charm; see [geas].
<gith>, a shower, series (H.S.D.); cf. E.Ir. [gith], way of motion,
  Skr. [hi], set in motion, impel, [hiti], impelling.
<githeilis>, running to and fro on trifling errands, trifling, E.Ir.
  [gith], way, motion.  See above word.>>
<githir>, <gi\r>, corn-reapers' wrist pain:
<giu\d>, a wile:
<giugas>, refuse of fish left on shore:
<giu\ig>, a drooping of the head, languor:
<giu\lan>, a carrying: [*gesu-lo-], root [qes], carry, Lat. [gero], [gestum].
<giulla>, <giullan>, a lad, boy, Ir. [giolla], servant, footman.  From
  the same source as [gille].
<giullaich>, prepare, manage well; from [giulla], the idea being
  "serving"; cf. Ir. [giolla] above, and Ir. [giollas], service.
<giu\msgal>, flattery:
<giu\ram>, complaining, mournful noise (H.S.D.); cf. I.E. [gevo-], cry,
  as in [guth], q.v.
<giu\ran>, gills of a fish, <garbhan>: [*gober-], root of [gob]?
<giu\ran>, barnacle goose; see [giodhran].
<giuthas>, fir, Ir. [giumhas], E.Ir. [gius]: [*gis-usto], root [gis]; Ger.
  [gien], resinous wood, [kien-baum], Scotch fir, [kiefer] ([kien-fo@"hre]),
  pine, Ag.S. [ce/n], fir-wood, [*ki-n] (Schra@"der).  Cf. root [gis] of
  [gaison], O.Ir. [gae].  Ag.S. [gyr], abies.
<glac>, take, seize, Ir., M.Ir. [glacaim], [glaccad], grasping, E.Ir.
  [glace], hand, handful: [*glapko-](?), Eng. clasp.  See [glas].
<glag>, noise of anything falling, noise, horse-laugh, Ir. [glagaire], a
  babbler, [glagan], mill clapper: [*glag-ko-]; Gr. @G[glazw] ([*glagjo^]),
  sing, noise; Eng. [clack], M.Eng. [clacke], mill clack, Norse
  [klaka], chatter bird-like; aslo Eng. [clap].  There is a degree
  of onomato-poesy about these words.  Cf. [clag].
<gla\ib>, dirty water, puddle, Ir. [gla/ib]; cf. [la/ib].
<glaim>, complaint, howling, Ir. [gla/im], M.Ir. [gla/imm]: [*glag-s-ma^-];
  Ger. [klagen], weep (Strachan, Stokes).
--page 196
<glainne>, <glaine>, a glass, Ir. [gloine], E.Ir. [gloine], [glaine], W. [glain],
  a gem, what is pur; from [glan], clean.
<glaiseach>, foam (M`A.), <glais-sheile>, water-brash, from obs. [glais],
  stream, E.Ir. [glaiss], same root as [glas].
<glaisleun>, lesser spear-wort (Sh.), Ir. [glaisleun]; from [glas] and
  [leun] or [le\an], a swamp (Cameron).
<glaistig>, water imp; from [glas], water.  So Carm.  Manx [glashtyn],
  kelpie, etc.
<gla\m>, devour, Ir. [gla/maim], devour, gobble, [gla/maire], glutton:
  [*glad-s-mo-]; Ch.Sl. [gladu], hunger.  Sc. [glam].
<glamair>, a smith's vice; from the Norse [klo@"mbr], a smith's vice,
  Ger. [glemmem], pinch, jam.
<glamhsa>, a snap as by a dog; for form, compare Ir. [glamhsan], a
  murmur, which is an aspirated form of [glaim], howling.  The
  G. is similarly from [gla\m], devour, with possibly a leaning on
  the idea of noise as in [glaim].  H.S.D. has <glamhus>, open
  chops.  <glomhas>, open chasm (Wh.).
<glan>, clean, pure, Ir., O.Ir. [glan], W. [glain], Br. [glan], Gaul. river
  name [Glana]: [*glano-s], root [gle^], [gel], [gla], shine; Gr. @G[glc/nea],
  shows, @G[glc/nc], eyeball, @G[gelei@nn], shine (Hes.), and @G[glainoi/], bright
  ornamentation (Hes.), from root [glai], from which Eng. [clean]
  comes (thus: [gle^], [gla]: [gle^i], [glai]).
<glang>, a ringing noise; see [gliong].
<glaodh>, a cry, call, Ir. [glaodh], M.Ir. [gloed], a shout; cf. O.Ir.
  [adgla/dur], appello, Skr. [hra@-/date], sound, Gr. @G[glw@nssa], tongue
  (@G[*glwqia]?), Ir. and G. would then be from an O.Ir. [*gla/id],
  from [*gla^di-].  Hence <glaodhar>, <glaoran>, a noise, prating.
  O.Ir. [gloidim], ringo.
<glaodh>, glue, Ir. [glaodh], M.Ir. [glo/ed], E.Ir. [gla/ed]; [*gloi-do-], from
  I.E. [gloi], [glei], be sticky; Gr. @G[gloia/], @G[gli/a], @G[gli/nc], glue: Lat.
  [gluten]; Ch.Sl. [gle/nu], mucus; Eng. [clay], Ger. [klei], slime.
  W. [glud] and M.Br. [glut] are from the Lat.
<glaodhan>, pith of wood; from [glaodh] the idea being "resinous or
  gluey stuff".
<glaomar>, a fooish person (Dial.): "noisy one"; from [glaodh].
<glaoran>, blossom of wood-sorrel: [*gloiro-], "bright", root [glei] of
  [gle/]?
<glas>, a lock, Ir., O.Ir. [glas]: [*glapsa^]; Eng. [clasp].
<glas>, grey, Ir. [glas], green, pale, E.Ir. [glass], W., O.W., Br. [glas],
  green: [*glasto-], green; Ger. [glast], sheen (Bez.), root [glas], to
  which Ger. [glass], Eng. [glass], are probably allied.
<gle/>, very, Ir. [gle/], very, pure, O.Ir. [gle/], bright, W. [gloew], bright,
  O.W. [gloiu], liquidum: [*gleivo-], I.E. [@ghlei-], shine; Eng.
  [gleam], [glimmer], Ger. [glimmen]; Gr. @G[hli/w], @G[hliaro/s], warm
  (Kluge).  Bez. refers it to the root of Eng. [clean] (see [glan]).
--page 197
<gleac>, a wrestle, fight, Ir. E.Ir. [gleic]: [*glekki-], [*gleg-ko-], I.E.
  [@glegho^], wager; Ag.S. [plegen], Eng. [pledge], [play]; Skr. [glah],
  play at dice, cast in wappenshaw.
<gleadh>, an onset, deed (H.S.D.); cf. Ir. [gleo/], g. [gliadh], tumult,
  E.Ir. [gliad], battle:
<gleadh>, tricks (Sh., O'B. [glea/dh], H.S.D.); Ir. [gleadh] (O'R.); for
  [gleadh], [gleg], root of [gleac]?
<gleadhraich>, <gleadhair>, noise, rattling, clang of arms, Ir. [gleaghrach],
  shout, noise; cf. Norse [gle@dhir], Christmas games, [gle@dhr],
  merriment, Eng. [glad].  Ir. [gliadrach], loquacious.  If E.Ir.
  [glechrach] means "noisy", the stem is [glegar], which also
  appears ([Mart. Gorman], edited by Stokes).
<gleann>, a glen, so Ir., E.Ir. [glenn], [glend], W. [glan], brink, shore,
  M.Br. [glenn], country, Br. [glann], river bank: [*glennos] (a
  neuter [s]-stem).  Stokes compares M.H.G. [klinnen], Swiss
  [kla@"nen], to climb, Norse [klunna], cling to.  Norse [gil]?
<gle/idh>, preserve, keep, Ir. [gle/ithim], keep, clear up, cleanse, E.Ir.
  [gle/im], make clear, put in order, lay by.  See [gle/] for root,
  and also [gleus].
<gleithir>, a gadfly (M`D., Sh., O'R.): [*glegh-]; cf. Sc. [cleg], Norse
  [kleggi], gadfly.
<gleo\>, dazzling haziness about the eyes:
<gleog>, a drooping, silly look; cf. [sgleogair].
<gleo\id>, a sloven, Ir. [gleoid].  See [sgleo\id].
<gleo\isg>, <gleosg>, a vain, silly woman, Ir. [gleosg].  See next word.>>
<gleo\man>, a silly, stupid fellow, Ir. [gleodhma/n]:
<gleo\rann>, cresses, wild angelica, Ir. [gleo/rann], wild angelica; cf.
  E.Ir. [gleo/ir], sheen, M.Ir. [gleordha], bright; root is likely
  that of [gle/] ([*glivo-ro-]).
<gleus>, order, trim, tune, Ir. [gleus], E.Ir. [gle/s]; for root, see [gle\idh]
  and [gle/].  Strachan adduces E.Ir. [gle/se], brightness, and takes
  it from [*glent-t-], allied to Ger. [glanz], splendour, Eng. [glance].
  Cf. W. [glwys], fair, pleasant.  Hence <gleusda>, diligent.
++<glib>, a lock of hair, Ir. [glib]: [*gl@.b-bi]; cf. Eng. [clip].  Hence
  Eng. [glib].
<gli\b>, sleet <glibshleamhuinn>, slippery with sleet (Sh., who gives
  <glib>, slippery); from Sc. [glib], slippery, Eng. [glib].
<glic>, wise, Ir. [glic], O.Ir. [glicc]: [*gl@.kki-].  Stokes compares Gr.
  @G[kalhai/nw], ponder, and takes from G. the Sc. [gleg].
<glidich>, move, stir:
<glinn>, pretty, (Strathspey and Lochbroom Dialects for <grinn>), Ir.
  [glinn], bright; Eng. [glint], [gleam], [glance].
<gliog>, <gliogar>, a tinkling, clink, Ir. [gliogar]; Eng. [click], [clack]: an
  onomatopoetic root.
--pag